Samrong Sen

Coordinates: 12°13′0″N 104°47′0″E / 12.21667°N 104.78333°E / 12.21667; 104.78333
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Samrong Sen
Kampong Chhnang Province, Cambodia
Coordinates12°13′0″N 104°47′0″E / 12.21667°N 104.78333°E / 12.21667; 104.78333

Samrong Sen (alternates: Somron-Seng, Somrong Seng, Somrong Sen, Som-Ron-Sen;

fluviatile shell midden,[3] it flourished in particular from 1500 BC[4] to 500 BC.[5]

Excavations at Samrong Sen, which started in the 1880s, have been described as the earliest prehistoric archaeological studies which gave credence to the concept of

Indo-China.[8]

History

Though various spellings have been presented, "Samrong Sen" is considered to be correct. The site was first discovered and reported in 1876 by M. Rouques, Director of the Fluvial Transportation Company.

Funanese.[11] Archaeological history of the village in general and the research finding of the archaeological site in particular have been reported by archaeologists Corre in 1879, Fuchs in 1882 and 1883, Mansuy in 1902, Mourer in 1994, Vanna in 1999, and many Cambodian archaeologists and researchers.[12]

Initial villager excavations

Initial finds at Samrong Sen were by villagers' excavations while extracting for

hydrated lime from shell excavations at this site; these initial finds were handed over by the villagers to the missionaries.[10][13] After the first excavations of 1876 in the flood plains of Tonlé Sap, additional excavations were carried out by archaeologists at different locations within this site. Many of the large size collections made from the site during several excavations could have been from casual surface excavations and hence no specific methodology could be explained.[13]

19th century

The earliest artefacts were found by Lieutenant Jean Moura in 1876; he was the Representative of the

Christian Epoch.[15] These excavations also inferred that the site belonged to the Bronze Age on the basis of a comparison of the archaeological finds of similar sites in Thailand and Vietnam. Henri Alphonse Mansuy and Olov Janse, archaeologist from Sweden who found or purchased many of the artefacts, could not date them correctly since the carbon dating technique was not known at that time. The occupational sequence of the site could not be correctly assessed.[16]

20th century

Systematic excavations with stratigraphic control started in 1902, and again in 1923 by Mansuy. Three layers were identified, which revealed shell lenses up to 4.5 metres (15 ft) depth. Arm bands and beads found here have similarity with those found in the Mekong sites. Pottery found here was not of any decorative type. Graves, however, gave many finds of fully formed bronze vessels.[7] Excavations carried out in stratified layers have unearthed late Stone Age ceramics and also human remains, out of which many layers are dated 2000 BC, as per radiocarbon dating methods.[10] However, the bronze collections were not found from excavations carried out in stratified layers.[2][10] Several observations[15] were made on the claims of archaeologists during the early stages of the excavations such as they were overzealous and that they over stated when presenting their findings.[15]

Prior to the World War II, the site was again excavated by Janse. He collected many artefacts, which were examined in 1986 by Robert E. Murowchick of

spearheads, axes and a bell. Chemical analysis of five antiquaries indicated 11.74 to 26.47% of lead which verifies that the technological techniques of casting and annealing were known during the period. However, the bronze items have been dated to late 200 BC.[7] In 1994, radiocarbon dating by Roland Mourer suggests the prehistoric sequence for Samrong Sen as lying between 3400 BC and 500 AD. This has been confirmed by the Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) analysis, a methodology adopted to determine the concentration of carbon-14.[17]

Finds of Mansuy were further examined by French archaeologists in 1998 for human skeletons. This study identified three fully preserved skulls. In addition, 20 mandibles and several post-cranial ones found here established that these belonged to at least 20 people.[18] Also found was a bronze mould and various arrowheads, axeheads, chisels and fish hooks etc.[19]

Geography

Samrong Sen is located in central Cambodia on the east bank of the Stueng

Kampong Chhnang, which is 22 kilometres (14 mi) away. The village below which the prehistoric archaeological finds are found, is a rugged mound of elliptical shape with a length of 600 m laid in a north–south direction.[2][12] In the first report made by Edmond Fuchs in 1883, the site was identified as covering an area of 300 metres (980 ft) by 150 metres (490 ft).[15] It was about 5 metres (16 ft) to 6 metres (20 ft) above the Chinit River during low flow season. While parts of the site were exploited in the 1930s, the surviving portion as of the 1960s, is situated on the right bank of the Strung-Kinit, a rivulet within the waterway that flows from the Kompong-Leng mountains into the Tonlé Sap.[20] The site is approached along the waterway by inland transport from Kampong Chhnang port across the Tonlé Sap Lake via the Steung Chinit River. The road approach is, however, seasonal only on a non-monsoon road.[12]

The Samrong Sen village, where the archaeological site is situated, is in the

Mekong River flows during the months of June to September (rainy season). The area gets exposed during the dry season from October to May when bush vegetation and water plants grow here and fishing is common vocation. The villagers subsist on hydrated lime extraction from the shells and fishing, activities that were recorded by the earliest researchers of the site and which had continued till the 1930s. As of 1999, 1237 people lived here in 235 stilt houses. A school and a Buddhist Pagoda were also reported in the village.[21]

Fauna

Excavations uncovered bones of faunal species (cattle, pig, dog) and aqua species (

Shell fish bones extracted from depths of 1–1.5 metres (3 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in) were subject to carbon dating which has fixed the age of the site around 1650±120 BC.[7]

Findings

Morphological characteristics of the tools have been the basis for the categorization of the Samrong Sen stone tools. The adzes, axes, shouldered adzes, shouldered axes, gouges, chisels, a burnisher, a tool used as a hammer are the eight identified categories. The most common tools found were adzes, followed by chisels and gouges. Axes and shouldered axes were very few. In the early excavation stages, flakes, debris, pre-forms and unfinished tools were not part of the collections. Further, though tool-manufacturing techniques could not be correctly discerned, it has been inferred after careful study of the tools that picking or flaking was the initial step followed by partial, edge, and full grinding. It has also been conjectured that sawing techniques were used.[2]

The adzes have quadrangular sections similar to those found in

adzes), a decorated bronze bell (19.7 cm in height), bone spear, harpoon shafts and human remains. Polished stone tools were used for wood working activities and pottery vessels and were produced by professionals. It has been inferred: "Standardization in polished stone toll forms and functions was one of the socioeconomic changes experienced by the societies that lived in the flood plain zone of the Tonlé Sap during the transition of Neolithic and Metal periods in Cambodia."[2] On the basis of studies carried out in ancient archaeological sites in Thailand the occupation of the area in the Neolithic period has also been inferred through the remains unearthed at the Samrong Sen site, as establishing occupation during Bronze Age (after 2000 BC). There is a certain degree of confusion in this dating since it has been noted that "Neolithic/Bronze Age periods are poorly separated" at the Cambodian sites.[22]

Other observations showed that the ceramics contained decoration that are incised or impressed, a stylish technology which could exist at other locations; an earthenware vase mounted on a pedestal (reported by Mansuy in 1902 and in Mourer in 1971) attests to the polished stone adzes of the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age and are found in the adjoining countries of Thailand and Vietnam; stylistic changes have been recorded in the stratigraphic sequences such as in the curvilinear geometric ware.[22] With findings of bronzes, arrow heads, hooks, bracelets, an axe, and a sandstone mould for axes, the excavations have also bridged the information gap between the Bronze Age with the excavations done at Angkor Borei.[23] The Bronze Age manufacturing of bronze finds at Samrong Sen and other sites in Cambodia are inferred to have been the outcome of supplies of ingots of copper received from central or northeastern Thailand, as Cambodia lacked any copper resources in its own territory. The finished bronze products produced in Cambodia are, however, testified by the large quantity of moulds and workshop remnants found during excavations.[10] It was also revealed that the settlers of Samrong Sen lived in bamboo houses on stilts, much like today[24]

  • Chisel – former collection of Jean Moura MHNT
    Chisel – former collection of Jean Moura
    MHNT
  • Shouldered axes – former collection of Jean Moura MHNT
    Shouldered axes – former collection of Jean Moura
    MHNT
  • Shouldered axes – former collection of Jean Moura MHNT
    Shouldered axes – former collection of Jean Moura
    MHNT
  • Ear stretching plug – former collection of Jean Moura MHNT
    Ear stretching plug – former collection of Jean Moura
    MHNT
  • Jade ornaments – former collection of Jean Moura MHNT
    Jade ornaments – former collection of Jean Moura
    MHNT
  • Necklace – former collection of Jean Moura MHNT
    Necklace – former collection of Jean Moura
    MHNT
  • Necklace – former collection of Jean Moura MHNT
    Necklace – former collection of Jean Moura
    MHNT
  • Ceramic bowl decorated – former collection of Jean Moura MHNT
    Ceramic bowl decorated – former collection of Jean Moura
    MHNT
  • Ceramic vase – former collection of Jean Moura MHNT
    Ceramic vase – former collection of Jean Moura
    MHNT

Collections

The 1864 Moura collection of 18 items is housed in the

Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, Paris. Vesigne collected 18 items in 1906 which are also in the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. Antiquaries (3 items) collected by Johan Gunnar Andersson are in the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, Stockholm.[2] European museums have a collection of 289 polished stone implements collected from Samrong Sen. The collections in the National Museum in Phnom Penh in Cambodia is however very limited, that too mostly donated by the Biological Anthropological Laboratory of the Musée de l'Homme, Paris. Some artefacts from surface collections are also kept with the Departure of Culture. The artefacts found by the Cambodian archaeologist L. Vanna relate to some fragments of pottery, polished tools and bronze ornaments, bones of fish and animals, tools to make pottery, shells and biological remains preserved in Phnom Penh.[26]

References

  1. ^ a b Sophady (2007), p. 7
  2. ^
    ISSN 1824-2707
    . Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  3. ISBN 978-1-4223-1779-2
    . Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  4. ISBN 978-0-8133-4363-1
    . Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  5. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4
    . Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  6. ^ Miksic (2003), p. 208
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-521-27525-5
    . Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  8. S2CID 163785166
    .
  9. ^ Sophady (2007), pp. 1–4
  10. ^ a b c d e "The First Golden Civilization of Cambodia, Unexpected Archaeological Discoveries". Memut Center for Archaeology. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  11. ISBN 978-974-8434-93-3
    . Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  12. ^ a b c Sophady (2007), pp. 4–7
  13. ^ a b Sophady (2007), p.92
  14. ^ a b Dr. Sergey Lapteff (16 May 2007). "Prehistoric Culture of Cambodia and its Relationship towards South China". MIHO Museum. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Higham (1996), pp. 22–23
  16. ISBN 978-0-415-29777-6
    . Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  17. ISBN 978-9971-69-351-0
    . Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  18. ^ Sophady (2007), p.8
  19. ISBN 978-1-58886-028-6
    . Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  20. ^ Demeter, Fabrice; Evelyn Peyre; Yves Coppens (2002). "The Prehistoric Human Remains of Som Ron Sen, Cambodia". Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association Bulletin 22. Laboratoire d'Anthropologie biologique, Musée de L'Homme, Paris: anu.edu.au. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  21. ^ Sophady (2007), pp. 5–7
  22. ^ a b Miksic (2003) pp. 213–214
  23. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2
    . Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  24. ISBN 978-1-903471-40-1
    . Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  25. ^ a b Higham (1996), p. 22
  26. ^ Sophady (2007), p. 10

Bibliography

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