Ruthenia

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Ruthenia (disambiguation).

Extents of Kievan Rus', 1054-1132

Ruthenia

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, corresponding to the territories of modern Belarus, Ukraine, and some of western Russia.[2][3][4][5] Historically, the term was used to refer to all the territories of the East Slavs.[6][7]

The

Carpathian Ruthenia.[8]

Etymology

Further information:
Names of Rusʹ, Russia and Ruthenia

The word Ruthenia originated as a

Eastern Slavs.[9][10]
"Rusia or Ruthenia" appears in the 1520 Latin treatise Mores, leges et ritus omnium gentium, per Ioannem Boëmum, Aubanum, Teutonicum ex multis clarissimis rerum scriptoribus collecti by
Moskva River (Moscum amnem), is 14 miles in circumference.[11][12]
Danish diplomat
Tsar Ivan IV, titled his posthumously (1608) published memoir Hodoeporicon Ruthenicum[13]
("Voyage to Ruthenia").[14]

Early Middle Ages

Ruthenian lion, which was used as a representative coat of arms of Ruthenia during the Council of Constance in the 15th century

European manuscripts dating from the 11th century used the name Ruthenia to describe

Transcarpathia, now mainly a part of Zakarpattia Oblast in present-day Ukraine), became subordinated to the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century.[21] The Kings of Hungary continued using the title "King of Galicia and Lodomeria" until 1918.[22]

Late Middle Ages

By the 15th century, the

Eastern Orthodox and preferred to use the Greek transliteration Rossiya (Ῥωσία)[26]
rather than the Latin "Ruthenia".

In the 14th century, the southern territories of Rus', including the principalities of

Galicia-Volhynia
and existed until the 18th century.

These southern territories include:

The

Grand Duchy of Moscow, until 1547, although Ivan III (1440–1505, r. 1462–1505) had earlier borne the title "Great Tsar of All Russia".[27]

Early modern period

During the early modern period, the term Ruthenia started to be mostly associated with the

Adam Kysil in February 1649.[28][failed verification
]

The Grand Principality of Ruthenia was the project name of the Cossack Hetmanate integrated into the Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth.[citation needed]

Modern period

Ukraine

The use of the term Rus/Russia in the lands of Rus' survived longer as a name used by Ukrainians for Ukraine.[citation needed] When the Austrian monarchy made the vassal state of Galicia–Lodomeria into a province in 1772, Habsburg officials realized that the local East Slavic people were distinct from both Poles and Russians and still called themselves Rus. This was true until the empire fell in 1918.[29]

In the 1880s through the first decade of the 20th century, the popularity of the

Galician Russophilia.[30] By the early 20th century, the term Ukraine had mostly replaced Malorussia in those lands, and by the mid-1920s in the Ukrainian diaspora in North America as well.[citation needed
]

Rusyn (the Ruthenian) has been an official self-identification of the Rus' population in Poland (and also in Czechoslovakia). Until 1939, for many Ruthenians and Poles, the word Ukrainiec (Ukrainian) meant a person involved in or friendly to a nationalist movement.[31]

Modern Ruthenia

Further information: Rusyns
Map of the areas claimed and controlled by the Carpathian Ruthenia, the Lemko Republic and the West Ukrainian People's Republic in 1918
Autonomous Subcarpathian Ruthenia and independent Carpatho-Ukraine 1938–1939.

After 1918, the name Ruthenia became narrowed to the area south of the

Carpathian Ruthenia (Ukrainian: карпатська Русь, romanized: karpatska Rus, including the cities of Mukachevo, Uzhhorod, and Prešov) and populated by Carpatho-Ruthenians, a group of East Slavic highlanders. While Galician Ruthenians considered themselves Ukrainians, the Carpatho-Ruthenians were the last East Slavic people who kept the historical name (Ruthen is a Latin form of the Slavic rusyn). Today, the term Rusyn is used to describe the ethnicity and language of Ruthenians, who are not compelled to adopt the Ukrainian national identity
.

Russophiles, who saw Ruthenians as part of the Russian nation; Ukrainophiles, who like their Galician counterparts across the Carpathian Mountains considered Ruthenians part of the Ukrainian nation; and Ruthenophiles, who claimed that Carpatho-Ruthenians were a separate nation and who wanted to develop a native Rusyn language and culture.[32][verification needed
]

In 1938, under the Nazi regime in Germany, there were calls in the German press for the independence of a greater Ukraine, which would include Ruthenia, parts of Hungary, the Polish Southeast including Lviv, the Crimea, and Ukraine, including Kyiv and Kharkiv. (These calls were described in the French and Spanish press as "troublemaking".)[33]

On 15 March 1939, the Ukrainophile president of Carpatho-Ruthenia,

USSR
, as the Soviet government considered them to be Ukrainian.

A Rusyn minority remained, after World War II, in eastern Czechoslovakia (now Slovakia). According to critics, the Ruthenians rapidly became Slovakized.[34] In 1995 the Ruthenian written language became standardized.[35]

Following Ukrainian independence and dissolution of the Soviet Union (1990–91), the official position of the government and some Ukrainian politicians has been that the Rusyns are an integral part of the Ukrainian nation. Some of the population of Zakarpattia Oblast of Ukraine have identified as Rusyn (or Boyko, Hutsul, Lemko etc) first and foremost; a subset of this second group has, nevertheless, considered Rusyns to be part of a broader Ukrainian national identity.

Ruthenium

The

Russian Academy of Science, was born in 1796 in Dorpat (Tartu), then in the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire, now in Estonia. In 1844, he isolated the element ruthenium from platinum ore found in the Ural Mountains and named it after Ruthenia, which was meant to be the Latin name for Russia.[36]

Gallery

  • Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054-1132)
    Principalities of Kievan Rus' (1054-1132)
  • Kingdom of Ruthenia (13th-14th century)
    Kingdom of Ruthenia (13th-14th century)
  • Ruthenian Voivoideship (14th-18th century)
    Ruthenian Voivoideship (14th-18th century)
  • Grand Principality of Ruthenia shown in dark yellow (1658 project)
    Grand Principality of Ruthenia shown in dark yellow (1658 project)
  • "ruthenian languages and people" mentioned in the linguistic and political map of Eastern Europe by Casimir Delamarre (1868)
    "ruthenian languages and people" mentioned in the linguistic and political map of Eastern Europe by Casimir Delamarre (1868)
  • 1911 map of Austro-Hungary showing ethnic Ruthenians in light-green in eastern Galicia
    1911 map of Austro-Hungary showing ethnic Ruthenians in light-green in eastern Galicia

See also

Notes

  1. Latin: Ruthenia or Rutenia, Ukrainian: Рутенія, romanized: Rutenia or Русь, Rus, Polish: Ruś, Belarusian: Рутэнія, Русь, Russian
    : Рутения, Русь

References

  1. ISBN 9789004363816
    .
  2. ISBN 978-0-520-30918-0
    .
  3. ISBN 978-5-7859-0085-1. Archived from the original
    on 14 August 2011.
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4426-1021-7
    . Retrieved 14 February 2017. Besides the Greco-Byzantine term Rosia to describe Rus', Latin documents used several related terms – Ruscia, Russia, Ruzzia – for Kievan Rus' as a whole. Subsequently, the terms Ruteni and Rutheni were used to describe Ukrainian and Belarusan Eastern Christians (especially members of the Uniate, later Greek Catholic, Church) residing in the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The German, French, and English versions of those terms – Ruthenen, Ruthène, Ruthenian – generally were applied only to the inhabitants of Austrian Galicia and Bukovina of Hungarian Transcarpathia.
  5. ISBN 978-0195392456
    .
  6. ISBN 9789058230263
    .
  7. ISBN 978-1442634374
    .
  8. ISBN 978-6155053399
    .
  9. ^ Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2011. Rvcia hatte Rutenia and is a prouynce of Messia (J. Trevisa, 1398).
  10. ISBN 9781469620725
    . Retrieved 7 July 2019. From the linguistic standpoint, the results of this catastrophe [the Mongol invasion] somewhat resemble the collapse of the Roman empire for the latin-speaking peoples. Like the great 'Romania' of the Western Middle Ages, there was a great 'Ruthenia' in which common linguistic origin and some measure of mutual comprehensibility was assumed.
  11. ISBN 5-85803-117-X
    .
  12. ^ Сынкова, Ірына (2007). "Ёган Баэмус і яго кніга "Норавы, законы і звычаі ўсіх народаў"". Беларускі Гістарычны Агляд. 14 (1–2).
  13. ^ Ulfeldt, Jacob (1608). Hodoeporicon Ruthenicum, in quo de Moscovitarum Regione, Moribus, Religione, gubernatione, & Aula Imperatoria quo potuit compendio & eleganter exequitur [...] (in Latin) (1 ed.). Frankfurt. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
  14. ^ Kasinec, Edward; Davis, Robert H. (2006). "The Imagery of Early Anglo-Russian Relations". In Dmitrieva, Ol'ga; Abramova, Natalya (eds.). Britannia & Muscovy: English Silver at the Court of the Tsars. Yale University Press. p. 261.
    ISBN 9780300116786
    . Retrieved 7 July 2019. [...] [Jacob Ulfeldt's] Hodoeporicon Ruthenicum ['Ruthenian Journey'] (Frankfurt, 1608 [...]) [...].
  15. ^ "The Life of Otto, Apostle of Pomerania, 1060-1139". Society for promoting Christian knowledge. 28 July 1920 – via Google Books.
  16. ^ Paul, Andrew (2015). "The Roxolani from Rügen: Nikolaus Marshalk's chronicle as an example of medieval tradition to associate the Rügen's Slavs with the Slavic Rus". The Historical Format. 1: 5–30.
  17. ^ Annales Augustani. 1839. p. 133.
  18. ^ Parker, William Henry (28 July 1969). "An Historical Geography of Russia". Aldine Publishing Company – via Google Books.
  19. ^ Kunitz, Joshua (28 July 1947). "Russia, the Giant that Came Last". Dodd, Mead – via Google Books.
  20. ^ Document Nr 1340 (CODEX DIPLOMATICUS MAIORIS POLONIA). POZNANIAE. SUMPTIBUS BIBLIOTHECAE KORNICENSIS. TYPIS J. I. KRASZEWSKI (Dr. W. ŁEBIŃSKI). 1879.
  21. ^ Magocsi 1996, p. 385.
  22. ISBN 9780813507996
    .
  23. Britannica
  24. Britannica
  25. ^ Dariusz Kupisz, Psków 1581–1582, Warszawa 2006, s. 55–201.
  26. ISBN 978-0-230-58347-4
    .
  27. ^ Trepanier, Lee (2010). Political Symbols in Russian History: Church, State, and the Quest for Order and Justice. Lexington Books. pp. 38–39, 60.
    ISBN 9780739117897
    .
  28. ^ "Khmelnychyna". Izbornyk - History of Ukraine IX-XVIII centuries. Sources and Interpretations (in Ukrainian). Encyclopedia of Ukrainian Studies. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  29. ^ Vernadsky, George. A History of Russia (1943–69). Pp. xix, 413. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-00247-5.
  30. ^ Magocsi 1996, p. 408-409,444:"Throughout 1848, the Austrian government gave its support to the Ukrainians, both to their efforts to obtain recognition as a nationality and to their attempts to achieve political and cultural rights. In return, the Ukrainian leadership turned a blind eye to the political reaction and repressive measures that at the same time were being carried out by Habsburg authorities against certain other peoples in the empire" (pp. 408–409) ... "Most important from the standpoint of the debate as to the proper national orientation was the Austrian government's decision in 1893 to recognize the vernacular Ukrainian (Rusyn) language as the standard for instructional purposes. As a result of this decision, the Old Ruthenian and Russophile orientations were effectively eliminated from the all-important educational system" (pp. 444)
  31. ISBN 83-917615-4-1
    , s. 45.
  32. ^ Gabor, Madame (Autumn 1938). "Ruthenia". The Ashridge Journal. 35: 27–39.
  33. ^ Fabra (18 December 1938). "ALEMANIA ESTA CREANDO UN NUEVOFOCO DE PERTURBACIONES EN UCRAINA". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). p. 7. Retrieved 1 April 2022. «Le Figaro» [...] la creación de una Ucraina independiente [...] un mapa de los territorios de raza ucrainiana en que se incluye a la Rutenia, una parte de Hungría, el sureste de Polonia con la ciudad de Lwow, y toda la Ucraina soviética, con Crimea y las ciudades de Kiev y Jarkov
  34. ^ "The Rusyn Homeland Fund". carpatho-rusyn.org. 1998. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  35. ^ Paul Robert Magocsi: A new Slavic language is born, in: Revue des études slaves, Tome 67, fascicule 1, 1995, pp. 238–240.
  36. S2CID 267553640. Archived from the original
    on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2018.

Sources

External links

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