Spelt
Spelt | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Poales |
Family: | Poaceae |
Subfamily: | Pooideae |
Genus: | Triticum |
Species: | T. spelta
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Binomial name | |
Triticum spelta | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Spelt (Triticum spelta), also known as dinkel wheat[2] or hulled wheat,[2] is a species of wheat that has been cultivated since approximately 5000 BCE.
Spelt was an important
Evolution
Spelt has a complex history. It is a hexaploid wheat species derived from
Genetic evidence indicates spelt originated as a naturally occurring hybrid of a domesticated tetraploid wheat and the diploid wild goat-grass Aegilops tauschii. Genetic evidence shows that spelt wheat can also arise as the result of the hybridisation of
Pm5 is an effector-triggered resistance (ETR) gene for
Terminological confusion with other hulled wheats
Especially in the context of descriptions of ancient cultures, the English word spelt has sometimes been used to refer to grains that were not hexaploid T. spelta, but other species of hulled wheat such as tetraploid T. dicoccum (emmer wheat) or diploid T. monococcum (einkorn wheat, also known as "little spelt" or "littlespelt", in French "petit épeautre"). This confusion may arise either from mistranslation of words found in other languages that can refer to hulled wheat in general without distinguishing between these species (such as Italian farro) or changing opinions about which actual species of wheat are described in texts written in ancient languages.
The meaning of the Ancient Greek word ζειά ([zeiá]) or ζέα is either uncertain or vague and has been argued to refer to T. dicoccum or T. monococcum[7] rather than T. spelta.[8] Likewise, the Ancient Roman grain denoted by the Latin word far, although often translated as "spelt", was in fact emmer (T. dicoccum).[9]
Similarly, references to the cultivation of spelt wheat in Biblical times (see matzo), in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia are incorrect and result from confusion with emmer wheat.[10]
History
The earliest archaeological evidence of spelt is from the fifth millennium BCE in
There is evidence that spelt cultivation increased in Iron Age Britain as damp regions of the country with heavy soils tolerated by spelt were being settled.[13]
In the
Spelt was introduced to the United States in the 1890s. In the 20th century, spelt was replaced by bread wheat in almost all areas where it was still grown. The
Nutrition
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
---|---|
Energy | 1,410 kJ (340 kcal) |
70.19 g | |
Starch | 53.92 g |
Dietary fibre | 10.7 g |
2.43 g | |
Polyunsaturated | 1.258 g |
14.57 g | |
Niacin (B3) | 43% 6.843 mg |
Vitamin B6 | 14% 0.230 mg |
Folate (B9) | 11% 45 μg |
Vitamin E | 5% 0.79 mg |
Minerals | Quantity %DV† |
Calcium | 2% 27 mg |
Iron | 25% 4.44 mg |
Magnesium | 32% 136 mg |
Manganese | 130% 3.0 mg |
Phosphorus | 32% 401 mg |
Potassium | 13% 388 mg |
Sodium | 0% 8 mg |
Zinc | 30% 3.28 mg |
Other constituents | Quantity |
Water | 11.02 g |
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[19] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[20] |
A 100-gram (3+1⁄2-ounce) reference serving of uncooked spelt provides 1,400 kilojoules (340 kilocalories) of
Spelt contains
Products
In Germany and Austria, spelt loaves and rolls (dinkelbrot) are widely available in bakeries, as is spelt flour in supermarkets. The unripe spelt grains are dried and eaten as grünkern ("green grain").
Dutch jenever makers distill with spelt.[25] Beer brewed from spelt is sometimes seen in Bavaria[26] and Belgium.[27]
See also
- Khorasan wheat
- Farro
- Sorghum bicolor
References
- ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species, retrieved 11 May 2016
- ^ a b "Triticum spelta". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
- ^ S2CID 26586515.
- . Retrieved 2024-01-15.
- PMID 33014014.
- ^ S2CID 190533925.
- ISBN 9780884142911.
- Perseus Project
- S2CID 163645029.
- ^ Nesbitt, Mark (2001). "Wheat Evolution: Integrating Archaeological and Biological Evidence" (PDF)..
- ^ ISBN 9783540429395.
- ^ Akeret, Ö. (2005). "Plant Remains From a Bell Beaker Site in Switzerland, and the Beginnings of Triticum spelta (spelt) Cultivation in Europe". Archived from the original on 2012-12-27.
- ^ Albarella, Umberto. The end of the Sheep Age: people and animals in the Late Iron Age. p. 391.
- ^ Bakels, Corrie C. (Dec 2005), "Crops produced in the southern Netherlands and northern France during the early medieval period: a comparison," Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, pp. 394-399
- ^ Newfield, Timothy P. (2013), "The Contours, Frequency and Causation of Subsistence Crises in Carolingian Europe (750-950 CE)" in Crisis Alimentarian en la Edad Media, Lleida, Spain: Universidad de Lleida, p. 170
- .
- ^ Smithers, Rebecca (15 May 2014). "Spelt flour 'wonder grain' set for a price hike as supplies run low". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
- ^ "Spelt shortage". The Independent. 11 May 2014. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
- ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". Retrieved 2024-03-28.
- PMID 30844154.
- ^ PMID 25789300.
- S2CID 84523520.
- doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2006.05.007. Archived from the original(pdf) on 31 May 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
- ^ Kohajdová, Z.; Karovičová, J. (2008). "Nutritional Value and Baking Applications of Spelt Wheat" (PDF). Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Technologia Alimentaria. 7 (3): 5–14. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
- ISBN 9781601383532. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
- ^ Dinkelbier Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine, German Beer Institute, retrieved November 2009.
- ^ Den Mulder Archived 2015-10-17 at the Wayback Machine, beer from Huisbrouwerij Den Tseut in Oosteeklo, retrieved September 2013.
External links
- Data related to Spelt at Wikispecies
- Media related to Triticum aestivum subsp. spelta at Wikimedia Commons
- The dictionary definition of spelt at Wiktionary