XO sex-determination system
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The XO sex-determination system (sometimes referred to as X0 sex-determination system) is a system that some species of insects, arachnids, and mammals use to determine the sex of offspring. In this system, there is only one sex chromosome, referred to as X. Males only have one
This system determines the sex of offspring among:
- Most haplodiploid,[3]
- Almost all Paleopteran insects (e.g., dragonflies, silverfish)
- Most exopterygote insects (e.g., grasshoppers, crickets, cockroaches)
- Some
- Several mammals, including:
- A few species of bat, including the hammer-headed bat,[7] Buettikofer's epauletted fruit bat, Franquet's epauletted fruit bat, Peters's epauletted fruit bat, and Gambian epauletted fruit bat[8]
- The Ryukyu spiny rat and Tokunoshima spiny rat[9]
In a variant of this system, most individuals have two sex chromosomes (XX) and are hermaphroditic, producing both eggs and sperm with which they can fertilize themselves, while rare individuals are male and have only one sex chromosome (XO). The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans—a nematode frequently used in biological research—is one such organism.
Most spiders have a variation of the XO system in which males have two different X chromosomes (X1X2O), while females have a pair of X1 chromosomes and a pair of X2 chromosomes (X1X1X2X2).[1] Some spiders have more complex systems involving as many as 13 different X chromosomes.[1]
Some Drosophila species have XO males.[10] These are thought to arise via the loss of the Y chromosome.[original research]
In humans the XO designation attaches to individuals with Turner syndrome.
Evolution
XO sex determination can evolve from XY sex determination within about 2 million years.[11]
Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis with XO sex-determination can occur by different mechanisms to produce either male or female offspring.[12]
See also
- Sex-determination system
- Sexual differentiation
- Haplodiploid sex-determination system
- XY sex-determination system
- ZO sex-determination system
- ZW sex-determination system
- Temperature-dependent sex determination
- X chromosome
- Y chromosome
References
- ^ PMID 32722348.
- ^ ISBN 0805304002
- ^ Bachtrog, Doris; Mank, Judith E.; Peichel, Catherine L.; Kirkpatrick, Mark; Otto, Sarah P.; Ashman, Tia-Lynn; Hahn, Matthew W.; Kitano, Jun; Mayrose, Itay; Ming, Ray; Perrin, Nicolas; Ross, Laura; Valenzuela, Nicole; Vamosi, Jana C. and The Tree of Sex Consortium; ‘Sex Determination: Why So Many Ways of Doing It?’; PLoS Biol12(7): e1001899
- .
- ^ Devlin, R.H. and Y. Nagahama, 2002. ‘Sex determination and sex differentiation in fish: an overview of genetic, physiological, and environmental influences’; Aquaculture 208: 191–364.
- ^ Anderson, Luís Alves; Oliveira, Claudio; Nirchio, Mauro; Granado, Ángel and Foresti, Fausto; ‘Karyotypic relationships among the tribes of Hypostominae (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) with description of XO sex chromosome system in a Neotropical fish species’; Genetica, vol. 128 (2006); pp. 1-9
- ISBN 978-1-4684-7997-3.
- S2CID 55842692.
- S2CID 6461447.
- ^ Patterson, J. T.; Stone, W. S. (1952). Evolution in the Genus Drosophila. New York: Macmillan.
- ISBN 978-0-19-163781-0.
- PMID 12220127.
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