Sandra Adickes
Sandra L. Adickes is American civil rights activist, both during the Vietnam War and with the New York City teachers' union. She is known for her role in the Mississippi Freedom School of 1964, and as the plaintiff in Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co. She has also written several books including To be Young was Very Heaven and Legacy of a Freedom School.
Early life and education
Adickes was born on July 14, 1933, and grew up in New York.
Civil rights activism
In 1964 Adickes was a teacher at
Supreme Court case
In 1964, was in Hattiesburg, Mississippi and she took her students to the Hattiesburg Public Library to receive a library card.[13]: 276 The library was closed by the chief of police in response to a request from the Hattiesburg town mayor, Claude Pittman.[7] After being denied at the library, she and her students went to get lunch together at a Kress store where they were denied service because Adickes, a white woman, was with six of her black students.[14][12][13]: 276
In response, Adickes sued and filed a lawsuit, with her lawyer Eleanor Jackson Piel.[15] Adickes sued on two counts— (1) her rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment were violated as she was being denied service on the basis of race, and (2) she claimed the arrest was the result of Kress and Hattiesburg police collusion.[16] The court decision said that Adickes was refused service under color of any . . . custom, or usage, of the State" in violation of her rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Adickes appealed and the Supreme Court granted certiorari.[17][18] The case was settled out of court,[19] and Adickes gave her portion of the settlement to the Southern Conference Education Fund to be used for scholarships for the black youth.[12][20]
Later years
Adickes' activism continued during the Vietnam War when she was again working with Norma Becker in a group called Teachers Committee for Peace in Vietnam who gathered 2700 signatures from people against the war and took out a full-page ad on May 30, 1965, in NY Times.[21][13]: 174–175 She also crossed picket lines in a 1968 New York City teachers' strike when she left the union[22] because she felt it was no longer relevant.[23]
Awards and honors
Adickes was awarded the "Woman of the Year" by the National Association of Negro Business and Professional Women's Clubs in 1966.[citation needed]
Select publications
Adickes is the author of multiple books. Legends of Good Women is a fiction. To be Young was Very Heaven presents women in New York City in the period prior to World War One,[24] and Legacy of a Freedom School presents Adickes' experiences working with the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee.[25]
- Adickes, Sandra (1991). The social quest : the expanded vision of four women travelers in the era of the French Revolution. New York: P. Lang. OCLC 23689599.
- Adickes, Sandra (1992). Legends of good women. Long Lake, Minn.: Castalia Bookmakers. ISBN 978-1-878723-01-7.
- Adickes, Sandra (1998). To be young was very heaven : women in New York before the First World War. Thorndike, Maine: G.K. Hall. ISBN 978-0-7838-0184-1.
- Adickes, Sandra (2005). Legacy of a freedom school (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. OCLC 312463972.
References
- ^ a b "Collection: Sandra E. Adickes Papers | University of Southern Mississippi McCain Library & Archives". specialcollections.usm.edu. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- OCLC 60863327.
- ^ Community College Frontiers Spring 1977: Vol 5 Iss 3. Community College Frontiers. Spring 1977.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
- ^ Hood, Orley (2003-07-22). "Freedom Schools: A page out of history". Clarion-Ledger. pp. [1], [2]. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
- ^ "Fear rises by more enlist". Daily News. 1964-06-25. p. 953. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
- ISBN 978-1-881320-58-6.
- ^ a b c Adickes, Sandra (2005). The legacy of a freedom school. Springer.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-504367-9.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
- ^ "Wall teacher to bring $550,000 rights suit against Kress chain". Asbury Park Press. 1964-11-11. pp. [3], [4]. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ "Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co. | Case Brief for Law School | LexisNexis". Community. Retrieved 2021-05-03.
- ^ "Supreme Court's Actions". The New York Times. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ Burton, Anthony (1970-06-04). "Lunch counter gal of 1964 is still fighting". Daily News. p. 135. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ Burton, Anthony (1971-05-08). "Saga of a sandwich". Daily News. p. 46. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ^ "Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement -- Sandra Adickes". www.crmvet.org. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
- ISBN 978-1-60494-810-3.
- ISBN 978-0-8204-6787-0.
- ^ Ramparts 1968-11-17: Vol 7 Iss 7. Ramparts Magazine Inc. 1968-11-17.
- ^ Reviews for To Be Young Was Very Heaven
- Higbie, Andrea (1998-02-15). "Books in Brief: Nonfiction". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-05-04.
- Wasserman, Suzanne (1999). "Review of To Be Young Was Very Heaven: Women in New York before the First World War". The Journal of American History. 86 (3): 1360–1361. JSTOR 2568669.
- Williams, Jeffrey (2001). "Review of To be Young was Very Heaven: Women in New York before the First World War". The History Teacher. 34 (2): 263–264. JSTOR 3054288.
- Higbie, Andrea (1998-02-15). "Books in Brief: Nonfiction". The New York Times.
- ^ Review of Legacy of a Freedom School
- Wertz, James (2007), Review of Adickes, Sandra E., The Legacy of a Freedom School, H-1960s, H-Review, retrieved 2022-06-12
Further reading
- Marzell, Terry Lee (2012). Chalkboard champions: twelve remarkable teachers who educated America's disenfranchised students. OCLC 816656004.
External links
- Sandra E. Adickes Papers, Special Collections at The University of Southern Mississippi.
- Oral History with Sandra Adickes, The University of Southern Mississippi (October 21, 1999)
- Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co. - 398 U.S. 144, 90 S. Ct. 1598 (1970)