Unfinished creative work
An unfinished creative work is a painting, novel, musical composition, or other creative work, that has not been brought to a completed state. Its creator may have chosen not to finish it, or may have been prevented from doing so by circumstances beyond their control, such as death. Such pieces are often the subject of speculation as to what the finished piece would have been like had the creator completed the work. Sometimes artworks are finished by others and released posthumously. Unfinished works have had profound influences on their genres and have inspired others in their own projects. The term can also refer to ongoing work which could eventually be finished (i.e. the creator is still living) and is distinguishable from "incomplete work", which can be a work that was finished but is no longer in its complete form.
There are many reasons that a work is not completed. Works are usually stopped when their creator dies, although some, aware of their failing health, make sure that they set up the project for completion. If the work involves other people, such as a cast of actors or the subject of a portrait, it may be halted because of their unavailability. Projects that are too grandiose might never have been finished, while others should be feasible but their creator's continual unhappiness with them leads to abandonment.
Unfinished works by popular authors and artists may still be made public, sometimes in the state they were in when work was halted. Alternatively, another artist may finish the piece. In some fields work may appear unfinished, but is actually finished, such as Donatello's "non finito" technique in sculpture.
Media
Literature
Many acclaimed authors have left work incomplete. Some such pieces have been published posthumously, either in their incomplete state or after being finished by somebody else.
It is the job of
Novels can remain unfinished because the author continually rewrites the story. When enough material exists, someone else can compile and combine the work, creating a finished story from several different drafts. Mark Twain's The Mysterious Stranger was written in three different versions over a period of 20 years, none of which were completed. Twain biographer and literary executor Albert Paine combined the stories and published his version six years after Twain's death.[3] Similarly, J. R. R. Tolkien continuously rewrote The Silmarillion throughout his lifetime; a definitive version was still uncompiled at the time of his death, with some sections very fragmented. His son, Christopher Tolkien, invited fantasy fiction writer Guy Gavriel Kay to reconstruct some parts of the book, and they eventually published a final version in 1977.[4] In 1980, Christopher Tolkien published another posthumous collection of his father's unfinished work, appropriately entitled Unfinished Tales. Between 1982 and 1996, he published twelve volumes of The History of Middle-earth, a substantial portion of which is unfinished and incomplete drafts. In 2007, Christopher Tolkien published another novel from his father entitled The Children of Húrin. Like The Silmarillion, Christopher assembled the novel from various incomplete drafts.
The size of a project can be such that a piece of literature is never finished.
Some works are presented as separate sections, each written at different times. This can lead to a piece appearing complete while the author actually intended for it to continue, or where other authors try to fake their own writing as part of the work. The first four
Other famous unfinished works of literature include
Science, theology, and philosophy
Religious works have also been left incomplete, leading to debates about the possible missing content. Some theologians consider the
The most influential document in
Still in computer science, the seminal work on algorithms, The Art of Computer Programming by Donald Knuth, has had only the first three of its seven planned volumes written.
The first genuine historiographical work, the History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides, was undergoing a major revision by the author at the time of his death, so different sections of it reflect a starkly contrasting general outlook on Persian influence in the events depicted.
Drawings, paintings and sculptures
Artists leave behind incomplete work for a variety of reasons. A piece may not be completed if the subject becomes unavailable, such as in the changing of a landscape or the death of a person being painted. Elizabeth Shoumatoff's Unfinished Portrait of 32nd U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt was started around noon on 12 April 1945 but left unfinished when Roosevelt died later that day. In other instances, outside circumstances can prevent the execution of an otherwise "finished" artwork: Leonardo da Vinci developed sketches and models for the 24-foot-tall (7.3 m) "Gran Cavallo" horse statue but the bronze to cast the sculpture was diverted to make cannons.[18] Five hundred years later, two full-size sculptures were completed based on Leonardo's work.[19] Technically his The Last Supper is unfinished. In most pictures it shows a roof, but at Milan, where the painting lies, it shows some Latin that is half done. Robert William Buss left unfinished his most famous painting, Dickens' Dream, just as Charles Dickens himself had left a novel half-complete at his death.
Depending on the medium involved, it can be difficult for another artist to complete an unfinished artwork without damaging it. Some artists completed the paintings of their mentors, such as Giulio Romano is believed to have done on Raphael's Transfiguration,[20] and Titian on Giorgione's Sleeping Venus.[21]
Instead of completing another artist's masterpiece, particularly when many years have passed, unfinished works frequently inspire others to create their own version. Michelangelo left several unfinished sculptures and paintings, with sketches and partially completed paintings inspiring others.[22] If the work is to be done on commission but is not finished it is commonly passed on to another artist. Leonardo da Vinci's work on the Adoration of the Magi for the monastery of San Donato was halted when he left Florence for Milan. Still requiring an altarpiece, the monks employed Filippino Lippi to create one.[23] Both paintings now hang in the Uffizi gallery.[24]
Paintings are usually sketched on the canvas before work begins, and sculptures are frequently planned using a maquette. These works-in-progress can be as sought after as (or even more sought after than) completed works by highly regarded artists because they help reveal the process of creating a work of art. Gian Lorenzo Bernini, a sculptor from the Baroque period, made his bozzetti (an Italian term for the prototype sculpture) from wax or baked terracotta to show those that had commissioned him how the final piece was intended to look. Eleven of these bozzetti were displayed in an exhibition at the Art Institute of Chicago in 2004.[25] Some museums specialise in collections of maquettes, such as the Museo dei Bozzetti in Pietrasanta, Italy.
During the Renaissance, Donatello made sculptures that appeared unfinished by only sculpting part of the block, leaving the figure appearing to be stuck within the material. He called this technique "non finito", and it has been used by several artists since then.[26]
In the age of mass media, incomplete work can reach an audience due to sheer demand for material by the artist. Tintin and Alph-Art, the 24th comic in Hergé's popular The Adventures of Tintin series, was unfinished at his death. Though he had illustrated a significant part of the book, several sketched panels remained in the final scenes, with no clear outline for the last third of the story. The book was still published and the story can be followed despite the incomplete artwork.
Architecture, construction and engineering
Many construction or engineering projects have remained unfinished at various stages of development. The work may be finished as a blueprint or whiteprint and never be realised, or be abandoned during construction.
There are numerous
There are many reasons for construction works being halted. Amongst others, they include a changing financial climate, unforeseen structural weaknesses, and a dramatic shift in the politics of a country. Work on the
Some buildings are in a cycle of near-perpetual construction, with work lasting for decades or even centuries. Antoni Gaudí's Sagrada Família in Barcelona has been under construction since 1882. Work was delayed by the Spanish Civil War, during which part of the original models were destroyed. After the restoration of these models, the works are still in progress and the prevision is that the building will be finished in 2026. Today, even with portions of the basilica incomplete, it is still the most popular tourist destination in Barcelona with 1.5 million visitors every year. Gaudí spent 40 years of his life overseeing the project and is buried in the crypt.[30] Also in Barcelona, construction on the Barcelona Cathedral started in 1298, but its dome and central tower were only finished in 1913, 615 years later. Germany's Cologne Cathedral took even longer to complete, from 1248 to 1880, a total of 632 years.[31]
It is not only buildings that have failed during the construction phase. In the 1920s, the
Many projects do not get to the construction phase and are halted during or after planning. Ludwig II of Bavaria commissioned several designs for Castle Falkenstein, with the fourth plan being vastly different from the first. The first two designs were turned down, one because of costs and one because the design displeased Ludwig, and the third designer withdrew from the project. The fourth and final plan was completed and some infrastructure was prepared for the site, but Ludwig died before construction work began.[35] The Palace of Whitehall, at the time the largest palace in Europe, was mostly destroyed by a fire in 1698. Sir Christopher Wren, most famous for his role in rebuilding several churches after the Great Fire of London in 1666, sketched a proposed replacement for a part of the palace, but financial constraints prevented construction.
Computer technology has allowed for 3D representations of projects to be shown before they are built. In some cases the construction is never started and the computer model is the nearest that anyone can ever get to seeing the finished piece. For example, in 1999 Kent Larson's exhibition "Unbuilt Ruins: Digital Interpretations of Eight Projects by Louis I. Kahn" showed computer images of designs completed by noted architect Louis Kahn but never built.[36] Computer simulations can also be used to create prototypes of engineering projects and test them before they are actually made; this has allowed the design process to be more successful and efficient.
Even without being constructed, many architectural designs and ideas have had a lasting influence. The Russian constructivism movement started in 1913[37] and was taught in the Bauhaus and other architecture schools, leading to numerous architects integrating it into their style.[38][39]
Music
Classical music
Before the advent of recording technology, all musical compositions were sketched on manuscripts. Often these manuscripts are roughly sketched, with drafting work scribbled over the top of the music, and have been found in unordered piles. Many unfinished symphonies have been pieced together from these original manuscripts by other composers, after the original author's death, with some remaining incomplete until many decades later. One of the most famous examples of unfinished musical compositions is Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 8 in B minor, or as it is more commonly known, The Unfinished Symphony.[40] Another famous unfinished classical piece is Mozart's Requiem, famous in part because of the numerous myths and legends that surround its creation and in part because of Mozart's prestige. At the time of his death, Mozart had fully orchestrated only the first movement, leaving nine further movements in varying states of completion. Franz Xaver Süssmayr, an acquaintance of Mozart, finished the nine incomplete movements and wrote four more. In addition to the Süssmayr version, a number of alternative completions have been developed by composers and musicologists in the 20th and 21st centuries. Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 10 was incomplete, with only drafts, sketches, and two mostly orchestrated movements existing at the composer's death. Several people have "completed" it with varying degrees of success, the most notable of these being Deryck Cooke's "performing version of the draft."[41]
Some compositions are finished "in the style of" the original composer, with someone who is highly familiar with the work adopting the same writing style and continuing the musical tone. Johann Sebastian Bach's The Art of Fugue, which was broken off abruptly during Contrapunctus XIV, probably shortly before the death of the composer, was first published in the mid 18th century. Many reconstructions have been written, but in 1991 Zoltán Göncz used the form of a permutation fugue to make a strong argument as to the structure of the Fugue to come.[42] (See external links.) Sir Edward Elgar was composing a Symphony No. 3 at the time of his death and left 130 pages of sketches. These sketches were put into a reasonable order, orchestrated in the style of Elgar, and elaborated by Anthony Payne. Payne's reconstruction has been played numerous times to great acclaim.[43]
Some works, deemed complete by the composer, are nonetheless augmented for non-musical reasons. In May 2000 composer Colin Matthews premiered his "completion" of Gustav Holst's The Planets, whereby he composed a new movement for the ninth planet Pluto, giving it the name "Pluto, The Renewer". When Holst had written the original piece Pluto had not been discovered, and this addition therefore updated the suite to represent all known planets of the Solar System (Earth was never included), 82 years after it was originally performed.[44] In August 2006 Pluto was officially demoted to a dwarf planet, meaning that Holst's original work now more accurately represents the Solar System.[45]
Some very famous 20th century operas have been left incomplete at their composers' deaths. Giacomo Puccini left the finale of Turandot unfinished and the missing music had to be provided by Franco Alfano for the premiere in 1926. Recently, Luciano Berio composed an alternative ending. Alban Berg had not yet finished orchestrating the third and final act of his opera Lulu at the time of his death in 1935. Due to objections from his widow, it was not until 1979 that a full version was performed, with the orchestration for Act 3 being completed by Friedrich Cerha using Berg's sketches.[46]
Other musical works which are unfinished but performable, are simply given in their incomplete state. Schubert's symphony is the most famous, but Anton Bruckner's Ninth Symphony is performed without a finale, and in Karl Amadeus Hartmann's Gesangsszene, the final words of Jean Giraudoux's text, left unset at the composer's death, are simply spoken by the soloist.
Some other well-known examples of unfinished works completed by other hands include:
- Béla Bartók's Viola Concerto, completed by Tibor Serly and others.
- Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 10, completed by Barry Cooper.
- Alexander Borodin's opera Prince Igor, completed by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Glazunov.
- Ferruccio Busoni's opera Doktor Faust, completed in distinct versions by Philipp Jarnach and Antony Beaumont.
- Ernest Chausson's String Quartet, completed by Vincent d'Indy.
- Claude Debussy's fragment La chute du Maison Usher was realized three times, by Carolyn Abbate, Juan Allende-Blin and Julian Grant, and completed by Robert Orledge, using other extant music by Debussy.
- Claude Debussy's opera Rodrigue et Chimène, completed by Edison Denisov.
- Léo Delibes' opera Kassya, completed by Jules Massenet.
- Gaetano Donizetti's opera Le duc d'Albe, completed by Matteo Salvi.
- Duke Ellington's opera Queenie Pie, completed by John A. Williams and Leslie Burrs.
- Manuel de Falla's opera Atlántida, completed by Ernesto Halffter.
- Fromental Halévy's opera Noé, completed by Georges Bizet.
- Charles Ives' Universe Symphony, completed by various composers, including Larry Austin.
- Robert D. Levin and Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs.
- Modest Mussorgsky's opera The Fair at Sorochyntsi, completed in various versions by César Cui, Nikolai Tcherepnin, Vissarion Shebalin and Emil Cooper.
- Mussorgsky's opera Khovanshchina, completed in distinct versions by Rimsky-Korsakov; Maurice Ravel and Igor Stravinsky working together; and Dmitri Shostakovich.
- Mussorgsky's opera Aleksandr Gauk, Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Alexander Tcherepnin, Gennady Rozhdestvensky and Vyacheslav Nagovitsyn.
- Jacques Offenbach's operetta Belle Lurette, completed by Léo Delibes.
- Les contes d'Hoffmann, compiled in distinct versions by Ernest Guiraud, Fritz Oeser, and more recently (as more sketches have come to light) by Jean-Christophe Keck.
- Sergei Prokofiev's opera Maddalena, completed by Edward Downes.
- Giacomo Puccini's opera La rondine, completed by Lorenzo Ferrero.
- Ottorino Respighi's opera Lucrezia, completed by Elsa Respighi.
- Arnold Schoenberg's opera Moses und Aron, third act written but never set to music, completed by Zoltán Kocsis with the permission of Schoenberg's heirs.
- Franz Schubert's Symphony No. 7, 8, and 10, completed by Brian Newbould.
- Anton Bruckner's Symphony No. 9, completed in various versions by William Carragan, Nicola Samale, Giuseppe Mazzuca, John A. Phillips, and Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs working together, and Gerd Schaller.
- Alexander Scriabin's Mysterium, of which the Prefatory Action was completed by Alexander Nemtin.
- Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 3, completed by Sergei Taneyev.
- This work was originally intended to be a Symphony in E♭; it would have been his 6th symphony had he not abandoned it (the work now known as his Symphony No. 6 in B minor, or Pathétique, is completely different). Tchaikovsky converted his sketches into a piano concerto, and in that form it was completed by Taneyev. However, Semyon Bogatyrev took the original sketches and completed the symphony Tchaikovsky had first planned, publishing it as Tchaikovsky's "Symphony No. 7".
- Carl Maria von Weber's opera Die drei Pintos, completed by Gustav Mahler.
Peter Schickele parodied the concept in his "Unbegun Symphony", which contains only movements III and IV because, as Schickele put it, "I was born too late to write the first two movements."
Modern recordings
Since recording equipment has been an integral part of writing music it has been possible to use the original master tapes and
In 1969, after releasing
Janis Joplin died of a drug overdose during the recording sessions for Pearl. The album was released three months after her death with ten songs, including two apparently incomplete recordings. "Buried Alive in the Blues" was released as an instrumental, and "Mercedes Benz" was released as an a capella vocal.
Other famous unfinished rock albums include
Several artists have found that some of their studio work have been leaked onto the Internet before their album has been completed. System of a Down's 2002 follow-up to Toxicity, untitled at the time, was leaked onto the Internet as MP3 files. When the album was released under the title Steal This Album! the songs were significantly different from the work-in-progress, with different titles, lyrics and even melodies. There were some reports that the changes were a direct result of negative feedback about the leaked material.[51]
Some artists will try to ensure that their work is completed (as much as possible) before their health prevents them from continuing. Johnny Cash, aware of his failing health, made sure that he recorded the vocals for 60 more songs, with the music being completed after his death. These songs were compiled by producer Rick Rubin and released posthumously as American V: A Hundred Highways and American VI: Ain't No Grave.[52] However, not all artists get the chance to complete their work before their death, and the recordings that are made public may be somewhat different from what had originally been intended. From a Basement on the Hill by Elliott Smith was released posthumously in 2004 with comments from the initial album producer saying that "[t]he record he would have delivered would [have] had more songs, would have had different mixes and [been] a little more in your face".[53]
Film
Films may not be completed for several reasons, with some being shelved during different stages of the production. Arrive Alive was scrapped after a week of filming when the comedy was not living up to the screenplay. Shelving a film without it ever being released can be very expensive for the studios, with Arrive Alive costing $7 million.
With so many people involved in filmmaking it is possible for a film to remain incomplete because of an injury or death. While a member of the crew (even a producer or director) can often be replaced, it is much more difficult to change to a different actor if many of the scenes have already been filmed, or if a character is strongly associated with an actor's physique, voice, or demeanor, or special skills. For example,
Continued delays can prevent a film from ever being completed. Something's Got to Give was a 1962 film with a difficult production history, which included the firing of leading lady Marilyn Monroe. She was later rehired but died before filming started; without the delay the film might have been completed.[55]
In Orson Welles's lifetime his unfinished films became legendary. For decades he worked on a version of Don Quixote, and he claimed that the film could be finished despite the deaths of his two leading actors.[56] Citizen Kane remains one of the only films that was released as Welles intended, with most of his other films remaining incomplete or being changed by the studios. His death on 10 October 1985 came while he was working on The Other Side of the Wind and The Dreamers; the former was completed in 2018 by Peter Bogdanovich.[57]
Animated films, though less vulnerable to problems such as the death of an actor, can still fail to be completed. The Thief and the Cobbler was a twenty-six-year animated film project by Richard Williams which was taken away from him and completed by Fred Calvert.[58] The workprint of the original film became available as a bootleg, and there have been several attempts to restore the film, most notably Garrett Gilchrist's "Recobbled" cut. The 1978 animated adaptation of The Lord of the Rings was not viewed by the studio as enough of a commercial success to warrant the funding of a sequel, thus not completing the story from the original book.[59]
There is debate whether Stanley Kubrick's last film Eyes Wide Shut was complete at the time of the director's death, three months before the movie was due to be released, as Kubrick had a history of continuing to edit his films up until the last minute, and in some cases even after initial public screenings.
Cristian Nemescu died during the editing of California Dreamin'. The producers decided to release it in its unfinished state with a runtime of 155 minutes. The film is sometimes titled California Dreamin' (endless) (Romanian: California Dreamin' (nesfârșit)) as it is unfinished.[60]
Television
Consisting of many episodes that are grouped together in
A television show can be cancelled
At the end of a season, a television series is cancelled if its network does not order any future seasons to follow. A series is often considered unfinished if it does not resolve all of its planned story arcs and central premise by that time. In such a situation, the series' creators may make a bid to keep the series going by intentionally ending the current season finale on a cliffhanger to give fans the impression that the series hasn't been resolved properly. This tactic does not always succeed,[61] and can potentially produce an exacerbating bout of disappointment among fans if the series is nevertheless cancelled and left truly unfinished – a fate that befell Iron Fist.[62] Alternatively, the creators of a series put in a similar predicament may choose to design the season finale to function like a series finale so as to bring a sense of closure to the audience in case the series is indeed cancelled and prevented from fully accomplishing its goals.
Some unfinished television series may be
Finally, other outside circumstances can prevent the completion of a piece of television. The 1980 Doctor Who serial Shada was abandoned after strike action prevented the cast and crew from gaining access to the studio. Rearranging filming of the serial was deemed as less important than recording Christmastime programming, so the serial was left incomplete. A 1992 release linked filmed scenes with narration to describe missing scenes, for a VHS release. In 2017, the original cast was reunited to record audio for an animated reconstruction of missing scenes according to the original script.
Software
Computer software, particularly
Software undergoes a
If a piece of software is becoming overly delayed the developer may just release the program despite the presence of a few bugs. The Internet has allowed patches to be deployed that fix these bugs, but before such technology was available the problems could not be fixed after the game was published. Even with this, a game with too many bugs when it is made public will receive very poor reviews that will undoubtedly affect sales. For example, 2002's Destroyer Command received some very positive reviews about many aspects of the game but was criticized for the number of glitches it contained that, given a lengthier software testing phase, should have been fixed.[73] Some developers choose to disable certain features to release the game on time, especially if a project has seen an amount of feature creep. One such title was Cinemaware's 1986 Defender of the Crown, which was released before all the features were completed when the company was faced with a strict deadline and the loss of two programmers.[74]
In law
Unfinished work is often covered by the copyright laws of the country of origin. The United States have taken the step of creating a law which specifically mentions ongoing work, whereby work which is in progress but will in the future be completed can be covered by copyright. On 27 April 2005 the "Artist's Rights and Theft Prevention Act", a subpart of the Family Entertainment and Copyright Act, was signed into U.S. law. This act allows for organisations or individuals to apply for copyright protection on unfinished commercial products, such as software, films, and other visual or audible media.[75] For example, a photographer can preregister a photograph by giving a written description of what the final piece (or collection thereof) will look like before the work is finished.[76]
In copyright law, an artistic creation that includes major, basic copyrighted aspects of an original, previously created first work is known as a 'derivative work'. This holds for all kinds of work, including those that have never officially been published. The rights of the first work's originator must be granted to the secondary work for it to be rightfully called a 'derivative work'. If no copyright permission is granted from the originator, it is instead called a 'copy'. Upon completion of the new piece both parties hold a joint copyright status, with both having to agree to any publications. When the copyright has lapsed for the original work the second artist fully owns the copyright for their work, but cannot stop distribution of the original piece or another artist from completing the work in their own way. However, such copyrights can only be granted if the work shows significant new creative content.[77][78]
See also
- inscription, text, or a musical work.
- List of comics solicited but never published
- Lost literary work
- literary techniquewhereby a series can continue after the death of the original author.
- Tower of Babel – a tower mentioned in Genesis in the Bible where God halted the construction.
References
- ISBN 84-494-1811-9.
- ^ BookRags makes this quantitative note; it also reveals some more information about the publication of The Garden of Eden and offers some discussion of thematic content.
- ^ "A History of War". Accessed 6 August 2006
- ^ Tolkienlibrary.com. "Collecting The Silmarillion". Accessed 9 August 2006.
- ^ 6 December 2000. "The Canterbury Tales Geoffrey Chaucer : an overall survey Archived 25 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 9 August 2006.
- Savitri is about 24,000 verses long, and Beowulf is about 3,000 verses long. The Sanskrit language Mahabharata, however, is many times longer than The Faerie Queene.
- ^ Pierre Citron edition, vol 1, 49–50.
- ^ Dune 7 Blog. 16 December 2005. "Conspiracy Theories Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 24 August 2006.
- ^ "Whatever Happened to Mark Z. Danielewski's The Familiar?". Barnes & Noble Blog. 6 September 2019. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
- ^ Hubeart, Thomas 1996. "Whatever Happened to Don Juan? Finding the Ending to Byron's Poem". Accessed 9 August 2006.
- ^ Perdue, David. David Perdue's Charles Dickens page. "The Mystery of Edwin Drood". Accessed 10 August 2006.
- ^ Tams-Witmark Music Library. "Drood (The Mystery of Edwin Drood)". Accessed 10 August 2006.
- ^ "Christian Scriptures (New Testament) Alleged forgery in the Gospel of Mark". Religious Tolerance. Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
- ^ Poirier, Brent; Terry, Peter; Buck, Christopher; Momen, Moojan; Winters, Jonah. "The Bayán". Accessed 11 August 2006.
- ^ Pottenger, Elizabeth. "Baha'u'llah's Disclosure of His Station". Accessed 11 August 2006.
- ^ Richards, Stephen. "Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274 CE)". Accessed 20 August 2006.
- ISBN 0-691-02367-0.
- ISBN 978-0-500-30081-7.
- ^ The horse that never was...is! Archived 3 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 26 August 2006
- ^ Gerten-Jackson, Carol. "Raphael". Accessed 10 August 2006.
- ^ The Economist. 27 July 2006. "Venetian art: The line of beauty". Accessed 10 August 2006.
- ^ Lane, Jim. 24 March 1999. "A Painter's Legacy". Accessed 6 August 2006.
- ^ Universal Leonardo: Birth of Filippino Lippi. Retrieved 26 August 2006
- ^ Loadstar's Lair. "Adoration of the Magi". Accessed 10 August 2006.
- ^ Cassidy, Victor M. artnet. 2004. "Chicago Report". Accessed 22 August 2006.
- ^ The Open Door Web Site. "The Renaissance". Accessed 10 August 2006.
- ^ Emporis. "Ryugyong Hotel". Accessed 20 August 2006.
- ^ Emporis. 28 July 2000. "Ryugyong Hotel on hold Archived 21 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 20 August 2006.
- ^ Beautiful Atrocities. 8 April 2005. "Stalin's Vision of Moscow Archived 29 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 24 August 2006.
- ^ Barcelona Information. "Barcelona Sagrada Familia Archived 23 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 24 August 2006.
- ^ UNESCO World Heritage. "Cologne Cathedral". Accessed 24 August 2006.
- ^ Othfors, Daniel (2001). "Intended Giants of the Seas". The Great Ocean Liners. Archived from the original on 8 July 2006. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
- ^ Wade, Mark. Encyclopedia Astronautica. "Babylon Gun Archived 19 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 24 August 2006.
- ^ Sherman, Robert. Federation of American Scientists. 8 October 2000. "Project Babylon Supergun / PC-2". Accessed 24 August 2006.
- ^ Yan, Mark. King Ludwig II of Bavaria – his Life and Art. "Falkenstein". Accessed 21 August 2006.
- ^ Eiteljorg II, Harrison. 1999. CSA Newsletter, "Seeing Buildings that Were Never Built". Accessed 21 August 2006.
- ^ HuntFor.com. "Constructivism". Accessed 25 August 2006.
- ^ University of Westminster. "Constructivism Archived 6 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 25 August 2006.
- ^ GrahamPotter.com. "Constructivism synopsis". Accessed 25 August 2006.
- ^ Vial Jaffe, Jane. Stockton Symphony Association. "Symphony No. 8 in B minor, D759 Archived 22 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 9 August 2006.
- ISBN 0-571-51094-9.
- ISBN 3-631-33413-3.
- ^ "Anthony Payne on Elgar's Symphony No 3". BBC News. 13 February 1998. Retrieved 26 May 2010.
- ^ Andante. December 2002. "Completing Holst's Cosmos Archived 22 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 26 August 2006.
- ^ BBC News. 24 August 2006. "Pluto loses status as a planet". Accessed 26 August 2006.
- ^ Viking Opera Guide, ed. Holden (Viking, 1994): articles on Puccini and Berg.
- Guardian Unlimited, 21 November 1995. "Do they believe in yesterday?". Accessed 6 August 2006.
- ^ Bogdanov, Woodstra & Erlewine 2002, p. 72.
- ^ Jones 2008, p. 63.
- ^ a b Unterberger, Richie (13 April 2015), The Top Ten Unreleased Albums From the Mid-1960s Through the Early 1970s, retrieved 2 October 2017
- ^ Sputnikmusic. "System of a Down – Steal This Album!". Accessed 12 August 2006.
- ^ Gundersen, Edna. USA Today, 1 May 2006. "Johnny Cash's final work yields 2 more albums". Accessed 6 August 2006.
- ^ Confabulators. "Elliott Smith Lives Again! From a Basement on the Hill V.2 Archived 12 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 24 August 2006.
- Urban Legends Reference Pages. 7 December 1997. "Brandon Lee". Accessed 9 August 2006.
- ^ CoverUps.com. "Marilyn Monroe's Death, Countdown To Tragedy Archived 20 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 9 August 2006.
- ^ "The Orson Welles Story", Arena, BBC TV 1982.
- ^ Cabrelli, Paolo. 22 May 2006. "Sunken Treasure: The Drowned World of Lost Movies". Retrieved 17 August 2009.
- ^ Briney, Daniel. 21 August 2001. "The Thief and the Cobbler: How the Best Was Lost, 1968–1995" at CultureCartel. Accessed 12 November 2006.
- ^ Cochran, Connor. March 2006. "Peter S. Beagle and the Saul Zaentz Company Archived 22 July 2012 at archive.today". Accessed 25 August 2006.
- ^ Bratan, Laurentiu (4 June 2006). "Palme d'Or si Premiul Un Certain Regard pentru filmele romanesti". Revista 22. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
- ^ Anders, Charlie Jane (21 September 2010). "Most frustrating TV shows canceled on a cliffhanger". io9. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
- ^ Tassi, Paul (13 October 2018). "Netflix Has Officially Cancelled 'Iron Fist,' Despite A Clear Season 3 Cliffhanger". Forbes. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
- Nerdist. Nerdist Industries. Archivedfrom the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^ Petski, Denise (2 December 2015). "Samurai Jack Heading Back to Adult Swim in 2016". Deadline Hollywood. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^ "A New Direction For Lucasfilm Animation". StarWars.com. 11 March 2013. Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
- ^ Tassi, Paul (5 January 2020). "Disney Plus Finally Gives 'Star Wars: The Clone Wars' Season 7 An Exact Release Date". Forbes. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 6 January 2020.
- ^ Gullickson, Brad (4 May 2020). "'The Clone Wars' Explained: The Final Season Ends in "Victory and Death"". Film School Rejects. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
- ^ "New 'Scooby-Doo' Movie Will Finally Solve Decades Old '13th Ghost' Mystery". Movieweb. 7 November 2018.
- ^ "The X-Files: Season 10" – via www.rottentomatoes.com.
- ^ "The X-Files: Season 11" – via www.rottentomatoes.com.
- ^ PlanetPhillip. 18 August 2004. "Amen: The Awakening Archived 16 October 2006 at the Wayback Machine". Accessed 12 August 2006.
- ^ AtariAge. "Combat Two". Accessed 12 August 2006.
- ^ Metacritic. "Destroyer Command". Accessed 12 August 2006.
- ^ Hall of Light. "Defender Of The Crown". Accessed 20 August 2006.
- ^ Center for Democracy and Technology. April 2005. "Analysis of the Family Entertainment and Copyright Act of 2005 (S. 167)" (PDF). (74.1 KB) . Accessed 9 August 2006.
- ^ Lang, Daryl. 14 November 2005. "New Copyright Law Lets Photographers Register Unfinished Work". Accessed 9 August 2006.
- ^ Lloyd, L. Rich (1998). "The Public Domain and the Impact of New Legislation". The Publishing Law Center. Retrieved 26 August 2006.
- ^ Wehrli, John E (14 October 2005). "Computer Software and Copyright". Retrieved 26 August 2006.
External links
- J. S. Bach: Contrapunctus XIV (reconstruction) – part 1 (YouTube Video)
- J. S. Bach: Contrapunctus XIV (reconstruction) – part 2 (YouTube Video)
- J. S. Bach: Completed Fugue in C minor BWV 562:2 (YouTube Video)