Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally
Thomas Arthur | |
---|---|
Died | 9 May 1766 Paris, France | (aged 64)
Allegiance | France |
Years of service | 1721-1761 |
Battles/wars |
Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally, baron de Tollendal (13 January 1702 – 9 May 1766) was a French general of Irish
After time spent as a prisoner of war in Britain, Lally voluntarily returned to France to face charges where he was beheaded for his alleged failures in India. Ultimately the jealousies and disloyalties of other officers, together with insufficient resources and limited naval support prevented Lally from securing India for France. In 1778, he was publicly exonerated by Louis XVI from his alleged crime.
Life
He was born at
Entering the French army in 1721, he served in the
He was a staunch Jacobite and in 1745 accompanied
When war broke out with Britain again in 1756, Lally was appointed governor-general of
He was a man of courage and a capable general, but his pride and ferocity made him unpopular with his officers and men.[7] He was unsuccessful in an attack on Tanjore, and as he lacked French naval support he had to retire from the Siege of Madras upon the arrival of the British fleet. He was defeated by Sir Eyre Coote at the Battle of Wandiwash, and besieged in Pondicherry, where he was forced to capitulate in 1761.[3][8]
Trial and execution
Lally was sent as a prisoner of war to England. Public opinion in France was very hostile, blaming him for the defeat by the British, and there were widespread calls for Lally to be put on trial.[9] While in London, he heard that he was accused in France of treason, and insisted, against advice, on returning on parole to stand trial.[9] He was kept prisoner for nearly two years before the trial began in 1764[3] and when the Advocate General of the Parlement of Paris, Joly de Fleury, began the prosecution, Lally had not received any documentation of the charges, and was not allowed a defence lawyer. Throughout the trial, which lasted for two years, Lally fought against Joly de Fleury's charges but on 6 May 1766 he was convicted and sentenced to be beheaded by Charles-Henri Sanson.[9]
Lally made an unsuccessful attempt at suicide after his sentencing, and three days after his conviction he was gagged to prevent him from protesting his innocence further. He was transported in a garbage cart to be beheaded at the
Progeny
By one Felicity Crofton,[12] Lally had a legitimised son and heir, Trophime-Gérard, later Marquis de Lally-Tollendal, a distinguished French statesman who (as further described below) subsequently devoted much time and energy to the rehabilitation of his father's memory. Lally also had a natural daughter, Henrietta (or Harriet), who lived in Madras[13] and died on 9 September 1836.[14]
Voltaire's efforts at rehabilitation
Voltaire knew Lally personally, and had no liking for him. As he had investments in the East India Company, he was concerned 'this Irish hothead' might not be good for the shareholders when he was sent out to India.[15] When he heard of his execution, he wrote to one friend, "I knew Lally-Tollendal for an absurd man, violent, ambitious, capable of pillage and abuse of power; but I should be astonished if he was a traitor", and to another he wrote, "I have just been reading up on the tragedy of poor Lally. I can easily see that Lally got himself detested by all the officers and all the inhabitants of Pondicherry, but in all the submissions to the trial there is no appearance of embezzlement, nor of treason."[16] Voltaire had taken up a number of campaigns against miscarriages of justice, most famously that of Jean Calas. His work to expose injustice and abuse of process was often hindered by the unwillingness of the courts and other authorities to release evidence, statements, and court records. In this case too, although Voltaire wanted to investigate further, he was unable to penetrate the institutional secrecy of the court for the time being.
Voltaire was able to take no further action until in 1770 he was approached for help by Lally's natural son Gérard de Lally-Tollendal. There is an account that the shame of military failure was originally so great that this son was brought up in total ignorance of who his father had been, and only inadvertently discovered the truth of his background at the age of fifteen.[17] However this account cannot be true, as the son was fifteen when his father was executed,[18] so his origins must have been concealed for other reasons. Voltaire offered what assistance he could, but the campaign to release the court documents was painfully slow.
Louis XV tried to throw the responsibility for what was undoubtedly a judicial murder on his ministers and the public, but his policy needed a scapegoat, and he was probably well content not to exercise his authority to save an almost friendless foreigner.[3] The family records of his executioner stated that, while the charge of treason was clearly baseless, those of abuse of power, violence against the administrators of the colony and his soldiers, and cruelty to the natives, had ample witnesses. Lally had so impeached his officers and administrators of the colony that they could only feel safe by his condemnation and death.[19]
When Louis XVI came to the throne in 1774 there was more inclination towards clemency. Still, it took discussion in thirty-two sessions before, in 1778, the Royal Council agreed to annul the proceedings against Lally, though the case still had to be referred to the Parlement of Rouen for formal overturning.[20] On 24 May 1778, less than a week before he died, Voltaire learned that Gérard de Lally-Tollendal had been given leave to appeal. Deeply moved, Voltaire wrote to him: "The dying man has been revived by learning this great news; he embraces M. de Lally very tenderly; he sees that the king is the defender of justice. He will die content." It was the last letter he wrote.[21]
The sentence was not overturned until 1781, and the conviction itself was never cleared.
When the case was considered by the Parlement de Paris, the orator Jean-Jacques d'Eprémesnil acted as spokesman of Parlement and refused to consider any rehabilitation for Lally.[22]
See also
- Marquis de Lally-Tollendal
- Third Carnatic War
Notes
- ^ a b O'Callaghan (1870), p. 346.
- ^ John O'Donovan (1862), The Topographical Poems of John O'Dubhagain and Giolla na Noamh O'Huidhrin, Irish Archaeological and Celtic Society, p. 38.
- ^ a b c d e f g public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lally, Thomas Arthur, Comte de". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 95. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ O'Callaghan (1870), p. 349.
- ^ Thomas Osborne Davis (1866), The Poems of Thomas Davis, D. & J. Sadlier & Company, p. 249.
- ^ Stephen McGarry (2013), Irish Brigades Abroad: From the Wild Geese to the Napoleonic Wars, The History Press.
- ^ S. N. Sen (2006), History of Modern India, New Age International, p. 35.
- ISBN 9788131300343.
- ^ a b c Davidson (2010), p. 359.
- ^ Sanson (1876).
- ^ Arasse (1989), p. 186.
- ^ John O'Donovan, The Tribes and Customs of Hy-Many, commonly called O'Kelly's Country (Dublin, 1843) at page 182
- ^ Diary of Colonel Bayly: 12th Regiment, 1796-1830 (London, 1896), at page 46
- ^ The Bengal Obituary (Calcutta, 1851), at page 201
- ^ Davidson (2010), p. 358.
- ^ Davidson (2010), p. 360.
- ^ Schama (1989), pp. 31–32.
- ^ Frederick Dixon (1893). "Lally's Visit to England in 1745". The English Historical Review. VIII (30): 284.
- ^ Memoirs of the Sansons, from private notes and documents, 1688-1847, edited by Henry Sanson. Available from Archive.org, accessed 20 April 2016
- ^ Schama (1989), p. 32.
- ^ Davidson (2010), p. 438.
- ^ J. Charles (1803). Historical Pictures of the French Revolution, Paris, p.18, accessed 15/02/2017
References and further reading
- Arasse, Daniel (1989). The Guillotine and the Terror, Trans. Christopher Miller. Penguin.
- Davidson, Ian (2010). Voltaire, A Life. London: Profile Books.
- Malleson, G. B. (1865). The Career of Count Lally.
- McGarry, S. (2013). Irish Brigades Abroad. Dublin.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - O'Callaghan, John Cornelius (1870). History of the Irish Brigades in the Service of France: From the Revolution in Great Britain and Ireland Under James II to the Revolution in France Under Louis XVI. Glasgow: Cameron and Ferguson.
- O’hAnnrachain, E. (2004). "Lally, the Regime's Scapegoat". The Irish Sword. 24.
- Sanson, Henry, ed. (1876). "Memoirs of the Sansons, from Private Notes and Documents (1688-1847)". London: Chatto & Windus.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Schama, Simon (1989). Citizens. Penguin.
- Voltaire's Œuvres complètes
- "Z's" article "The Marquis de Lally-Tollendal" in the Biographie Michaud
- The legal documents are preserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale