Statistical graphics
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Statistical graphics, also known as statistical graphical techniques, are
Overview
Whereas statistics and data analysis procedures generally yield their output in numeric or tabular form, graphical techniques allow such results to be displayed in some sort of pictorial form. They include plots such as scatter plots, histograms, probability plots, spaghetti plots, residual plots, box plots, block plots and biplots.[1]
Graphical statistical methods have four objectives:[2]
- The exploration of the content of a data set
- The use to find structure in data
- Checking assumptions in statistical models
- Communicate the results of an analysis.
If one is not using statistical graphics, then one is forfeiting insight into one or more aspects of the underlying structure of the data.
History
Statistical graphics have been central to the development of science and date to the earliest attempts to analyse data. Many familiar forms, including
- Spatial organization in the 17th and 18th century
- Discrete comparison in the 18th and early 19th century
- Continuous distribution in the 19th century and
- Multivariate distribution and correlation in the late 19th and 20th century.
Since the 1970s statistical graphics have been re-emerging as an important analytic tool with the revitalisation of computer graphics and related technologies.[3]
Examples
Famous graphics were designed by:
- William Playfair who produced what could be called the first line, bar, pie, and area charts. For example, in 1786 he published the well known diagram that depicts the evolution of England's imports and exports,[4]
- James Watt and his employee John Southern, who around 1790 invented the steam indicator, a device for plotting pressure variations within a steam engine cylinder through its stroke,[5]
- Florence Nightingale, who used statistical graphics to persuade the British Government to improve army hygiene,[6]
- and
- Charles Joseph Minard who designed a large portfolio of maps of which the one depicting Napoleon's campaign in Russia is the best known.[8]
See the plots page for many more examples of statistical graphics.
See also
- Data Presentation Architecture
- List of graphical methods
- Visual inspection
- Chart
- List of charting software
References
- Citations
- ^ a b "The Role of Graphics". NIST/SEMATECH e-Handbook of Statistical Methods. 2003–2010. Retrieved May 5, 2011.
- ^ Jacoby, William G. (1997). Statistical Graphics for Univariate and Bivariate Data: Statistical Graphics. pp. 2–4.
- ^ a b James R. Beniger and Dorothy L. Robyn (1978). "Quantitative graphics in statistics: A brief history". In: The American Statistician. 32: pp. 1–11.
- ISBN 0961392142.
- ISBN 978-0-520-23249-5.
- ^ Small, Hugh. "Florence Nightingale's statistical diagrams".
- ^ Crosier, Scott. "John Snow: The London Cholera Epidemic of 1854". University of California, Santa Barbara.
- ^ Corbett, John. "Charles Joseph Minard: Mapping Napoleon's March, 1861". Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
- Attribution
This article incorporates public domain material from the National Institute of Standards and Technology
Further reading
- ISBN 0-9634884-0-6.
- ISBN 0-9634884-1-4.
- Lewi, Paul J. (2006). Speaking of Graphics.
- ISBN 0-9613921-4-2.
- ISBN 0-9613921-1-8.
External links
