Torres Strait Islanders

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about one of the two ethnically distinct indigenous peoples of Australia, Torres Strait Islanders – the other being Aboriginal Australians. For an overview of these peoples together, see Indigenous Australians.

Torres Strait Islanders
A map of the Torres Strait Islands.
Total population
66,387[1]
Regions with significant populations
Torres Strait Islands 4,514[2]
 Australia (mainland)61,873
Languages
Torres Strait Island languages, Torres Strait Creole, Torres Strait English, Australian English
Religion
Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Melanesians
Note difficulties with census counts.[2]

Torres Strait Islanders (/ˈtɒrɪs-/ TORR-iss-)[3] are the Indigenous Melanesian people of the Torres Strait Islands, which are part of the state of Queensland, Australia. Ethnically distinct from the Aboriginal peoples of the rest of Australia, they are often grouped with them as Indigenous Australians. Today, there are many more Torres Strait Islander people living in mainland Australia (nearly 28,000) than on the Islands (about 4,500).

There are five distinct peoples within the broader designation of Torres Strait Islander people, based partly on geographical and cultural divisions. There are two main Indigenous language groups,

Meriam Mir. Torres Strait Creole is also widely spoken as a language of trade and commerce. The core of Island culture is Papuo-Austronesian
, and the people are traditionally a seafaring nation. There is a strong artistic culture, particularly in sculpture, printmaking, and mask-making.

Demographics

Geographical distribution of people with Torres Strait Islander Indigenous status.[4]
Geographical distribution of people with both Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Indigenous status.[4]
Geographical distribution of people with Torres Strait Islander ancestry.[4]

Of the 133 islands, only 38 are inhabited. The islands are culturally unique, with much to distinguish them from neighbouring

trochus-shell industries over the years.[5]

The 2016 Australian census counted 4,514 people living on the islands, of whom 91.8% were Torres Strait Islander or Aboriginal Australian people. (64% of the population identified as Torres Strait Islander; 8.3% as Aboriginal Australian; 6.5% as Papua New Guinean; 3.6% as other Australian and 2.6% as "Maritime South-East Asian", etc.).[1] In 2006 the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT) had reported 6,800 Torres Strait Islanders living in the Torres Strait area.[6]

People identifying themselves as of Torres Strait Islander descent in the whole of Australia in the 2016 census numbered 32,345, while those with both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal ancestry numbered a further 26,767 (compared with 29,515 and 17,811 respectively in 2006).[7]

Five communities of Torres Strait Islanders and Aboriginal Australians live on the coast of mainland Queensland, mainly at Bamaga, Seisia, Injinoo, Umagico and New Mapoon in the Northern Peninsula area of Cape York.[8]

In June 1875 a measles epidemic killed about 25% of the population, with some islands suffering losses of up to 80% of their people, as the islanders had no natural immunity to European diseases.[9]

Administration

Further information: Torres Strait Islands § Administration

Until the late 20th century, Torres Strait Islanders had been administered by a system of elected councils, a system based partly on traditional pre-Christian local government and partly on the introduced mission management system.[10]

Today, the

Australian government body established in 1994 and consisting of 20 elected representatives, oversees the islands, with its primary function being to strengthen the economic, social and cultural development of the peoples of the Torres Strait area.[11]

Further to the TSRA, there are several Queensland LGAs which administer areas occupied by Torres Strait Islander communities:

  • the Torres Strait Island Region, covering a large proportion of the Islands;
  • the Northern Peninsula Area Region, administered from Bamaga, on the northern tip of Cape York; and
  • the Shire of Torres, which governs several islands as well as portions of Cape York Peninsula, is effectively colocated with the Northern Peninsula Area Region, which covers a number of Deed of Grant in Trust (DOGIT) areas on the peninsula, and the Torres Strait Island Region and administers those sections of its area which are not autonomous.[12]

Ethnicity

Further information: History of Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Status of population in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population.[4]
Ancestry of population in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population (Torres Strait Islander or other) .[4]

Torres Strait Islander people are of predominantly Melanesian descent, distinct from Aboriginal Australians on the mainland and some other Australian islands,[13][14] and share some genetic and cultural traits with the people of New Guinea.[15]

The five-pointed star on the national flag represents the five cultural groups;[15] another source says that it originally represented the five groups of islands, but today (as of 2001) it represents the five major political divisions.[16]

Pre-colonial Island people were not a homogeneous group and until then did not regard themselves as a single people. They have links with the people of Papua New Guinea, several islands being much closer to PNG than Australia, as well as the northern tip of Cape York on the Australian continent.[16]

Sources are generally agreed that there are five distinct geographical and/or cultural divisions, but descriptions and naming of the groups differ widely.

  • Encyclopaedia Britannica: the Eastern (Meriam, or Murray Island), Top Western (Guda Maluilgal), Near Western (Maluilgal), Central (Kulkalgal), and Inner Islands (Kaiwalagal).[15]
  • Multicultural Queensland 2001 (a Queensland Government publication): five groups may be distinguished, based on linguistic and cultural differences, and also related to their places of origin, type of area of settlement, and long-standing relationships with other peoples. these nations are: Saibailgal (Top Western Islanders), Maluilgal (Mid-Western Islanders), Kaurareg (Lower Western Islanders), Kulkalgal (Central Islanders) and Meriam Le (Eastern Islanders).[16]
  • Torres Shire Council official website (Queensland Government): Five major island clusters – the Top Western Group (
    Friday).[5]

Ethno-linguistic groups include:

Languages

Main article: Torres Strait Island languages
Languages used at home by Torres Strait Islanders in localities with significant share of Torres Strait islander population.[4]

There are two distinct Indigenous languages spoken on the Islands, as well as a creole language.[13]

The

Pama-Nyungan
family of languages of Australia.

Meriam Mir is spoken on the eastern islands. It is one of the four Eastern Trans-Fly languages, the other three being spoken in Papua New Guinea.[17]

Torres Strait Creole, an English-based creole language, is also spoken.[5]

Culture

Archaeological, linguistic and

subsistence lifestyle. Traditional foods play an important role in ceremonies and celebrations even when they do not live on the islands. Dugong and turtle hunting as well as fishing are seen as a way of continuing the Islander tradition of being closely associated with the sea.[19] The islands have long history of trade and interactions with explorers from other parts of the globe, both east and west, which has influenced their lifestyle and culture.[20]

The Indigenous people of the Torres Strait have a distinct culture which has slight variants on the different islands where they live. Cultural practices share similarities with

oral tradition, with stories handed down and communicated through song, dance and ceremonial performance. As a seafaring people, sea, sky and land feature strongly in their stories and art.[21]

Post-colonisation

Post-colonisation history has seen new cultural influences on the people, most notably the place of

Missionaries, anthropologists and museums "collected" a huge amount of material: all of the pieces collected by missionary Samuel McFarlane, were in London and then split between three European museums and a number of mainland Australian museums.[22]

In 1898–1899, British anthropologist

Cambridge University is known as the Haddon Collection and is the most comprehensive collection of Torres Strait Islander artefacts in the world.[21]

During the first half of the 20th century, Torres Strait Islander culture was largely restricted to dance and song,

visual art on the Islands.[24]

Art

See also:
totemic beings.[20]

Torres Strait Islander people are the only culture in the world to make

turtleshell masks, known as krar (turtleshell) in the Western Islands and le-op (human face) in the Eastern Islands.[21]

Prominent among the artforms is wame (alt. wameya), many different string figures.[25][26][27]

Elaborate

Torres Strait Islander Flag, are created for the purposes of ceremonial dances.[29]

The Islands have a long tradition of woodcarving, creating masks and drums, and carving decorative features on these and other items for ceremonial use. From the 1970s, young artists were beginning their studies at around the same time that a significant re-connection to traditional myths and legends was happening. Margaret Lawrie's publications, Myths and Legends of the Torres Strait (1970) and Tales from the Torres Strait (1972), reviving stories which had all but been forgotten, influenced the artists greatly.

Cairns, Queensland and later at the Australian National University in what is now the School of Art and Design. Other artists such as Laurie Nona, Brian Robinson, David Bosun, Glen Mackie, Joemen Nona, Daniel O'Shane and Tommy Pau are known for their printmaking work.[24]

An exhibition of Alick Tipoti's work, titled Zugubal, was mounted at the

Cairns Regional Gallery in July 2015.[33][34]

A picture of Christine Anu.
Singer Christine Anu, who performed at the 2000 Sydney Summer Olympics.

Music and dance

Main articles:
Indigenous dance of Australia

For Torres Strait Islander people, singing and dancing is their "literature" – "the most important aspect of Torres Strait lifestyle. The Torres Strait Islanders preserve and present their oral history through songs and dances;...the dances act as illustrative material and, of course, the dancer himself is the storyteller" (Ephraim Bani, 1979). There are many songs about the weather; others about the myths and legends; life in the sea and totemic gods; and about important events. "The dancing and its movements express the songs and acts as the illustrative material".[35]

Dance is also major form of creative and competitive expression. "Dance machines" (hand held mechanical moving objects), clappers and headdresses (dhari/dari) enhance the dance performances.[29] Dance artefacts used in the ceremonial performances relate to Islander traditions and clan identity, and each island group has its own performances.[36]

Artist Ken Thaiday Snr is renowned for his elaborately sculptured dari, often with moving parts and incorporating the hammerhead shark, a powerful totem.[36][37]

ARIA Award-winning singer-songwriter of Torres Strait Islander heritage, who first became popular with her cover version of the song "My Island Home" (first performed by the Warumpi Band).[38]

Sports

A picture of Jesse Williams in American football gear, showing their tattoos.
Jesse Williams, who won 2013 Super Bowl with the Seattle Seahawks.

Sports are popular among Torres Strait Islanders and the community has many sporting stars in Australian and international sports. Sporting events bring together people from across the different islands and help to connect the Torres Strait with mainland Australia and Papua New Guinea. Rugby league is especially popular, including the annual 'Island of Origin' tournament between teams from different islands. Basketball is also extremely popular.[39]

Famous sports-people include Muara (Lifu) Wacando, who was awarded a gold medal by the Royal Humane Society for her sea rescue during the 1899 Cyclone Mahina; 1964 Olympic basketballer Michael Ah Matt; 1976 Paralympian field athlete Harry Mosby; 1980 and 1984 Olympic basketballer Danny Morseu; NBA players Patty Mills and Nathan Jawai; and 2013 Super Bowl winner Jesse Williams.

Religion and beliefs

The people still have their own traditional belief systems. Stories of the Tagai, their spiritual belief system, represent Torres Strait Islanders as sea people, with a connection to the stars, as well as a system of order in which everything has its place in the world.

Southern Cross. In his right hand, he holds a sorbi (a red fruit). In this story, the Tagai and his crew of 12 were preparing for a journey, but before the journey began, the crew consumed all the food and drink they planned to take. So the Tagai strung the crew together in two groups of six and cast them into the sea, where their images became star patterns in the sky. These patterns can be seen in the star constellations of Pleiades and Orion.[41]

Some Torres Strait Islander people share beliefs similar to the Aboriginal peoples'

Dreaming and "Everywhen" concepts, passed down in oral history.[42]

Oral history

One of the stories passed down in

Masig, becoming god of dancing, with the tiger shark (baidam) as his totem. The eldest brother, Malo, went on to Mer and became responsible for setting out a set of rules for living, a combination of religion and law, which were presented by Eddie Mabo in the famous Mabo native title case in 1992.[43]

The cult of Kulka was in evidence on Aureed Island with the finding of a "skull house" by the rescuers of survivors two years after the wreck of Charles Eaton, in 1836.[18]

Introduction of Christianity

Further information: All Saints Anglican Church, Darnley Island § History
Erub
(Darnley Island).

From the 1870s,

Lifu.[45]

Clan elder and warrior Dabad greeted them on their arrival. Ready to defend his land and people, Dabad walked to the water's edge when McFarlane dropped to his knees and presented the

The Coming of the Light", also known as Zulai Wan,[47][57] or Bi Akarida,[48] and all Island communities celebrate the occasion annually on 1 July.[58][47] Coming of the Light, an episode in the 2013 documentary television series Desperate Measures, features the annual event.[59]

However the coming of Christianity did not spell the end of the people's traditional beliefs; their culture informed their understanding of the new religion, as the

Christian God was welcomed and the new religion was integrated into every aspect of their everyday lives.[57]

Religious affiliation, 2016 census

In the 2016 Census,[needs update] a total of 20,658 Torres Strait Islander people (out of a total of 32,345) and 15,586 of both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal identity (out of 26,767) reported adherence to some form of Christianity. (Across the whole of Australia, the Indigenous and non-Indigenous population were broadly similar with 54% (vs 55%) reporting a Christian affiliation, while less than 2% reported traditional beliefs as their religion, and 36% reported no religion.)[60]

Traditional adoptions

A traditional cultural practice, known as kupai omasker, allows adoption of a child by a relative or community member for a range of reasons. The reasons differ depending on which of the many Torres Islander cultures the person belongs to, with one example being "where a family requires an

heir to carry on the important role of looking after land or being the caretaker of land". Other reasons might relate to "the care and responsibility of relationships between generations".[61]

There had been a problem in Queensland law, where such adoptions are not legally recognised by the state's Succession Act 1981,[62] with one issue being that adopted children are not able to take on the surname of their adoptive parents.[61] On 17 July 2020 the Queensland Government introduced a bill in parliament to legally recognise the practice.[63] The bill was passed as the Meriba Omasker Kaziw Kazipa Act 2020 ("For Our Children's Children") on 8 September 2020.[64]

Notable people

  • Activism
  • Sports

See also

Further reading

  • Australian Art Network: Torres Strait Islands
  • Blue Water Empire - ABC TV 3-part dramatised documentary about Torres Strait Islands, its history and people
  • Contemporary stories by and about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people
  • Smith, Aaron (26 May 2018). "The 'forgotten people': When death came to the Torres Strait". CNN.==Footnotes==
  1. Lifu and Wave in the Loyalty Islands in May 1871.[52][53] The ship, under Captain Brews, was wrecked in a gale on 2 February 1874 near Nobbys Head, off Newcastle, New South Wales.[54]

References

  1. ^ a b "2016 Census QuickStats: Torres Strait Island (R)". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  2. ^ a b "3238.0.55.001 - Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 31 August 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  3. ^ "Torres Strait. Oxford Dictionary Online". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g ""2021 Census - Cultural Diversity, 2021, TableBuilder"". Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS).
  5. ^ a b c d "About the Torres Strait". Torres Shire Council. Queensland Government. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  6. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original
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  10. ISBN 978-0-521-37862-8
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  18. ^ a b Peek, Veronica (16 June 2012). "Part Four: a tale of two boys". Charles Eaton: wake for the melancholy shipwreck. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  19. ISBN 0-7022-3329-3
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  20. ^ a b "Art in the Torres Strait Islands". Japingka Aboriginal Art. Retrieved 7 January 2020.
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  34. ISBN 978-0-9757635-6-8
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  61. ^ a b Rigby, Mark (4 June 2020). "Torres Strait Islanders fear time running out for legal recognition of traditional adoptions". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
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  64. ^ "'Historic moment': Queensland now recognises traditional Torres Strait Islander adoption practices". SBS News. 9 September 2020. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  65. ARIA Awards. Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Archived from the original
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  70. ^ Loos, Noel. White Christ Black Cross: The Emergence of a Black Church (Google Books) p. 8 (Accessed 25 September 2013)

External links

Library resources about
Torres Strait Islanders
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