United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management
The United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management (also known as the McClellan Committee) was a select committee created by the United States Senate on January 30, 1957[1] and dissolved on March 31, 1960.[2] The select committee was directed to study the extent of criminal or other improper practices in the field of labor-management relations or in groups of employees or employers, and to recommend changes in the laws of the United States that would provide protection against such practices or activities.[2] It conducted 253 active investigations, served 8,000 subpoenas for witnesses and documents, held 270 days of hearings, took testimony from 1,526 witnesses (343 of whom invoked the Fifth Amendment), and compiled almost 150,000 pages of testimony.[1][2] At the peak of its activity in 1958, 104 persons worked for the committee.[2] The select committee's work led directly to the enactment of the
Background and creation
In December 1952,
Much of the Permanent Subcommittee's work focused on a scandal which emerged in 1956 in the powerful trade union, the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. In the mid-1950s, Midwestern Teamster leader Jimmy Hoffa began an effort to unseat Dave Beck, the union's international president. In October 1955, mobster Johnny Dio met with Hoffa in New York City and the two men conspired to create as many as 15 paper locals (fake local unions which existed only on paper) to boost Hoffa's delegate totals.[8][9] When the paper locals applied for charters[10] from the international union, Hoffa's political foes were outraged.[11][12] A major battle broke out within the Teamsters over whether to charter the locals, and the media attention led to investigations by the U.S. Department of Justice and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.[13]
Beck and other Teamster leaders subsequently challenged the authority of the Permanent Subcommittee to investigate the union by arguing that the Senate's
To solve its jurisdictional and political problems, the Senate established on January 30, 1957, an entirely new committee, the Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management, and gave it broad subpoena and investigative powers.
Senator McClellan gave Robert Kennedy extensive control over the scheduling of testimonies, areas of investigation, and questioning of witnesses.[1][22] This suited McClellan, a conservative Democrat and opponent of labor unions: Robert Kennedy would take the brunt of organized labor's outrage, while McClellan would be free to pursue an anti-labor legislative agenda once the hearings began to draw to a close.[4][5] Republican members of the Select Committee voiced strong disagreement with McClellan's decision to let Kennedy set the direction for the committee and ask most of the questions, but McClellan largely ignored their protests.[1] Robert Kennedy proved to be an inexpert interrogator, fumbling questions and engaging in shouting matches with witnesses rather than laying out legal cases against them.[1][4][18][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] McClellan and Kennedy's goal had been to refer nearly all their investigations to the Justice Department for prosection, but the department refused to do so because it concluded that nearly all the legal cases were significantly flawed.[1][31] A frustrated Robert Kennedy publicly complained about the Justice Department's decisions in September 1958.[1][32]
Chief Counsel Kennedy resolved to investigate a wide range of labor unions and corporations, including the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, the
Investigations
The Select Committee focused its attention for most of 1957 on the Teamsters union. Teamsters President Dave Beck fled the country for a month to avoid its subpoenas before returning in March 1957.
The Beck and Hoffa hearings generated strong criticisms of Robert Kennedy. Many liberal critics said he was a brow-beater, badgerer, insolent, overbearing, intolerant, and even vicious.
During much of the summer and fall of 1957, the Select Committee investigated corruption in the
While continuing to investigate and hold hearings on other unions and corporations, the McClellan Committee also began to examine the behavior of Jimmy Hoffa and other Teamsters officials. Senator McClellan accused Hoffa of attempting to gain control of the nation's economy and set himself up as a sort of private government.
As the Hoffa hearings occurred in August 1957, the Select Committee met in executive session to restructure its organizations and set its agenda for the future.[3] The Select Committee had succeeded in securing the removal of Beck as Teamsters president and seemed on the verge of sending Jimmy Hoffa to jail as well, but the committee had also been strongly criticized for its handling of witnesses and its apparent one-sidedness in exposing union but not management corruption.[5][56] To guide the Select Committee's investigations in the future, McClellan established a set of eleven areas of investigation for the committee, nine of which involved labor misdeeds and only one of which involved management misbehavior (preventing workers from organizing unions).[3] The management-oriented area came last on the committee's list of priorities, and there were no staff assigned to investigate the issue.[57]
Under the new guidelines, the Select Committee's schedule of hearings slowed. In January 1958, Chairman McClellan asked for and received permission from the Senate to extend the deadline for completing the committee's work for another year.
As the UAW hearings were winding down, the Select Committee issued its first Interim Report on March 24, 1958. The report roundly condemned Jimmy Hoffa (by now president of the Teamsters) and accused the Teamsters of gathering enough power to destroy the national economy.[24] Refocusing its attention back on the Teamsters, the Select Committee held a short set of hearings in August 1958 intended to expose corruption by the Hoffa regime. But a number of witnesses recanted their written testimony and the hearings led nowhere.[61]
In February 1959, the Select Committee's attention turned to an investigation of organized crime.
By September 1959, it was clear that the Select Committee was not developing additional information to justify continued operation.[64] A second interim report was released in August 1959 once again denouncing the Teamsters and Jimmy Hoffa.[65] Robert F. Kennedy resigned as the Select Committee's chief counsel on September 11, 1959, and joined Senator John F. Kennedy's presidential campaign as campaign manager.[4][66] Committee members became more involved in passing legislation to deal with the abuses uncovered.
Although his committee had already been dissolved by 1960, McClellan began a related three-year investigation in 1963 into the union benefit plans of labor leader
Disbandment and legislative and other outcomes
The final report of the Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management was issued on March 31, 1960. At that time, the authority granted by the Senate to the Select Committee was transferred to the Committee on Government Operations.[2][74]
During its existence, the Select Committee conducted 253 active investigations, served 8,000 subpoenas for witnesses and documents, held 270 days of hearings with 1,526 witnesses (343 of whom invoked the Fifth Amendment), compiled almost 150,000 pages of testimony, and issued two interim and one final report.[1][2] At its peak, 104 persons were engaged in the work of the committee,[1] including 34 field investigators.[1][2] Another 58 staffers were delegated to the committee by the Government Accounting Office and worked in Detroit, Chicago, New York City, and southern Florida.[1][2] To accommodate the huge staff, a corridor was blocked off in the Old Senate Office Building and turned into a suite of offices.[1]
Some observers continued to criticize the Select Committee. In 1961, Yale Law professor Alexander Bickel accused Kennedy of being punitive and battering witnesses, compared his tactics to those of Joseph McCarthy, and declared Kennedy unfit to be Attorney General.[75] At the turn of the century, historians and biographers continued to criticize the Select Committee's lack of respect for the constitutional rights of witnesses brought before it.[1][23][25][27]
Legislative and legal outcomes
Several historic legal developments came out of the select committee's investigation, including a U.S. Supreme Court decision and landmark labor legislation. The right of union officials to exercise their Fifth Amendment rights was upheld and a significant refinement of constitutional law made when the U.S. Supreme Court reaffirmed the right of union officials to not divulge the location of union records in Curcio v. United States, 354 U.S. 118 (1957).[76]
The scandals uncovered by the Select Committee led directly to passage of the
By 1959 the Eisenhower administration had crafted its own bill, which was co-sponsored in the
After the Select Committee's mandate expired, Senator McClellan and others advocated that the Senate expand the jurisdiction of one or more committees not only to provide oversight of the new labor law but also to continue the Senate's investigations into organized crime. McClellan originally sought jurisdiction for his own Committee on Government Operations, but members of his committee balked at the request.[83] However, McClellan was able to convince the full Senate to impose jurisdiction on Government Operations, and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations began making inquiries into matters pertaining to syndicated or organized crime.[84]
Impact on key participants
The national attention paid to Robert F. Kennedy during the Select Committee's hearings helped launch his career as a government official and politician.[1][23][26][85] It also earned him a reputation for ruthlessness and hard work.[25][86] His experiences with the Select Committee significantly affected Robert Kennedy, and strongly influenced his decision to make fighting organized crime a high priority during his tenure as United States Attorney General.[23][87][88][89][90] After leaving the Select Committee, Robert F. Kennedy spent the better part of a year writing about his experiences and what he had learned about unions and organized crime. Kennedy's book, The Enemy Within, was published in February 1960.[91]
The hearings also made Jimmy Hoffa a household name in the United States.
The hearings had positive benefits for other key participants as well. The Kennedy-Ives bill was Senator John F. Kennedy's most important legislative accomplishment, and although it was not enacted into law many senators nonetheless revised their opinion and now saw him as a serious legislator.
Members
85th United States Congress
The Select Committee's chair was Senator John L. McClellan, and the vice chair was Senator Irving Ives. An equal number of Democrats and Republicans sat on the committee.[17] Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy died on May 2, 1957, and was replaced by Republican Senator Homer E. Capehart.[1] Democratic Senator Patrick McNamara resigned from the committee on March 31, 1958, to protest the Select Committee's rough treatment of union witnesses.[108] He was replaced by Democratic Senator Frank Church.
Majority | Minority |
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86th United States Congress
The Select Committee's chair was Senator John L. McClellan. With the retirement of Senator Irving Ives from the Senate in December 1958,[18] the new vice chair became Senator Karl E. Mundt.[3] Senator Homer E. Capehart joined the committee to keep the partisan balance.[5][17]
Majority | Minority |
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|
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Chairmen and staff
Senator John L. McClellan (D-Arkansas) was the committee's only chair for its entire history.
At the peak of its activity in 1958, 104 persons worked for the committee, including 34 field investigators. Committee staff included:
- Robert F. Kennedy, Chief Counsel.
- Carmine Bellino, Chief Assistant to the Chief Counsel.[21][96]
- Angela Novello, Personal Secretary to the Chief Counsel.[96]
- Robert E. Manuel, Assistant Counsel.[1]
- Walter Sheridan, Chief Investigator.[26][96]
- Paul Tierney, investigator.[21]
- LaVern J. Duffy, investigator.[1]
- Richard G. Sinclair, investigator.[1]
- James F. Mundie, investigator.[1]
- John T. Thiede, investigator.[1]
- Ruth Y. Watt, Chief Clerk.[1]
- Kenneth O'Donnell, administrative assistant.[25][26][96]
- Pierre Salinger, investigator.[21][25][26]
- John Seigenthaler, investigator.[26]
Edwin Guthman, investigator.[26]
Notes
References
- ^ ISBN 978-1-56639-766-7
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p ""Chapter 18. Records of Senate Select Committees, 1789-1988." In Guide to the Records of the United States Senate at the National Archives, 1789-1989: Bicentennial Edition. (Doct. No. 100-42) Robert W. Coren, Mary Rephlo, David Kepley, and Charles South, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1989". August 15, 2016. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved September 17, 2017.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-252-02825-0
- ^ ISBN 978-0-345-41061-0
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8131-1683-9
- ISBN 978-0-87417-620-9
- ISBN 978-0-87289-303-0
- ^ "No Ordinary Hoodlum". New York Times. August 30, 1956.
- ^ a b Loftus, Joseph A. (August 20, 1957). "Top Beck Aide Links Hoffa to 'Phony' Teamster Locals". New York Times.
- ISBN 978-0-87546-152-6
- ^ Katz, Ralph. "Teamsters' Union in Control Fight." New York Times. January 10, 1956.
- ^ Raskin, A.H. "Teamster Units Stir New Storm." New York Times. February 4, 1956; Raskin, A.H. "Hoffa of the Teamsters Forcing Labor Showndown." New York Times. March 4, 1956.
- ^ Ranzal, Edward. "Inquiry Is Set Off By Lacey Charge." New York Times. March 24, 1956; Ranzal, Edward. "7 Teamster Units Face U.S. Inquiry." New York Times. March 30, 1956; Kihss, Peter. "Local Chartered With No Members." New York Times, April 25, 1956; Kihss, Peter. "Teamsters' Rules Appall U.S. Judge." New York Times. April 26, 1956; "Racketeer Is Guilty of Contempt." New York Times. May 10, 1956; Levey, Stanley. "Writ Restores Lacey As Teamster Leader." New York Times. May 13, 1956; "Dio Indicted Here In Union Sell-Out." New York Times. June 20, 1956; "Dio's Locals Face Charter Reviews." New York Times. June 21, 1956; Raskin, A.H. "Senators Study Dio Union Tie-In." New York Times. September 14, 1956; Roth, Jack. "Dio and Unionist Named Extorters." New York Times. October 30, 1956; "Teamsters Spurn 'Dio Local' Order." New York Times. December 5, 1956; "Lacey Will Defy Teamster Chief." New York Times. December 6, 1956; Raskin, A.H. "Dio 'Paper' Unions Offer First Dues." New York Times. December 13, 1956; Loftus, Joseph A. "Teamster Union Tied to Rackets." New York Times. January 6, 1957; Raskin, A.H. "O'Rourke Wins Post." New York Times. January 9, 1957.
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "Teamsters Aide Balks at Inquiry on Union Rackets." New York Times. January 19, 1957; Raskin, A.H. "Teamsters Avoid Challenge to U.S." New York Times. January 24, 1957; Raskin, A.H. "Teamsters Seek Way to Avoid a Showdown." New York Times. January 27, 1957.
- ^ "New Senate Unit to Widen Inquiry In Labor Rackets." New York Times. January 24, 1957; "Teamster Study Is 3 Months Old." New York Times. May 26, 1957; "Senate Votes Inquiry on Labor Rackets." New York Times. January 31, 1957.
- ^ a b "M'Clellan Asks Funds." Associated Press. January 14, 1958.
- ^ a b c d "M'Clellan Panel Keeps Party Ratio." Associated Press. January 23, 1959.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7914-6169-3
- ^ ISBN 978-0-415-96826-3
- ISBN 978-0-472-10042-2
- ^ ISBN 978-0-312-30020-3
- ^ Phillips, Cabell. "The McClellan-Kennedy Investigating Team." New York Times. March 17, 1957.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-931868-06-8
- ^ ISBN 978-0-312-35745-0
- ^ ISBN 978-1-56294-250-2
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7432-6918-6
- ^ ISBN 978-1-56025-531-4
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7432-0329-6
- ISBN 978-0-8020-8278-7.
- ISBN 978-0-8050-7792-6
- ^ Malcolm Anderson, the Assistant U.S. Attorney in charge of the Justice Department's Criminal Division, told Kennedy in a letter made available to the news media "that of the fourteen cases that the committee has referred to the departments as involving perjury, eight have been closed after investigation and study because the evidence failed to substantiate the allegations, and that the committee was so advised." See: "Rogers Defended on Prosecutions." Associated Press. September 15, 1958.
- ^ "Rogers Assailed for Delay In Rackets Perjury Cases." Associated Press. September 14, 1958; "Kennedy Asks U.S. Cleanup of Teamsters." Chicago Daily Tribune. September 22, 1958.
- ^ "Beck Visiting in the Bahamas." New York Times. February 6, 1957; "Citation Is Asked for 3 Teamsters." New York Times. February 7, 1957; "Beck On Airliner Bound for London." New York Times. February 8, 1957; Love, Kenneth. "Beck Denies Aim to Dodge Inquiry." New York Times. February 9, 1957; "Tourist Beck." New York Times. February 10, 1957; Raskin, A.H. "Beck Slips Back to U.S. and Faces Senate Subpoena." New York Times. March 11, 1957.
- ^ Raskin, A.H. "Union Dissolves Four Dio Locals." New York Times. February 15, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Senators Study Two Unions Here." New York Times. February 16, 1957; "4 Teamsters' Aides Cited for Contempt In Balking Inquiry." New York Times. February 20, 1957; "Records Destroyed, M'Clellan Charges." New York Times. February 22, 1957; "More Data of Union Reported Missing." Associated Press. February 23, 1957; "Teamster Admits Destroying Data." New York Times. March 14, 1957; "A Teamster Local, Under Fire, Robbed." United Press International. March 17, 1957; Mooney, Richard E. "M'Clellan Hunts Auditor of Union and Son of Beck." New York Times. April 28, 1957.
- ^ "Prosecutor Guilty In Portland Trial". The New York Times. April 14, 1957.
- ^ "Wiretaps on Dio and Hoffa Cited." New York Times. February 23, 1957; "Labor Inquiry Gets Secret Tape Talks." New York Times. February 24, 1957.
- ^ "Wiretaps on Dio and Hoffa Cited." New York Times. February 23, 1957; "Labor Inquiry Gets Secret Tape Talks." New York Times. February 24, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Bid to Dio On Union Charged." New York Times. August 17, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Senators Reveal Hoffa Bid to Get Dio In Teamsters." New York Times. August 22, 1957; "Wiretaps of 2 Hoffa-Dio Talks." New York Times. August 23, 1957.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8020-8278-7.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-55849-345-2
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "Witnesses Link Teamsters Union to Underworld." New York Times. February 27, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Teamsters Chiefs Tied to Vice Plot and to Gambling." New York Times. February 28, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Teamsters Chiefs Charged With Plot to Rule Oregon, Sought All Law Enforcement Powers." New York Times. March 2, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Oregon Gambler Tells of Pay-Off." New York Times. March 7, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Portland Mayor Accused of Bribe." New York Times. March 8, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Portland Called Vice-Ridden Now." New York Times. March 9, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Teamsters Paid Gamblers' Bills." New York Times. March 13, 1957; "Holmes Denies Charge." New York Times. March 14, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Brewster Denies Teamsters' Plot to Rule Rackets." New York Times. March 16, 1957; "Portland Mayor Seized In Racket, Prosecutor Held." New York Times. March 29, 1957.
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "F.B.I. Seizes Hoffa In A Plot To Bribe Senate Staff Aide." New York Times. March 14, 1957.
- ISBN 978-0-262-19309-2; Loftus, Joseph A. "Unionist Denies Bribery." New York Times. March 15, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "U.S. Jury Indicts 4 Teamster Aides Silent In Inquiry." New York Times. March 19, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "U.S. Jury Indicts Hoffa, Attorney." New York Times. March 20, 1957; "8 Hoffa Aides in Detroit Get Subpoenas to Appear Before U.S. Rackets Jury Here." New York Times. March 20, 1957; "Hoffa, Attorney Plead Not Guilty." New York Times. March 30, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Urges Court to Quash Charges." New York Times. April 23, 1957; Ranzal, Edward. "Jury Here Indicts Hoffa On Wiretap." New York Times. May 15, 1957.
- ^ "Beck Says Union Lent Him $300,000 Without Interest." New York Times. March 18, 1957; Drury, Allen. "Teamster Loss Put At $709,420." New York Times. March 23, 1957; Morris, John D. "Inquiry Tracing Funds Beck Used." New York Times. March 24, 1957; "Million Teamster Loan To Tracks Under Study." New York Times. March 30, 1957.
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "Beck Appearance Today Indicated." New York Times. March 26, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Beck Uses 5th Amendment to Balk Senate Questions About Teamsters' $322,000." New York Times. March 27, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "M'Clellan Scores Beck for 'Theft' of Union's Funds." New York Times. March 28, 1957.
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "Beck Called Back By Senate Inquiry." New York Times. May 2, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Beck Again Fails to Give Answers." New York Times. May 9, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Kickback to Beck On Loan Charged." New York Times. May 10, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Loan of $200,000 to Beck Revealed at Senate Inquiry." New York Times. May 14, 1957; Drury, Allen. "Inquiry Is Told Shefferman Sought $71,500 in Sale of Land to Teamsters." New York Times. May 16, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "$100,000 Repaid By Beck to Union in Last 2 Weeks." New York Times. May 17, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Beck Aide Pleads the 5th 71 Times." New York Times. May 18, 1957.
- ^ "Beck Is Indicted." New York Times. May 3, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Beck Posts A Bond." New York Times. May 4, 1957; "Becks Indicted In Sale of Cars." New York Times. July 13, 1957.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-595-23699-2
- ^ "New Charge Faces Bakeres' Union Chief." United Press International. July 14, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Beating Charged to Union Leader." New York Times. July 17, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Use of Union Fund Linked to Officer." New York Times. July 24, 1957; "2 in Union Plead 5th." Associated Press. October 15, 1957; Levey, Stanley. "T.W.U. Unit Linked to Senate Inquiry." New York Times. October 22, 1957.
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "Senate Inquiry Focuses on Some Management Sins." New York Times. November 3, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Company Accused of Union Busting." New York Times. October 23, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Concern Defends Its Labor Policy." New York Times. October 24, 1957; Lewis, Anthony. "Sears Labor Role Deplored By Aide As 'Disgraceful'." New York Times. October 26, 1957.
- ^ "M'Clellan Scores Hoffa Bid." New York Times. August 4, 1957.
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Is Linked to Dio In Scheme To Control Port." New York Times. August 1, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Is Accused of Using Dio In Bid For Control Here." New York Times. August 23, 1957.
- ^ "Court Paroles Dio and 3 Others to Testify Before Senate Hearings on Labor Rackets." New York Times. August 3, 1957.
- ^ Shanley, J.P. "Du Mont Tally Machine Kept Busy as Dio Invokes Fifth Amendment at Hearing." New York Times. August 9, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Dio Pleads Fifth." New York Times. August 9, 1957.
- ^ "Inquiry to Stress History of Hoffa." Associated Press. August 11, 1957; Drury, Allen. "Two Racketeers Tied to O'Rourke." New York Times. August 16, 1957; Mooney, Richard E. "Inquiry Set to Press Hoffa on Role Here." New York Times. August 18, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Says He Got $120,000 In Loans Without Security." New York Times. August 21, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Senators Reveal Hoffa Bid to Get Dio In Teamsters." New York Times. August 22, 1957; Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Is Accused of Using Dio in Bid for Control Here." New York Times. August 23, 1957; "M'Clellan Seeks A Perjury Check On Hoffa Replies." New York Times. August 25, 1957; Drury, Allen. "New Fund Abuses Charged to Hoffa." New York Times. September 24, 1957; Drury, Allen. "M'Clellan Seeks Teamsters' Files." New York Times. October 11, 1957; "Hoffa Called Ruler of Hoodlum Empire." New York Times. March 26, 1958.
- ^ "A.F.L.-C.I.O. to Go Ahead With Expulsion of Teamsters." New York Times. December 4, 1957; Raskin, "Meany Will Drop Teamster Ouster If Hoffa Gets Out." New York Times. December 5, 1957; "Teamsters Await Expulsion Today." New York Times. December 6, 1957; Raskin, "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Ousts Teamsters Union By Vote of 5 to 1." New York Times. December 7, 1957.
- ISBN 978-0-415-94342-0
- ^ Only one set of hearings were ever held on the topic of management misdeeds, in mid-fall 1957. See: Witwer, Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union, 2003.
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "Union Head Cited on Expense Funds." New York Times. January 31, 1958; Raskin, A.H. "A.F.L.-C.I.O. Starts Engineer Inquiry." New York Times. February 5, 1958.
- ISBN 978-0-8143-3297-9; "Rackets Group Ends 6 Weeks of Inquiry." United Press International. April 2, 1958.
- ^ "Inquiry on U.A.W. Opened to Public." Associated Press. August 19, 1959; "M'Clellan Group Ends U.A.W. Study." United Press International. September 10, 1959.
- ^ The Select Committee would seek to prosecute 13 witnesses for contempt of Congress because of the recantments. See: Loftus, Joseph A. "Senators Balked in Effor to Link Hoffa to Pay-Off." New York Times. August 6, 1958; Drury, Allen. "Rackets Unit Asks Prosecution for 13." New York Times. August 9, 1958.
- ^ Drury, Allen. "M'Clellan Calls Mobs Peril to U.S." New York Times. February 26, 1959.
- ^ A noted attorney, speaking before the New York Bar Association, concluded that the Select Committee purposefully asked witnesses about issues it knew they could not answer without incriminating themselves. This led witnesses to rely on their Fifth Amendment rights repeatedly, and the Select Committee utilized this reliance to imply that the witnesses were guilty. This undercut the public's support for the Fifth Amendment, and endangered the right. See: Weaver, Jr., Warren. "Fifth Amendment Declared Abused." New York Times. June 27, 1959.
- ^ "M'Clellan Group Ends U.A.W. Study." United Press International. September 10, 1959.
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "Hoffa Denounced in Senate Report for Union Abuses." New York Times. August 5, 1959.
- ^ "Kennedy Quits as Inquiry Aide." New York Times. September 11, 1959.
- ^ Committee on Government Operations, United States Senate (1966). Diversion of union welfare-pension funds of Allied Trades Council and Teamsters 815; report, together with individual views. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
- ^ "Pension Fund Probe: Searching Questions and Puzzling Answers". Herald Tribune. August 8, 1965.
- ^ Barkdoll, Robert (October 13, 1965). "Bill to Guard Welfare, Pension Funds Offered". Los Angeles Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- ^ Whitten, Leslie H. (August 2, 1965). "Javits Aims to Protect Union Funds". Journal American.
- ^ "Javits Bids U.S. Curb Union Pension Funds". Daily News. August 4, 1965.
- ^ McMillan, III, James G. (2000). "Misclassification and Employer Discretion Under ERISA" (PDF). University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor and Employment Law. 2 (4): 837–866. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2021.
- ^ Special Committee on Aging, United States Senate (August 1984). The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974: The First Decade (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 6, 2014. Retrieved September 2, 2014.
- ^ "Report Declares Hoffa Pretender." New York Times. March 29, 1960; Loftus, Joseph A. "Vending Devices Linked to Racket." New York Times. April 1, 1960.
- ^ Bickel, Alexander M. "Robert F. Kennedy: The Case Against Him for Attorney General." The New Republic. January 9, 1961.
- ISBN 978-0-299-07204-9
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8147-4273-0
- ISBN 978-1-57018-585-4; Wilson, Phillip B. "Conquering the Enemy Within: The Case for Reform of the Landrum-Griffin Act." Journal of Labor Research. 26:1 (December 2005).
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "Kennedy Suffers Setback As Labor Bill Is Amended." New York Times. April 23, 1959.
- secondary boycotts, prohibited collective bargaining agreement allowing union members to refuse to handle cargo which had been handled by strikebreakers, and restricted picketing to obtain recognition of the union. See: Higgins and Janus, The Developing Labor Law: The Board, the Courts, and the National Labor Relations Act, 2006; Wilson, "Conquering the Enemy Within: The Case for Reform of the Landrum-Griffin Act," Journal of Labor Research, December 2005; Loftus, Joseph A. "President Terms Labor Bill Weak." New York Times. April 30, 1959; Loftus, Joseph A. "House Approves Labor Bill Urged By The President." New York Times. August 14, 1959.
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "Labor Bill Fight Put to Conferees." New York Times. August 18, 1959.
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "New Labor Bill With Wide Curbs Set for Passage." New York Times. September 3, 1959.
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "Watchdog Urged in Labor Reform." New York Times. March 16, 1960; Loftus, Joseph A. "2 Senate Groups Vie As Watchdog." New York Times. March 22, 1960; Loftus, Joseph A. "M'Clellan Fails in Watchdog Bid." New York Times. March 25, 1960.
- ^ "Senate Rules Committee Backs Extension of Rackets Inquiry." New York Times. March 31, 1960; Loftus, Joseph A. "Senate Extends Rackets Inquiry." New York Times. April 12, 1960; Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. "PSI Subcommittee, Historical Background." United States Senate. No date. Archived March 25, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8050-8659-1
- ISBN 978-0-231-12069-2; Shakow, Peter. "An Insider's Look at RFK and Organized Crime." American Journal of Criminal Law. Summer 1997.
- ISBN 978-0-275-94649-4
- ^ ISBN 978-0-313-28366-6
- ^ ISBN 978-0-07-015860-3
- ISBN 978-0-89774-991-6
- ^ Loftus, Joseph A. "Counsel's Own Story." New York Times. February 28, 1960.
- ^ James, Ralph C. and James, Estelle. Hoffa and the Teamsters: A Study of Union Power. New York: Van Nostrand, 1965.
- . New York: Harper and Row, 1960.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-262-19309-2
- ISBN 978-0-393-06725-5
- ^ ISBN 978-1-55970-480-9
- ISBN 978-0-684-80829-1
- ISBN 978-0-262-19309-2
- ^ a b "NIXON COMMUTES HOFFA SENTENCE,CURBS UNION ROLE". The New York Times. December 24, 1971. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- ^ "Board Acts on Succession." New York Times. March 1, 1967; Jones, David R. "Successor Choice Named By Hoffa." New York Times. May 4, 1966; Jones, David R. "Hoffa's Candidate Gets Clear Field as Potential President of Teamsters." New York Times. June 29, 1966; Jones, David R. "Hoffa Re-Elected Teamsters' Chief." New York Times. July 8, 1966.
- ^ Shabecoff, Philip. "Hoffa Is Stepping Aside As Teamsters' President." New York Times. June 4, 1971; Salpuka, Agis. "Teamsters Elect Fitzsimmons To Succeed Hoffa as President." New York Times. July 9, 1971.
- ^ "Hoffa v. Fitzsimmons, 673 F.2d 1345; Casetext". casetext.com. Archived from the original on December 8, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-262-19309-2
- ^ ISBN 978-1-55728-587-4
- ISBN 978-0-8160-4633-1
- ^ McClellan, John L. Crime Without Punishment. New York: Duell Sloan and Pearce, 1962.
- ISBN 978-0-7355-6782-5
- ^ "M'Namara Quits Rackets Inquiry." New York Times. April 1, 1958.
- ^ Sen. McNamara resigned after the committee's first year of operation, and was replaced by Sen. Frank Church. See: Witwer, Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union, 2003.
- ^ Sen. Joseph McCarthy served until his death on May 2, 1957. He was replaced by Sen. Carl T. Curtis. See: Lee, Eisenhower & Landrum-Griffin: A Study in Labor-management Politics, 1990.
Further reading
- Hearings before the Select Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Management Field. 85th Congress, 1st session, 1957; 85th Congress, 2nd session, 1958; and 86th Congress, 1st Session, 1959.
- Kennedy, Robert F. The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions. New York: Harper and Row, 1960.
- McClellan, John L. Crime Without Punishment. New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1962.
- Petro, Sylvester. Power Unlimited: The Corruption of Union Leadership: A Report on the McClellan Committee Hearings. New York: Ronald Press, 1959.
External links