Trade unions in Sudan

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This article discusses the history and present status of labor unions in Sudan.

History

The

Sudan Workers' Trade Union Federation (SWTUF).[1] The SWTUF was closely associated with the Sudan Communist Party (SCP), and its actions were strongly political.[1] It failed to receive government recognition.[1] After national independence, the federation had frequent confrontations with the new government, including a successful general strike in October 1958.[1] That strike was one of the factors that contributed to the military takeover of the government the following month.[1]

The SWTUF controlled roughly 70 percent of all labor-union membership by the

restoration of the civilian government in 1964, the 1948 ordinance was reinstated, the SWTUF reemerged, and union membership increased rapidly.[1] Most unions were small, financially weak, and generally not very effective.[1] The few larger unions were in the public sector, led by the Sudan Railway Workers' Union.[1]

SWTUF leadership remained in communist hands.[1] The SCP was allied with the group that carried out the military coup of May 1969.[1] Strikes, however, were prohibited by a presidential order issued shortly after the 1969 takeover.[1] After the abortive communist coup in mid-1971, the government dissolved the SWTUF and executed a number of its leaders.[1]

Late in 1971, the government promulgated the new

Sudan Socialist Union, the mass political party established by the government in 1972.[1] In the late 1970s, the unions led strikes, which, although illegal, resulted in settlement of issues through negotiations with the government.[1] Prior to 1989, the SWTUF, in its weakened state, included 42 trade unions, representing more than 1.7 million workers in the public and private sectors.[1] The federation was affiliated with the International Confederation of Arab Trade Unions and the Organization of African Trade Union Unity.[1]

Following the

right to organize and bargain collectively and prescribed punishments, including the death penalty, for violations of its labor decrees.[1] Many union leaders were arrested.[1] Prior to the 1989 coup, leaders of the SWTUF formed a union in exile, the Legitimate Sudan Workers Trade Union Federation, which carried on secret trade union activities in Sudan.[1]

The

Labor Act of 1997 included a section on resolution of trade disputes and a requirement that employers negotiate with employees through a lawful trade union if they had such representation.[1]

Strikes and protests occurred in 1998 over the privatization of state corporations and public services, an action that had caused massive job losses.[1] In 1999 and again in 2000, teachers went on strike for several months, each time to protest the government's failure to pay salaries.[1]

The 1998 constitution provided the right of association for trade-union purposes, but in 2011 the government continued to restrict this right.[1] Only the government-controlled SWTUF, the leading blue-collar labor organization with about 800,000 members, functioned legally.[1] The government again imposed severe punishments, including the death penalty, for violation of its labor decrees.[1] However, the International Labour Organization frequently noted that the trade-union monopoly was contrary to the principles of freedom of association, and the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions continued to recognize the Legitimate Sudan Workers Trade Union Federation, the national trade-union organization that functioned prior to the ban and that continued to operate in exile.[1]

Current status

As of 2011, the law allowed labor committees the right to organize and bargain collectively; however, in practice, the government's control of the steering committees meant that it dominated the process of setting wages and working conditions.[1] The law also did not prohibit anti-union discrimination.[1] Moreover, strikes were considered illegal unless the government granted approval, which never occurred.[1] Therefore, most employees who tried to strike were subject to employment termination, although workers who went on strike in recent years, including in 2008, were not terminated, and there were no reports of union leaders being detained or unfairly dismissed in 2011.[1]

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-0-8444-0750-0. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain
    . Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.
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