White Earth Indian Reservation

Coordinates: 47°13′39″N 95°43′13″W / 47.22750°N 95.72028°W / 47.22750; -95.72028
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The location of the White Earth Indian Reservation in northwestern Minnesota
Tomahawk pipe, Southwestern Chippewa, collected on the White Earth Reservation, Minnesota in 1889 – Native American collection – Peabody Museum, Harvard University – DSC05805

The White Earth Indian Reservation (

White Earth Band, in northwestern Minnesota. It is the largest Indian reservation in the state by land area. The reservation includes all of Mahnomen County, plus parts of Becker and Clearwater counties in the northwest part of the state along the Wild Rice and White Earth rivers. The reservation's land area is 1,093 square miles (2,830 km2). The population was 9,726 as of the 2020 census, including off-reservation trust land.[1] The White Earth Indian Reservation is one of six bands that make up the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, their governing body for major administrative needs. It is about 225 miles (362 km) from Minneapolis–Saint Paul and roughly 65 miles (105 km) from Fargo–Moorhead
.

The White Earth Reservation was created on March 19, 1867, by a treaty (16 

Mississippi Chippewa, and Fine Day, of the Removable Mille Lacs Indians
, were among the first to move with their followers to White Earth in 1868.

The reservation originally covered 1,300 square miles (3,400 km2). Much of the community's land was improperly sold or seized by outside interests, including the

Dawes Act of 1887, the communal land was to be allotted to individual households recorded in tribal rolls, for cultivation in subsistence farming. Under the act, the remainder was declared surplus and available for sale to non-Native Americans. The Nelson Act of 1889
was a corollary law that enabled the land to be divided and sold to non-Native Americans. In the latter half of the 20th century, the federal government arranged for the transfer of state and county land to the reservation in compensation for other property that had been lost.

In 1989,

501(c)(3)
to be used for collateral. At that time, less than ten percent of the land within reservation boundaries was owned by tribal members.

The White Earth Band government operates the Shooting Star Casino, Hotel and Event center in

hymns in the Ojibwe language.[3]

Flag of the White Earth Nation

History

Prior to the decision to create a reservation in

Mahnomen County
there were Chippewa/Ojibwa living there.

Civil War

The Chippewa of G Company 9th Minnesota prior to going south in 1863.
For broader coverage of this topic, see
United States Civil War
.

G Company of the

military honors before Company G even left St. Cloud where they had been mustered in.[7]

Family and goods in a wagon on the White Earth Reservation, 1934

G Company was posted forward to

St. Paul, Minnesota
in August 1865, having taken few casualties.

Establishment

Originally, the United States wanted to relocate all Anishinaabe people from Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota to the White Earth Reservation. The plan was to open the vacated reservation lands to settlement by European Americans. The U.S. government even proposed relocating the Dakota people to the White Earth Reservation,[citation needed] although the two peoples had been traditional enemies and the Anishinaabe had invaded their land in the late 18th century. The U.S. continued to promote this policy until 1898.[citation needed]

On July 8, 1889, the United States broke treaty agreements informing the Minnesota Chippewa that the Red Lake Reservation and White Earth Reservation would remain, but that the others would be eliminated. The Bureau of Indian Affairs also stated the Chippewa from the other Reservations would be relocated to White Earth. Instead of dealing with the Chippewa tribes on a nation-to-nation level, the Bureau put decisions about communal land-use to a vote by tribal members. It said that the decision to accept land allotments under the Dawes Act would be settled by a vote of individual adult Chippewa males, rather than allowing the tribe to make a decision according to their own traditions of council. Included in the decision to allow allotment, was that lands remaining after all households received allotments, would be declared "surplus" and could be sold to "white" settlers. Chippewa leaders were outraged. They knew they could count on the average Anishinaabe adult male to abide by the council's decision. However, included in the voting were many Dakota men, who were not part of their tribe.[citation needed]

The Chippewa mistrusted the oversight and administration of the vote. To start; "whites" with a business interest in allotments, counted the vote rather than the Chippewa. Red Lake leaders warned the Government about reprisals if their Reservation was violated. The White Earth and Mille Lacs reservations overwhelmingly voted to accept land allotments and allow surplus land to be sold. Supposedly, the

Leech Lake Reservation voted overwhelmingly to accept land allotments. The events of Battle of Sugar Point in October 1898 seemed to indicate otherwise.[citation needed
]

In 1889, the White Earth Reservation covered 1,093 square miles (2,830 km2). After the votes were counted, the whites claimed that the vote had overwhelmingly accepted land allotments and the "surplus" lands would be sold to settlers. Afterwards only a small portion of the White Earth Reservation remained. It was the northeast portion of the existing Reservation, a fraction of the original size. Most of the other Minnesota Chippewa reservations were closed and emptied. A rebellion on the Leech Lake Reservation in 1898 saved Minnesota's Chippewa reservations, including the White Earth Reservation, probably the Red Lake Reservation, and the Chippewa reservations of Wisconsin.[citation needed]

Before the Nelson Act of 1889 took effect, groups of Anishinaabe and Dakota peoples began to relocate to the White Earth Reservation from other Minnesota Chippewa and Dakota reservations.[citation needed] The 1920 census details provide data on the heritage of the Anishinabe living on the White Earth Reservation, as they indicated their original bands. There were 4,856 from the Mississippi Band of Chippewa (over 1,000 were Mille Lacs band, and many were Dakota).[citation needed] The Pillagers numbered 1,218; the Pembina Band were 472; and 113 were Fond du Lac and other Lake Superior Chippewa bands.

Leadership

In 1885, Joseph, the youngest son of Chief Hole in the Day II, was sponsored by former governor

Spanish American War.[citation needed
]

Joseph and his older brother Ignatius Hole-in-the-Day were well educated and chiefs on White Earth. Ignatius attended the Indian school at Faribault and later graduated from St. John's College (later St. John's University).[11] Joseph went to the Haskill Institute and the University of Minnesota.[12][13] Ignatius traveled the state giving paid lectures to the public on Ojibwa history. Joseph was employed for a period by the Bureau of Ethnology recording indigenous lore.[14]

"One Called From A Distance" (Midwewinind) of the White Earth Band, wearing a beaded sash and vest, 1894

Communities

White Earth Reservation has many settlements located within its borders. Some are predominantly non-native, or include have large portion that is biracial. Today, how individuals live in terms of their culture often determines whether they are considered Ojibwe. Some community members prefer to identify as

patrilineal
society in which inheritance and descent was passed down paternal lines. Children were considered born into their father's clan and took their social status from his people.

Settlements that are predominantly native include Elbow Lake; Naytahwaush, the largest Indian community on the Reservation; Pine Point; Rice Lake;

Twin Lakes; and White Earth, which is the second-largest Indian settlement on the Reservation. The following communities are considered to have predominantly Indian populations when their mixed-blood residents are included, whether or not those are enrolled tribal members: Waubun, Ogema, and Callaway. The largest community is Mahnomen
, which is predominantly non-native in population.

Tiny settlements that are likely predominantly Native American include Mahkonce; Maple Grove Township; Pine Bend; Roy Lake, and Strawberry Lake region. In July 2007, according to the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, the total number of enrolled members of the White Earth Reservation is 19,291. Most members live off-Reservation, particularly those of Dakota ancestry. Many live in the Twin cities, which offer more economic prospects.

Demographics

As of the census of 2020,[1] the combined population of the White Earth Reservation and associated off-reservation trust land was 9,726. The population density was 8.9 inhabitants per square mile (3.4/km2). There were 4,989 housing units at an average density of 4.5 per square mile (1.7/km2).

The White Earth Reservation has a large non-Native population, as the

Latino of any race.[1]

The chairwoman of the White Earth Reservation says that the Indian populations of reservations are higher than counted during censuses. She said that many Reservation families had more than one family sharing the same residence, and these were not always counted. In some cases up to three families shared the same residence. During census counts, the extra families will likely not participate for fear of being evicted from their homes. It may be that the population of the White Earth Band is larger than that of whites on the reservation.[citation needed]

Economy

White Earth Reservation has an economy which is similar to other Native American reservations. In 2011, the government of the White Earth Reservation employed nearly 1,750 employees. The tribal payroll was near $21 million. The government of the White Earth Reservation employs non-Indians as well as Chippewa from off the reservation to fill its staffing needs. The Band issues its own reservation

license plates
to vehicles.

The White Earth Reservation owns and operates an Event Center, a hotel, the Shooting Star Casino, the White Earth Housing Authority, the Reservations College, and other business enterprises.

The poverty rate on the White Earth Reservation may be nearly fifty percent. The unemployment rate on the White Earth Reservation is almost twenty-five percent.[a]

Topography

White Earth Reservation is situated in an area where the prairie meets the

old growth forest
that had covered the Reservation.

The western part of the Reservation is prime prairie land. Many farms are located in this section. Another area of numerous farms is the extreme northeastern section of the Reservation.

The most dense forest is situated between Callaway and Pine Point, on up to just west and north of Mahkonce. North of there, the forest becomes less dense, especially around the Pine Bend and Rice Lake regions. The region between Mahkonce and Pine Bend has a few farms.

Many lakes dot the Reservation's land. Large lakes include Bass Lake; Big Rat Lake; Lower Rice Lake; Many Point Lake; North Twin Lake-South Twin Lake; Roy Lake; Round Lake; Snider Lake; Strawberry Lake; Tulaby Lake; and White Earth Lake. The White Earth Land Recovery Project encourages ownership of reservation land by members of the White Earth Band, as well as projects for reforestation and revival of the wild rice industry on the reservation's lakes.[16] It sells a reservation brand of wild rice and other products.

The 160,000-acre (65,000 ha) White Earth State Forest [fr] is a portion of the Reservation. The Reservation's land is still recovering from the effects of the destruction which the lumber companies caused over a century ago. The Reservation is especially scenic in the non-winter months.

Climate

Weather on the White Earth Reservation is challenging. Winter lasts at least three months, with daily lows for those months averaging 1 °F (−17 °C), −6 °F and 0 °F (−18 °C). Other average-high and -low temperatures for summer and winter months are shown below.

Average temperatures at Mahnomen, winter and summer months, in degrees Fahrenheit (Celsius)
Month December January February June July August
Average low 1 °F (−17 °C) −6 °F (−21 °C) 0 °F (−18 °C) 52 °F (11 °C) 56 °F (13 °C) 54 °F (12 °C)
Average high 20 °F (−7 °C) 14 °F (−10 °C) 21 °F (−6 °C) 76 °F (24 °C) 81 °F (27 °C) 80 °F (27 °C)

Average yearly precipitation at Mahnomen is over 22 inches (560 mm).

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The White Earth Reservation is classified as the poorest reservation in the State of Minnesota.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^ a b c "2020 Decennial Census: White Earth Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, MN". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  2. ^ "Shooting Star plans new casino in Bagley; hopes to open in the spring". Grand Forks Herald. Forum News Service. Archived from the original on December 4, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
  3. ^ "At White Earth, hymns a unique part of a renewed Ojibwe culture". Park Rapids Enterprise. January 14, 2013. Retrieved August 2, 2020.
  4. ^ "Union Minnesota Volunteers: 9th Regiment, Minnesota Infantry", Battle Unit Details – The Civil War, U.S. National Park Service
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-0-87351-821-5
    .
  6. ^ Diedrich, Mark (Spring 1987). "Chief Hole-in-the-Day and the 1862 Chippewa Disturbance: A Reappraisal" (PDF). Minnesota History Magazine. Vol. 50, no. 5. pp. 193–203. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 30, 2024. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
    • "Issue article listing", Minnesota History: The quarterly of the Minnesota Historical Society, vol. 50, no. 5, Spring 1987
  7. ^ "Good News from the Indian War". St Cloud Democrat. Vol. V: 11, no. 219. October 9, 1862. p. 1: col. 4. "Captain Freeman's Report" to Gen H. Z. Mitchell; report signed: A. Freeman, Capt. commanding N. W. Rangers – via Library of Congress.
  8. ISBN 978-0873511032
    .
  9. ^ Chippewa Indians, Natchez Trace Parkway, 10 October, 2022. Facebook.
  10. ^ Minnesota Final Stands Interpretive Center, History Museum at Baldwyn, Mississippi, October 10, 2022. Facebook.
  11. ^
  12. ^ "A Fake Hole-in-the-Day". The Minneapolis Journal. September 24, 1902. p. 7, col. 6.
  13. ^ "Hole in the Day Victim of Imposter". The Saint Paul Globe. September 24, 1902. p. 10, col. 4.
  14. ^ "Minnesota: An Indian Clerk". Stillwater Messenger. Vol. 31: 13, no. 1579. December 12, 1885. p. 2, col. 4. Courtesy, Minnesota Historical Society.
  15. ISSN 0887-3631
    . Retrieved July 16, 2022.
  16. ^ Gunderson, Dan (March 7, 2023). "Tribal opposition stops large dairy project near White Earth Reservation". MPR News. Retrieved March 7, 2023.

Sources

External links

47°13′39″N 95°43′13″W / 47.22750°N 95.72028°W / 47.22750; -95.72028

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