Sengunthar

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Sengunthar
Kaikalas of Andhra

Sengunthar (

patrilineal
lineage known as Koottam or Gotra.

Etymology

The ancient occupational name of Kaikkolar comes from the words kai (hand) and kol (a shuttle used in looms). The appended -ar means people.[8] Kaikkolar also means men with stronger arms.[9][10]

Sengunthar means red spear people, which has the community's connection to the Lord

Murugan, who is known as a red god. Legend has it that there were nine commanders called Navaveerargal in Murugan's army and Sengunthars descended from them.[8]

In ancient times they were also called as Kaarugar (weaver), Thanthuvayar (weaver), Senguntha padaiyar (soldiers), Senaithalaivar (army commander) and Kaikolar (Weaver).[11]

Sengunthars were given the title Mudaliar for their bravery.

Imperial Chola period.[13]

Mudali means first, suggesting that the title bearer is of the first-ranked among people.[14][15] They had also used the title Nayanar after their names.[16]

History

Origin

Subrahmanya at their head, marched in command of a large force, and destroyed the demons. Sengunthar claim to be the descendants of these warriors. After killing the demon, the warriors were told by Siva that they adopt a profession, which would not involve the destruction or injury of any living creature and weaving being such a profession, they were trained in it. Chithira valli, daughter of Virabahu, one of the above commanders was married to King Musukuntha Chola . The descendants of Navaveerargal and Musukunthan were claimed as first generation of Sengunthars.[8][18]

Chola period

The earliest literary evidence about Sengunthar occurs in Adhi Diwakaram, a Tamil lexicon written by Sendan Diwakarar. This dictionary, probably from the 8th century CE, is thought to refer to them as weavers and army commanders, which may be indicative of their dual role in society at that time.[19]

Inscriptions from the 11th century suggest that by the time of the Chola dynasty, the Sengunthar had already developed its involvement in weaving and trading, together with a role in military matters that was probably necessary to protect those interests. They were a part of the Ayyavole 500 trading group during the Chola period and there are also references in the 12th century that suggest they had armies and that some specific people were assigned to act as bodyguards for the Chola emperors. Such historical records emphasise their military function, with the poet Ottakoothar glorifying them and suggesting that their origins lay with the armies of the gods.[20]

They were militarized during the

Chola army
were:

Singalantaka-terinda-Kaikkolar

Virachozha-terinja-Kaikkolar

Kodandarama-terinja-Kaikkolar

Danatonga-terinja-Kaikkolar

Parantaka-terinia-Kaikkolar

Muthuvalpetra-Kaikkolar

Samarakesarit-terinja-Kaikkolar

Vikramasingat-terinja-Kaikkolar

Adityapanma-terinda-Kaikkolar

Karikala-chozha-terinja-Kaikkolar

Arulmozhideva-terinja-Kaikkolar

Parttivasekarat-terinja-Kaikkolar

Gandaraditta-terinja-Kaikkolar

Madurantaka-terinja-Kaikkolar

Kodandarama-terinja-Kaikkolar is named after

Raja Raja Chola I
.

Some were chieftains and commanders-in-chief of the later Cholas. Kaikkolar commanders-in-chief were known as Samanta Senapathigal[22] or Senaithalaivar.[23][22] Following is the list of Sengunthar chieftains under Imperial Cholas which is taken from the poem Eetiezhubathu written by Chola emperor's court poet and minister Ottakoothar.

  • Putridan Kondan: King of Kalattur. Pallikondan: Chieftain of Chidambaram. Pazhuvur Veeran and Pazhuvur Narayanan: Chieftains of Pazhuvur. Thaniyan: Chieftain of Kanchi. Otriyuran: Chieftain of Thiruvottriyur. Thanjai Vemban: Chieftain of Thiruvaiyaru and chief minister under
    Rajadhiraja Chola I
    . Padaimaruthan: Chieftain of Thiruvidai maruthur.

According to Vijaya Ramaswamy, in early thirteenth century large number of Kaikolars were migrated to Kongu Nadu from Tondaimandalam[24] after the fall of Chola empire.

Vijayanagara period

After the 13th century, Sengunthars became associated with weaving completely.[25][26][27] According to Deepak Kumar, the Sengunthar weavers very often figure in the capacity of kudi, i.e. tenant-cultivators and also holders of kaniyachi, that is hereditary possession over the land.[28] During the period of Sadasiva Raya of Vijayanagara empire, the sthanathar of the Brahmapuriswara temple made an agreement that they would cultivate certain lands of the Kaikkolar regiment.[29][28]

In 14th century, Kottaiyannan Mudaliar, a chieftain who was ruling

Madurai Nayak
.

According to India Before Europe by Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher, Cynthia Talbot, Sengunthars attained positions of responsibility at the two major Vaishnavite temples of Srirangam and Tirupati. In Tirupati, they were in charge of distributing the consecrated food offerings to the worshippers.

In the book The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India, 1500–1650, author Sanjay Subrahmanyam states that many Sengunthar families were rich enough to contribute both land and gold to temples.

According to Himanshu Prabha Ray, in 1418 in Tiruvannamalai Arunachalesvara temple, Sengunthars were given the right to blow the conch, ride palanquins and elephants and wave the temple fly whisk.[30] In 16th century some of the Kaikolars were migrated to Kerala region from Tamil region.[24]

During Vijayanagara period, Sengunthars built Kodumbu Subramanya Swamy Temple at Palakkad. When issue aroused between Nambudiris and Sengunthars on which style the worship will take place in the temple, the King of Palakkad ordered that the worship will take place according to Sengunthars' culture.

Traditions and festivals

Among Sengunthars, Both alcoholic and sexual abstinence are valued, as is control of the passions. But when they are concerned with the sacred locus of the interior, meat eating, blood sacrifice, spirit possession, and the worship of small gods are all prominent. Senaithalaivar thus follow both a priestly model and a Tamil tradition.

Murugan. Sengunthar community practices both the vegetarian and non-vegetarian traditions.[32]

Each family (kulam) of the Sengunthar had their own Kula Deivam (deity). Sengunthars share

Angalamman or Ambayamman.[1]

The Sura Samharam festival is a traditional ritual where the Sengunthars dress as the lieutenants of

Karthikeya and re-enact the killing of the demon Suran.[33]

Tamil nadu

Historically there were four thisai nadus, which in turn was divided into 17 kilai nadus, exclusive of thisai nadus, totally making 72 nadus in the Sengunthar. The thisai nadus were Sivapuram (Walajabad) to the east, Thonthipuram to the south, Virinjipuram to the west, Chozhasingapuram (Sholinghur) to the north. [34]

The head of 72 nadu was

Kancheepuram nadu which was called as Mahanadu by the Sengunthars.[35] The head officer of Mahanadu were called as Aandavar and Aandavar is highest authority leader for Sengunthars.[36]
The head officer of the each nadu council were called as Naattaanmaikarar or Periyadhanakarar or Pattakarar.[35]

Sengunthar Kaikola Mudaliyar have rights to give festival flag for

Murugan
and re-enact the killing of the demon Suran in the temple.

Shri Arulmigu Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple, Palani, Dindugul

Andhra Pradesh

In Andhra pradesh, Sengunthars are also known as

Tirupati
.

The presiding deity of the Srikalahasteeswara temple at Srikalahasti Gnana Prasunambika Devi was born in Vellathurar Gotra of Senguntha Kaikola Mudaliar caste. It is customary for the bride to bring home the dowry and submit it by Sengunthars at the Shiva-Parvati wedding held here.

Sri Lanka

In the flag hoisting ceremony at

Jaffna Kingdom have rights to bring out the temple flag and carry the flag at the ceremony of Sura Samharam battle. During the flag ceremony day, the houses of Sengunthars are beautifully decorated with curtains with the picture of rooster, the legendary vehicle of Lord Muruga.[37][38]

Kandaswamy Kovil, Nallur, Sri Lanka

Subgroups

There are some divisions among a section of the caste based on their traditions.

Siru Thaali Kaikolar

Siru thaali Kaikolar, also known as Saami katti Kaikolars, are characterized by a lingam tied to their arm, a custom now defunct.[39] Women of this section worn small size of the Thali or Mangala sutra, due to which they are called so. This section allow widows to wear colored saris as other women.[40] They are mainly found in the Eeruurunaadu[41]( Erode, Salem and Namakkal districts ).

Perun Thaali Kaikolar or Kongu Kaikolar

Perun thaali Kaikolar (பெருதாலிகட்டி கைகோளர் முதலியார்கள்), also known as Kongu Kaikolar and 'Vellai seelai kaikkolar'. Women of this section wore big size of the Thali. Widows belonging this section wore white or saris like other Kongu castes hence the name 'Vellai seelai Kaikolar'. They are mainly found vastly in Coimbatore District and the Bhavani River Belt of Erode district. Being the aboriginal weavers of the Kongu region unlike later immigrants, they are properly called 'Kongu Kaikkolvar'

Rattukaara Kaikolar

Rattukaarar, also known as Rendukaarar because they weave with warps composed of double threads and they are traditional carpet makers. Other reason is said to be their sacrifice of first born's heads for weaving a skirt for their caste poet Ottakoothar. They are mainly found in West region of Tamil Nadu.[40]

Thalaikooda Mudaliyar

They are called Thalaikooda Mudaliyar( meaning "head refusers"), because it is said that in 12th century they refused to sacrifice the heads of their first sons to the caste poet,

Tanjore district of Chola country.[42] Now they are found in Pondicherry[43] region. Also called 'Thattaya Nattar' from their sub-region of the Kongu
region.

Maduraiyar

Kaikolars of the

thali
like other Pandya country native castes.

Kaikolar originally of the Pandya country who wear the thali (marriage badge) of Meenakshi Sundareshwarar like other Pandya country native castes.

Kulagurus

The Kongu section has

Adi Saiva kulagurus in common with other Kongu castes while the last three sub castes have the Irayamangalam Math, the descendant of Paranjothi Nayanar as their guru,[44][9] army general of the Pallava Narasimhavarman I
. His seat is at Irayamangalam by the Kaveri in the Namakkal District.

Current status

Sengunthars were originally classified as

Backward Class in Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh because of the efforts of Erode Meenakshi Sundara Mudaliar.[45][46] Kerala government refused to add Sengunthars in Backward classes list as according to them Sengunthars are not either socially or economically backward and they belonged to upper status.[47]

Literary references

Notable people

Further information: List of Sengunthars

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Mines 1984, pp. 62–64
  2. ISBN 9780520084797
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-19-561705-4
    .
  4. ^ "National Commission for Backward Classes". www.ncbc.nic.in. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  5. ^ Mines 1984, p. 11.
  6. ^ Martial races of undivided India by Vidya Prakash Tyagi 2009 Page 278 https://www.google.com/books?id=vRwS6FmS2g0C
  7. ISBN 9027979596
    .
  8. ^ a b c Mines 1984, pp. 54–55
  9. ^
    ISBN 978-8-12241-198-0
    .
  10. ISBN 9788170184355
    .
  11. ISBN 978-0-19-561705-4
    .
  12. ISBN 9027979596
    .
  13. ^ Kan̲n̲iyappan̲, Civa (1996). Oṭṭakkūttar pāṭalkaḷum viḷakkamum [Critical interpretation of the poems of Otṭạkkūttar, 12th century Tamil poet] (in Tamil). Mullai Nilaiyam. p. 51. சூலமும் மழுவும் கொண்ட சிவபெருமானவர். அதனால் அவருடைய பெயர் முதலியார் என்பது. அவர் வழியில் தோன்றினமையால் செங்குந்தர்களுக்கு முதலியார் என்ற பெயரைக் கொடுத்து அப்பெயராலேயே வழங்கப்படுகின்றது
  14. ISBN 978-1-40086-718-9
    .
  15. ISBN 978-1-53810-686-0
    .
  16. ISBN 9789004272620
    .
  17. ISBN 978-1-53810-686-0
    .
  18. ISBN 9788120813915
    .
  19. ISBN 978-0-19-561705-4
    .
  20. ISBN 9781139440745
    .
  21. ^ S. Sankaranarayanan, S. S. Ramachandra Murthy, B. Rajendra Prasad, D. Kiran Kranth Choudary (2000). Śāṅkaram: recent researches on Indian culture : Professor Srinivasa Sankaranarayanan festchrift. Harman Pub. House. p. 114.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ a b Manickam, V. (2001). Kongu Nadu, a history up to A.D. 1400. Makkal Veliyeedu.
  23. ISBN 9780521809047
    .
  24. ^
    ISBN 9781351558259
    .
  25. ^ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1985). Textiles and weavers in medieval South India. Oxford University Press.[page needed]
  26. ^ Mines 1984
  27. ISBN 9788187358183.[page needed
    ]
  28. ^ a b Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context, 1700–1947 By Deepak Kumar[full citation needed]
  29. ^ Ramaswamy, Vijaya (1985). Textiles and weavers in medieval South India. Oxford University Press.[page needed]
  30. ISBN 978-1-13443-040-6
    .
  31. JSTOR 643998
    .
  32. ^ Mines 1984, pp. 15
  33. S2CID 145467633
    .
  34. ^ Mines 1984, pp. 73–98
  35. ^ a b Mines 1984, pp. 171
  36. ^ Mines 1984, pp. 167
  37. ^ Dr. Kumar Vadivel. "Water cutting ceremony of the Nallur Kandasamy temple". The Island (Sri Lanka). Nallur, Sri Lanka: Ministry of Hindu Religious Affairs, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  38. ^ "Nallur Kandasamy Temple festival begins". TamilNet. Nallur, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 10 August 2005.
  39. ^ Mines 1984, pp. 172
  40. ^ a b Mines 1984, pp. 24–25
  41. ^ Mines 1984, pp. 169
  42. ^ Mines 1984, pp. 27
  43. JSTOR 643998
    .
  44. ^ Sustainer (4 September 2009). "கொங்க குலகுருக்கள்: கொங்கு குலகுருக்கள் - 48. இறையமங்கலம் கைக்கோலர் மடம்". கொங்க குலகுருக்கள். Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  45. ^ "List of Backward Classes approved by Government of Tamil Nadu". Government of Tamil Nadu.
  46. ^ "Central list of backward classes". Government of India.
  47. ^ M.S., Joseph (1996). Inclusion of Sengunthar community in the list of Other Backward Classes for reservation in public service. Government of Kerala.
  48. ^ Senguntha Prabandha Thiratu. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  49. ^ The Indian Economic and Social History Review-Delhi School of Economics. Vikas Publishing House. 1982.
  50. ISBN 978-9004041905
    . Retrieved 4 December 2011.

References

Further reading
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