Tripiṭaka
Translations of Tipiṭaka | |
---|---|
English | Three Baskets |
Rōmaji: sanzō) | |
Khmer | ព្រះត្រៃបិដក (UNGEGN: preăh traibĕdâk) |
Korean | 삼장 (三臧) (RR: samjang) |
Malay | Tiga Bakul |
Sinhala | තිපිටකය (Tipitakaya) |
Tagalog | Tatlo mga kahon |
Thai | พระไตรปิฎก (RTGS: Phra Traipidok) |
Vietnamese | Tam tạng (三藏) |
Glossary of Buddhism |
Pāli Canon |
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1. Vinaya Piṭaka |
2. Sutta Piṭaka |
3. Abhidhamma Piṭaka |
Tipiṭaka (Pali:
The
Tripiṭaka has become a term used for many schools' collections, although their general divisions do not match a strict division into three piṭakas.[6]
Etymology
Tipiṭaka (
Textual categories
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2019) |
The Tripiṭaka is composed of three main categories of texts that collectively constitute the Buddhist canon: the
The Vinaya Piṭaka appears to have grown gradually as a commentary and justification of the monastic code (Prātimokṣa), which presupposes a transition from a community of wandering mendicants (the Sūtra Piṭaka period) to a more sedentary monastic community (the Vinaya Piṭaka period). The Vinaya focuses on the rules and regulations, or the morals and ethics, of monastic life that range from dress code and dietary rules to prohibitions of certain personal conducts.[10]
Earlier Tripitakas
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2015) |
Each of the
- The Mahāsāṃghika Tripiṭaka (amounting to 300,000 slokas)
- The Sarvāstivāda Tripiṭaka (also 300,000 slokas)
- The Sthavira Tripiṭaka (also 300,000 slokas)
- The Saṃmitīya Tripiṭaka (in about 200,000 slokas)
Yijing notes that though there were numerous sub-schools and sects, the sub-sects shared the Tripiṭaka of their mother tradition (which he termed the "four principal schools of continuous tradition" or the "arya" traditions).[13] However, this does not mean that the various sub-schools did not possess their own unique Tripiṭaka. Xuanzang is said to have brought to China the Tripiṭaka of seven different schools, including those of the above-mentioned schools as well as the Dharmaguptaka, Kāśyapīya, and Mahīśāsaka.[13]
According to A. K. Warder, the Tibetan historian Bu-ston said that around or before the 1st century CE there were eighteen schools of Buddhism each with their own Tripiṭaka transcribed into written form.[14] However, except for one version that has survived in full and others, of which parts have survived, all of these texts are lost to history or yet to be found.[14]
Mahāsāṃghika
The
The 6th century CE Indian monk
Caitika
The
Bahuśrutīya
The
Prajñaptivāda
The Prajñaptivādins held that the Buddha's teachings in the various piṭakas were nominal (Skt. prajñapti), conventional (Skt. saṃvṛti), and causal (Skt. hetuphala).[23] Therefore, all teachings were viewed by the Prajñaptivādins as being of provisional importance, since they cannot contain the ultimate truth.[24] It has been observed that this view of the Buddha's teachings is very close to the fully developed position of the Mahāyāna sūtras.[23] [24]
Sārvāstivāda
Scholars at present have "a nearly complete collection of sūtras from the
Mūlasārvāstivāda
Portions of the Mūlasārvāstivāda Tripiṭaka survive in Tibetan translation and Nepalese manuscripts.[26] The relationship of the Mūlasārvāstivāda school to Sarvāstivāda school is indeterminate; their vinayas certainly differed but it is not clear that their Sūtra Piṭaka did. The Gilgit manuscripts may contain Āgamas from the Mūlasārvāstivāda school in Sanskrit.[27] The Mūlasārvāstivāda Vinaya Piṭaka survives in Tibetan translation and also in Chinese translation (Taishō Tripiṭaka 1442). The Gilgit manuscripts also contain vinaya texts from the Mūlasārvāstivāda school in Sanskrit.[27]
Dharmaguptaka
A complete version of the Dīrgha Āgama (Taishō Tripiṭaka 1) of the Dharmaguptaka school was translated into Chinese by Buddhayaśas and Zhu Fonian (竺佛念) in the Later Qin dynasty, dated to 413 CE. It contains 30 sūtras in contrast to the 34 suttas of the Theravadin Dīgha Nikāya. A. K. Warder also associates the extant Ekottara Āgama (Taishō Tripiṭaka 125) with the Dharmaguptaka school, due to the number of rules for monastics, which corresponds to the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya.[28] The Dharmaguptaka Vinaya is also extant in Chinese translation (Taishō Tripiṭaka 1428), and Buddhist monastics in East Asia adhere to the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya.
The Dharmaguptaka Tripiṭaka is said to have contained a total of five piṭakas.
Mahīśāsaka
The
Kāśyapīya
Small portions of the Tipiṭaka of the
Pali Canon
The
The dating of the Tripiṭaka is unclear.
Each Buddhist sub-tradition had its own Tripiṭaka for its monasteries, written by its
Some of the well known preserved Pali Canons are the Chattha Sangayana Tipitaka, Buddha Jayanthi Tripitaka, Thai Tipitaka, etc.
Chinese Buddhist Canon
The Chinese Buddhist Canon is the Tripiṭaka set maintained by the East Asian Buddhist tradition, written and preserved in Chinese.
Wu and Chia state that emerging evidence, though uncertain, suggests that the earliest written Buddhist Tripiṭaka texts may have arrived in China from India by the 1st century BCE.[39] An organised collection of Buddhist texts began to emerge in the 6th century CE, based on the structure of early bibliographies of Buddhist texts. However, it was the 'Kaiyuan Era Catalogue' by Zhisheng in 730 that provided the lasting structure. Zhisheng introduced the basic six-fold division with sutra, vinaya, and abhidharma belonging to Mahāyāna, Pratyekabuddhayana and Sravakayana .[40] It is likely that Zhisheng's catalogue proved decisive because it was used to reconstruct the Canon after the persecutions of 845 CE; however, it was also considered a "perfect synthesis of the entire four-hundred-year development of a proper Chinese form of the Canon."[41]
Some of the well known preserved Chinese Canons are the Taisho Tripitaka, Tripitaka Koreana, etc.
Tibetan Buddhist Canon
The
The Tibetan Canon has its own scheme which divided texts into two broad categories:
- Vacana", consists of works supposed to have been said by the Buddha himself. All texts presumably have a Sanskrit original, although in many cases the Tibetan text was translated from Chinese from Chinese Canon, Pali from Pali Canon or other languages.
- Tengyur (Wylie: bstan-'gyur) or "Translated Treatises or Shastras", is the section to which were assigned commentaries, treatises and abhidharma works (both Mahayana and non-Mahayana). The Tengyur contains 3,626 texts in 224 Volumes.
Some of the well known Tibetan Canons are the Dege, Jiang, Lhasa, etc.
As a title
The Chinese form of Tripiṭaka, "sānzàng" (三藏), was sometimes used as an honorary title for a Buddhist monk who has mastered the teachings of the Tripiṭaka. In Chinese culture, this is notable in the case of the Tang Dynasty monk Xuanzang, whose pilgrimage to India to study and bring Buddhist texts back to China was portrayed in the novel Journey to the West as "Tang Sanzang" (Tang Dynasty Tripiṭaka Master). Due to the popularity of the novel, the term "sānzàng" is often erroneously understood as a name of the monk Xuanzang. One such screen version of this is the popular 1979 Monkey (TV series).
The modern Indian scholar Rahul Sankrityayan is sometimes referred to as Tripiṭakacharya in reflection of his familiarity with the Tripiṭaka.[citation needed]
See also
- Āgama (Buddhism)
- Early Buddhist Texts
- Buddhist texts
- Pāli Canon
- Tripiṭaka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda
- Tripiṭaka Koreana
- Zhaocheng Jin Tripiṭaka
- Pali Text Society
- Dhamma Society Fund
- Xuanzang
Notes
- ^ ISBN 9780191726538. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-09-23.
- ^ a b
• Harvey, Peter (23 September 2019). "The Buddha and Buddhist sacred texts". www.bl.uk. London: British Library. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
• Barrett, T. H. (23 September 2019). "Translation and Transmission of Buddhist texts". www.bl.uk. London: British Library. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
• Barrett, T. H. (23 September 2019). "The Development of the Buddhist Canon". www.bl.uk. London: British Library. Archived from the original on 7 April 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2021. - ^ a b c Tipitaka Archived 2017-05-25 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Britannica (2015)
- ^ "Buddhist Books and Texts: Canon and Canonization." Lewis Lancaster, Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd edition, pg 1252
- ^ "Tipitaka | Buddhist canon". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
- ^ Mizuno, Essentials of Buddhism, 1972, English version by Ritik Bhadana, Tokyo, 1996
- ^ An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices; Peter Harvey, Cambridge University Press,2012.
- ^ "Tipitaka | Buddhist canon". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2019-03-12.
- ISBN 978-1-60606-083-4.
- ^ Korean Buddhism has its own unique characteristics different from other countries Archived 2020-12-02 at the Wayback Machine, koreapost.com, Jun 16, 2019.
- ^ Skilling, Peter (1992), The Raksa Literature of the Sravakayana, Journal of the Pali Text Society, volume XVI, page 114
- ^ Zhihua Yao (2012) The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition, pp. 8-9. Routledge.
- ^ a b Zhihua Yao (2012) The Buddhist Theory of Self-Cognition, p. 9. Routledge.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-208-1741-8. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
- ^ Walser 2005, p. 51.
- ^ Sree Padma. Barber, Anthony W. Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. 2008. p. 68.
- ^ a b c Walser 2005, p. 53.
- ^ "Abhidhamma Pitaka." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
- ^ Walser 2005, p. 213.
- ^ Walser 2005, p. 212-213.
- ^ The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalog (K 966), archived from the original on 2010-06-12, retrieved 2011-02-24
- ^ a b Walser 2005, p. 52.
- ^ a b Dutt 1998, p. 118.
- ^ a b Harris 1991, p. 98.
- ^ Sujato, Bhikkhu. "The Pali Nikāyas and Chinese Āgamas". What the Buddha Really Taught. Archived from the original on March 2, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
- ^ "Preservation of Sanskrit Buddhist Manuscripts In the Kathmandu" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
- ^ a b "Arquivo.pt". arquivo.pt. Archived from the original on 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2022-10-06.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Warder, A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000. p. 6
- ^ Baruah, Bibhuti. Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism. 2008. p. 52
- ^ Walser 2005, p. 52-53.
- ^ A Dictionary of Buddhism, by Damien Keown, Oxford University Press: 2004
- ISBN 978-1-926892-68-9. Archivedfrom the original on 2016-08-18. Retrieved 2018-03-03.
- ^ Friedrich Max Müller (1899). The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy. Longmans, Green. pp. 19–29.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4411-4871-1. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
- ^ Mahavamsa. 8 October 2011. p. 100. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 15 May 2020.
- ISBN 978-81-208-1741-8. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-134-21718-2. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
- ^ Oskar von Hinuber (1995), "Buddhist Law according to the Theravada Vinaya: A Survey of Theory and Practice", Journal of International Association of Buddhist Studies, volume 18, number 1, pages 7–46
- ISBN 978-0-231-54019-3. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-20.
- ^ Storch 2014: 125
- ^ Storch 2014: 123.
Further reading
- Walser, Joseph (2005), Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture, Columbia Univ Pr, ISBN 978-0231131643
- Dutt, Nalinaksha (1998), Buddhist Sects in India, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-0428-7
- Harris, Ian Charles (1991), The Continuity of Madhyamaka and Yogacara in Indian Mahayana Buddhism, Brill Academic Pub, ISBN 9789004094482
External links
Pali Canon:
- British Library has digitised four Sinhalese palm leaf manuscripts (Sinhalese Manuscripts Pilot Digitisation Project)
- Access to Insight has many suttas translated into English
- Sutta Central Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels (Multiple Languages)
- Tipiṭaka Network
- List of Pali Canon Suttas translated into English Archived 2005-01-20 at the Wayback Machine (ongoing)
- The Pali Tipiṭaka Project (texts in 7 Asian languages)
- The Sri Lanka Tripiṭaka Project Pali Canons Archived 2019-11-30 at the Wayback Machine has a searchable database of the Pali texts
- The Vietnamese Nikaaya Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine (continuing, text in Vietnamese)
- Search in English translations of the Tipiṭaka Archived 2019-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
- New Guide to the Tipiṭaka Archived 2018-02-28 at the Wayback Machine has summaries of the entire Tipiṭaka in English
- Tipiṭaka Online
Myanmar Version of Buddhist Canon (6th revision):
- Buddhist Bible Myanmar Version (without original Pali text)
Chinese Buddhist Canon:
- Buddhist Text Translation Society: Sutra Texts
- BuddhaNet's eBook Library (English PDFs)
- WWW Database of Chinese Buddhist texts (English index of some East Asian Tripiṭakas)
- Tripiṭaka Titles and Translations in English
- CBETA: Full Chinese language canon and extended canon (includes downloads)
Tibetan tradition:
- Kangyur & Tengyur Projects (Tibetan texts)
- Kangyur & Tengyur Translating Projects (Tibetan texts)
Tripiṭaka collections:
- Extensive list of online Tripiṭakas
- Theravada Buddhism Tipiṭaka Archived 2020-11-23 at the Wayback Machine
Sri Lankan version of Tipiṭaka:
- Buddha Jayanthi Edition of Tipiṭaka in Sinhala (Sri Lankan version)
- Tipiṭaka in Sinhala (Sri Lankan version)
- Tipiṭaka Chanting in Pali (Sri Lankan version)