Zion National Park
Zion National Park | |
---|---|
Location | Washington, Kane, and Iron counties, Utah, United States |
Nearest city | Springdale (south), Orderville (east) and Cedar City near Kolob Canyons entrance |
Coordinates | 37°18′N 113°00′W / 37.300°N 113.000°W |
Area | 146,597 acres (229.058 sq mi; 59,326 ha; 593.26 km2)[1] |
Established | November 19, 1919[2] |
Visitors | 4,623,238 (in 2023)[3] |
Governing body | National Park Service |
Website | Zion National Park |
Zion National Park is an American
Human habitation of the area started about 8,000 years ago with small family groups of
Name change
In 1909, President William Howard Taft named the area Mukuntuweap National Monument in order to protect the canyon.[7] In 1918, the acting director of the newly created National Park Service, Horace Albright, drafted a proposal to enlarge the existing monument and change the park's name to Zion National Monument, Zion being a term used by the Mormons.[7] According to historian Hal Rothman: "The name change played to a prevalent bias of the time. Many believed that Spanish and Indian names would deter visitors who, if they could not pronounce the name of a place, might not bother to visit it.[8] The new name, Zion, had greater appeal to an ethnocentric audience."[9] On November 19, 1919, Congress redesignated the monument as Zion National Park, and the act was signed by President Woodrow Wilson.[10] The Kolob section was proclaimed a separate Zion National Monument in 1937, but was incorporated into the national park in 1956.[11] Congress designated 85% of the park a wilderness area in 2009.
The geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area includes nine formations that together represent 150 million years of mostly Mesozoic-aged sedimentation. At various periods in that time warm, shallow seas, streams, ponds and lakes, vast deserts, and dry near-shore environments covered the area. Uplift associated with the creation of the Colorado Plateau lifted the region 10,000 feet (3,000 m) starting 13 million years ago.[12]
Park purpose
As stated in the foundation document:[13]
The purpose of Zion National Park is to preserve the dramatic geology including Zion Canyon and a labyrinth of deep and brilliantly colored Navajo sandstone canyons formed by extraordinary processes of erosion at the margin of the Colorado Plateau; to safeguard the park's wilderness character and its wild and scenic river values; to protect evidence of human history; and to provide for scientific research and the enjoyment and enlightenment of the public.
Geography
The park is located in southwestern
The 8,726-foot (2,660 m) summit of Horse Ranch Mountain is the highest point in the park; the lowest point is the 3,666-foot (1,117 m) elevation of Coal Pits Wash, creating a relief of about 5,100 feet (1,600 m).[15]
Streams in the area take rectangular paths because they follow jointing planes in the rocks.[16] The stream gradient of the Virgin River, whose North Fork flows through Zion Canyon in the park, ranges from 50 to 80 feet per mile (9.5 to 15.2 m/km) (0.9–1.5%)—one of the steepest stream gradients in North America.[17]
The road into Zion Canyon is 6 miles (9.7 km) long, ending at the Temple of Sinawava, which is named for the coyote god of the Paiute Indians.[18] The canyon becomes more narrow near the Temple and a hiking trail continues to the mouth of The Narrows, a gorge only 20 feet (6 m) wide and up to 2,000 feet (610 m) tall.[19] The Zion Canyon road is served by a free shuttle bus from early April to late October and by private vehicles the other months of the year. Other roads in Zion are open to private vehicles year-round.
The east side of the park is served by
The Kolob Terrace area, northwest of Zion Canyon, features a slot canyon called The Subway, and a panoramic view of the entire area from Lava Point. The Kolob Canyons section, further to the northwest near Cedar City, features Tucupit Point and one of the world's longest natural arches, Kolob Arch.[20]
Other notable geographic features of Zion Canyon include
Spring weather is unpredictable, with stormy, wet days being common, mixed with occasional warm, sunny weather. Precipitation is normally heaviest in March.[22] Spring wildflowers bloom from April through June, peaking in May. Fall days are usually clear and mild; nights are often cool. Summer days are hot (95 to 110 °F; 35 to 43 °C), but overnight lows are usually comfortable (65 to 70 °F; 18 to 21 °C).[22] Afternoon thunderstorms are common from mid-July through mid-September.[22] Storms may produce waterfalls as well as flash floods. Autumn tree-color displays begin in September in the high country; in Zion Canyon, autumn colors usually peak in late October. Winter in Zion Canyon is fairly mild. Winter storms bring rain or light snow to Zion Canyon and heavier snow to the higher elevations. Clear days may become quite warm, reaching 60 °F (16 °C); nights are often 20 to 40 °F (−7 to 4 °C).[22] Winter storms can last several days and make roads icy. Zion roads are plowed, except the Kolob Terrace Road which is closed when covered with snow.[22] Winter driving conditions last from November through March.[22]
Climate
Zion National Park has a BSk (Köppen climate classification) cold semi-arid climate consisting of very hot summers and mild winters with a limited amount of precipitation throughout the year.
Climate data for Zion National Park, Utah, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1904–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 74 (23) |
97 (36) |
91 (33) |
97 (36) |
106 (41) |
114 (46) |
115 (46) |
112 (44) |
110 (43) |
99 (37) |
90 (32) |
81 (27) |
115 (46) |
Mean maximum °F (°C) | 66.3 (19.1) |
70.3 (21.3) |
79.8 (26.6) |
87.8 (31.0) |
97.0 (36.1) |
105.6 (40.9) |
109.4 (43.0) |
106.5 (41.4) |
101.5 (38.6) |
91.6 (33.1) |
78.7 (25.9) |
65.6 (18.7) |
110.1 (43.4) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 53.8 (12.1) |
57.6 (14.2) |
66.1 (18.9) |
73.1 (22.8) |
83.5 (28.6) |
95.3 (35.2) |
100.3 (37.9) |
98.0 (36.7) |
90.7 (32.6) |
78.1 (25.6) |
63.9 (17.7) |
52.5 (11.4) |
76.1 (24.5) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 42.1 (5.6) |
45.6 (7.6) |
52.4 (11.3) |
58.4 (14.7) |
68.0 (20.0) |
78.8 (26.0) |
84.9 (29.4) |
83.3 (28.5) |
76.0 (24.4) |
63.4 (17.4) |
50.6 (10.3) |
40.9 (4.9) |
62.0 (16.7) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 30.4 (−0.9) |
33.6 (0.9) |
38.7 (3.7) |
43.8 (6.6) |
52.5 (11.4) |
62.2 (16.8) |
69.5 (20.8) |
68.7 (20.4) |
61.3 (16.3) |
48.8 (9.3) |
37.3 (2.9) |
29.3 (−1.5) |
48.0 (8.9) |
Mean minimum °F (°C) | 14.9 (−9.5) |
18.9 (−7.3) |
24.9 (−3.9) |
29.1 (−1.6) |
37.1 (2.8) |
46.6 (8.1) |
59.8 (15.4) |
59.7 (15.4) |
47.8 (8.8) |
31.4 (−0.3) |
19.7 (−6.8) |
13.5 (−10.3) |
10.7 (−11.8) |
Record low °F (°C) | −15 (−26) |
0 (−18) |
10 (−12) |
21 (−6) |
22 (−6) |
35 (2) |
41 (5) |
37 (3) |
33 (1) |
13 (−11) |
0 (−18) |
−5 (−21) |
−15 (−26) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 1.99 (51) |
2.06 (52) |
2.01 (51) |
1.22 (31) |
0.77 (20) |
0.23 (5.8) |
1.15 (29) |
1.63 (41) |
1.17 (30) |
1.22 (31) |
1.18 (30) |
1.64 (42) |
16.27 (413) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.7 (1.8) |
0.8 (2.0) |
0.7 (1.8) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
1.7 (4.3) |
4.0 (10) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 7.1 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 5.7 | 4.5 | 2.0 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 6.5 | 65.5 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 2.0 |
Source: NOAA[23][24] |
History
Archaeologists have divided the long span of Zion's human history into three cultural periods: the Archaic, Protohistoric and Historic periods. Each period is characterized by distinctive technological and social adaptations.
Archaic period
The first human presence in the region dates to
By c. 300, some of the archaic groups developed into an early branch of seminomadic
Protohistoric period
Both the Virgin Anasazi and the Parowan Fremont disappeared from the archaeological record of southwestern Utah by c. 1300.[27] Extended droughts in the 11th and 12th centuries, interspersed with catastrophic flooding, may have made horticulture impossible in this arid region.[27]
Tradition and archaeological evidence hold that their replacements were
Exploration and settlement
The Historic period begins in the late 18th century
In 1847,
Settlements had expanded 30 miles (48 km) south to the lower Virgin River by 1858.[17] That year, a Southern Paiute guide led young Mormon missionary and interpreter Nephi Johnson into the upper Virgin River area and Zion Canyon.[29] Johnson wrote a favorable report about the agricultural potential of the upper Virgin River basin, and returned later that year to found the town of Virgin. In 1861 or 1862, Joseph Black made the arduous journey to Zion Canyon and was very impressed by its beauty.[6]
The floor of Zion Canyon was settled in 1863 by Isaac Behunin, who farmed corn, tobacco, and fruit trees.[6] The Behunin family lived in Zion Canyon near the site of today's Zion Lodge during the summer, and wintered in Springdale. Behunin is credited with naming Zion, a reference to the place of peace mentioned in the Bible.[6] Two more families settled Zion Canyon in the next couple of years, bringing with them cattle and other domesticated animals. The canyon floor was farmed until Zion became a Monument in 1909.[17]
The
Protection and tourism
Paintings of the canyon by Frederick S. Dellenbaugh were exhibited at the Saint Louis World's Fair in 1904,[17] followed by a favorable article in Scribner's Magazine the next year. The article and paintings, along with previously created photographs, paintings, and reports, led to President William Howard Taft's proclamation on July 31, 1909, that created Mukuntuweap National Monument.[29] In 1917, the acting director of the newly created National Park Service visited the canyon and proposed changing its name from the locally unpopular Mukuntuweap to Zion, a name used by the local Mormon community.[34] The United States Congress added more land and established Zion National Park on November 19, 1919.[6] A separate Zion National Monument, the Kolob Canyons area, was proclaimed on January 22, 1937, and was incorporated into the park on July 11, 1956.[35]
Travel to the area before it was a national park was rare due to its remote location, lack of accommodations, and the absence of real roads in southern Utah. Old wagon roads were upgraded to the first automobile roads starting about 1910, and the road into Zion Canyon was built in 1917 leading to the Grotto, short of the present road that now ends at the Temple of Sinawava.[27]
Touring cars could reach Zion Canyon by the summer of 1917.[27] The first visitor lodging in Zion Canyon, called Wylie Camp, was established that same year as a tent camp.[27] The Utah Parks Company, a subsidiary of the Union Pacific Railroad, acquired Wylie Camp in 1923, and offered ten-day rail/bus tours to Zion, nearby Bryce Canyon, the Kaibab Plateau, and the North Rim of the Grand Canyon.[36] The Zion Lodge complex was built in 1925 at the site of the Wylie tent camp.[27] Architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood designed the Zion Lodge in a rustic architectural style, while the Utah Parks Company funded the construction.[27]
Infrastructure improvements
Work on the Zion Mount Carmel Highway started in 1927 to enable reliable access between Springdale and the east side of the park.[6] The road opened in 1930 and park visit and travel in the area greatly increased.[37] The most famous feature of the Zion – Mount Carmel Highway is its 1.1-mile (1.8 km) tunnel, which has six large windows cut through the massive sandstone cliff.[17]
In 1896, local rancher John Winder improved the Native American footpath up Echo Canyon, which later became the East Rim Trail.[38] Entrepreneur David Flanigan used this trail in 1900 to build cableworks that lowered lumber into Zion Canyon from Cable Mountain. More than 200,000 board feet (470 m3) of lumber were lowered by 1906.[38] The auto road was extended to the Temple of Sinawava, and a trail built from there 1 mile (1.6 km) to the start of the Narrows.[39] Angel's Landing Trail was constructed in 1926 and two suspension bridges were built over the Virgin River.[32] Other trails were constructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps during the 1930s.[32]
More recent history
Zion National Park has been featured in numerous films, including The Deadwood Coach (1924), Arizona Bound (1927), Nevada (1927), Ramrod (1947) and Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969).[40]
On April 12, 1995, heavy rains triggered a landslide that blocked the Virgin River in Zion Canyon.[44] Over a period of two hours, the river carved away part of the only exit road from the canyon, trapping 450 guests and employees at the Zion Lodge.[44] A one-lane, temporary road was constructed within 24 hours to allow evacuation of the Lodge.[44] A more stable albeit temporary road was completed on May 25, 1995, to allow summer visitors to access the canyon.[44] This road was replaced with a permanent road during the first half of 1996.[44]
The Zion–Mount Carmel Highway can be travelled year-round. Access for oversized vehicles requires a special permit, and is limited to daytime hours, as traffic through the tunnel must be one way to accommodate large vehicles. The 5-mile (8.0 km)-long Kolob Canyons Road was built to provide access to the Kolob Canyons section of the park.[45] This road often closes in the winter.
In March 2009, President
In 2011, Zion National Park was featured in the
In September 2015,
In 2017, some scenes from the TV series Extinct were shot in the park.[48]
On March 25, 2020, the park campgrounds were closed to help prevent the spread of COVID-19.[49]
Geology
The nine known exposed
- The warm, shallow (sometimes advancing or retreating) Moenkopi formations
- Kayenta formations
- The vast Temple Cap formations
- The dry near-shore environment of the Carmel Formation
Uplift affected the entire region, known as the Colorado Plateaus, by slowly raising these formations more than 10,000 feet (3,000 m) higher than where they were deposited.[50] This steepened the stream gradient of the ancestral Virgin and other rivers on the plateau.
The faster-moving streams took advantage of uplift-created joints in the rocks. Eventually, all Cenozoic-aged formations were removed and gorges were cut into the plateaus. Zion Canyon was cut by the North Fork of the Virgin River in this way. During the later part of this process, lava flows and cinder cones covered parts of the area.[51]
High water volume in wet seasons does most of the
Rock layer | Appearance | Location | Deposition | Rock type | Photo |
Dakota Formation | Cliffs | Top of Horse Ranch Mountain | Streams | Conglomerate and sandstone | |
Carmel Formation | Cliffs | Mount Carmel Junction | Shallow sea and coastal desert | Limestone, sandstone and gypsum | |
Temple Cap Formation | Cliffs | Top of The West Temple | Desert | Sandstone | |
Navajo Sandstone | Steep cliffs 1,600 to 2,200 ft (490 to 670 m) thick; red lower layers are colored by iron oxides | Tall cliffs of Zion Canyon; highest exposure is West Temple; cross-bedding shows well at Checkerboard Mesa (photo) | Sand dunes covered 150,000 sq mi (390,000 km2); shifting winds during deposition created cross-bedding | Sandstone | |
Kayenta Formation | Rocky slopes | Throughout canyon | Streams | Siltstone and sandstone | |
Moenave Formation | Slopes and ledges | Lower red cliffs seen from Zion Human History Museum | Streams and ponds | Siltstone and sandstone | |
Chinle Formation | Purplish slopes | Above Rockville | Streams | Shale, loose clay and conglomerate | |
Moenkopi Formation | Chocolate cliffs with white bands | Rocky slopes from Virgin to Rockville | Shallow sea | Shale, siltstone, sandstone, mudstone, and limestone | |
Kaibab Limestone | Cliffs | Hurricane Cliffs along I-15 near Kolob Canyons | Shallow sea | Limestone |
Biology
The
Desert conditions persist on canyon bottoms and rocky ledges away from perennial streams.
Common daytime animals include
Cooler conditions persist at mid-elevation slopes, from 3,900 to 5,500 feet (1,200 to 1,700 m).
Golden eagles, red-tailed hawks, peregrine falcons, and white-throated swifts can be seen in the area.[59] Desert bighorn sheep were reintroduced in the park in 1973.[60] California condors were reintroduced in the Arizona Strip and in 2014 the first successful breeding of condors in the park was confirmed.[61][62] Nineteen species of bat also live in the area.[63]
Activities
Rangers at the visitor centers in Zion Canyon and Kolob Canyons can help visitors plan their stay. Guided
- Trails
Seven trails with round-trip times of half an hour (Weeping Rock) to 4 hours (Angels Landing) are found in Zion Canyon.[69] Two popular trails, Taylor Creek (4 hours round trip) and Kolob Arch (8 hours round trip), are in the Kolob Canyons section of the park, near Cedar City.[69] Hiking up into The Narrows from the Temple of Sinawava is popular in summer, but hiking beyond Big Springs requires a permit. The entire Narrows from Chamberlain's Ranch is a 16-mile one way trip that typically takes 12 hours of strenuous hiking.[70] A shorter alternative is to enter the Narrows via Orderville Canyon. Both Orderville and the full Narrows require a back country permit. Entrance to the Parunuweap Canyon section of the park downstream of Labyrinth Falls is prohibited. Other often-used backcountry trails include the West Rim and LaVerkin Creek.[71] The more primitive sections of Zion include the Kolob Terrace and the Kolob Canyons.[15] A network of trails totaling 50 miles in distance connect Zion's northwest corner of the park (Lee Pass Trailhead) to its southeast section (East Rim Trailhead). Popularly known as the Zion Traverse, the route offers backpackers a diverse experience of the park.
Zion is a center for rock climbing, with short walls like Spaceshot, Moonlight Buttress, Prodigal Son, Ashtar Command, and Touchstone being the most popular, highly rated routes.[72][73]
- Camping and lodging
Lodging in the park is available at Zion Lodge, located halfway through Zion Canyon. Just outside the park more lodging is available in Springdale.[74]
Zion has three campgrounds: South and Watchman at the far southern side of the park, and a primitive site at Lava Point in the middle of the park off Kolob Terrace Road.[75] Overnight camping in the backcountry requires permits.[76]
See also
- List of national parks of the United States
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Zion National Park
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Iron County, Kane County and Washington County, Utah
References
- ^ "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2012" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved March 31, 2013. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
- ^ "Zion-Mt. Carmel Highway and Tunnel". National Park Service. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
- ^ "Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in: 2022". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
- ^ "Top 10 most visited national parks". Travel. March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
- ISBN 0-89599-038-5.
- ^ a b c d e f Tufts 1998, p. 45
- ^ a b "The Development of Zion National Park". historytogo.utah.gov. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
- ^ Nicolas Brulliard: How Mukuntuweap National Monument Became One of the Nation's Most Popular Parks, npca.org, Mar 15, 2018
- ISBN 978-0-252-01548-9.
- ^ "An Act To establish the Zion National Park in the State of Utah (Library of Congress)" (PDF). Library of Congress. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved December 17, 2017.
- ^ "Notes On The History Of The Kolob Canyons". wchsutah.org. Archived from the original on February 27, 2018. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
- ^ Tufts 1998, p. 43
- ^ "Foundation Document Zion National Park" (PDF). National Park Service. October 2013. p. 4. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
- ^ NPS website, How to get here
- ^ a b c NPS website, Accessibility
- ^ Harris, Tuttle & Tuttle 1997, p. 33
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Harris, Tuttle & Tuttle 1997, p. 29
- JSTOR 2421428.
- ^ NPS website, Zion Narrows (archive Archived December 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ NPS website, Freestanding Arches
- ^ "Maps - Zion National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f NPS website, Weather and Climate
- ^ "NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
- ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
- ^ NPS website, History and Culture
- ^ NPS website, Archeology (archive Archived December 28, 2008, at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m NPS website, People
- ^ a b NPS website, Human History (archive Archived December 30, 2008, at the Wayback Machine)
- ^ a b c d Kiver & Harris 1999, p. 457
- ^ Arrington, Leonard J. (1994), "Colonization of Utah", Utah History Encyclopedia, Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, archived from the original on November 1, 2013, retrieved December 6, 2012
- ^ 2009 Centennial Newspaper, Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 2009, archived from the original on June 9, 2012, retrieved December 6, 2012
- ^ OCLC 30473917, archived from the originalon October 9, 2014, retrieved November 12, 2013 Retrieved on January 1, 2009.
- ^ a b Stoffer, Phil (ed.). Virgin River Canyons: Historic 3D Photographs of Powell Survey in the Zion National Park Area. Washington, D.C.: United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2009. (public domain text)
- ^ Albright, Horace M.; Schenck, Marian Albright; Utley, Robert M. (1999). "18 - Exploring a New World of Parks, 1917" (PDF). Creating the National Park Service: The Missing Years (PDF). University of Oklahoma Press, Norman Publishing. p. 243. Archived from the original on January 10, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
- ^ "Appendix C". Leave No Trace Principles. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service.
- ^ Cape Royal Road (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. c. 1968. p. 4. HAER AZ-40. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
- ^ NPS website • The Zion–Mount Carmel Tunnel
- ^ a b A Guide to the Trails: Zion National Park. Springdale, Utah: Zion Natural History Association. p. 10. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
- ^ Kiver & Harris 1999, p. 465
- ISBN 9781476625492.
- ^ a b NPS website, Green Transit - The Zion Shuttle
- ^ "Zion Traffic Mitigation Report, Department of Transportation". United States Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. Archived from the original on January 5, 2010. Retrieved December 19, 2009.
- ^ "RATP Dev USA Renews Contract with Zion National Park Transit Service". March 12, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e Mentz, Kevin M.; Worrell, Eric; Zanetell, F. Dave (1997). "Park Project Is a Paragon of Partnership". Public Roads. 60 (4). Federal Highway Administration, United States Department of Transportation. Archived from the original on January 17, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
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- ^ Mims, Bob (September 17, 2015). "7 dead in Zion National Park flash flood". CNN.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2016. Retrieved January 29, 2016.
- ^ Sernaker, Matt (September 29, 2017). "Exclusive Interview with Chad Michael Collins on BYUtv's EXTINCT". ComicsOnline. Retrieved December 23, 2020.
- ^ "Zion National Park Updated Response to COVID-19 - Zion National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Kiver & Harris 1999, p. 461
- ^ Harris, Tuttle & Tuttle 1997, p. 42
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- ^ a b c d e f Leach 2007, p. 39
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- ^ "Biologists Catch First Glimpse of Condor Chick in Utah - Zion National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved February 12, 2023.
- ^ Williams, Carter (September 8, 2021). "California condor hatchling becomes just 2nd to fledge at Zion National Park". KSL News. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
- ^ NPS website, Mammal list
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- .
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- ^ NPS website, Campgrounds
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- This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Park Service.
- This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Geological Survey.
Bibliography
- Harris, Ann G.; ISBN 0-7872-5353-7.
- Kiver, Eugene P.; Harris, David V. (1999). Geology of U.S. Parklands (5th ed.). New York City: ISBN 0-471-33218-6.
- Leach, Nicky (2007). Zion National Park: Sanctuary in the Desert (6th ed.). Mariposa, California: Sierra Press. ISBN 978-1-58071-020-6.
- "Zion National Park, official website". Washington, D.C.: National Park Service. (public domain text)
- Schneider, Stuart (2001). Kolob Canyons Road Guide. Zion Natural History Association. ISBN 0-915630-28-1.
- Tufts, Lorraine Salem (1998). Secrets in The Grand Canyon, Zion and Bryce Canyon National Parks (3rd ed.). North Palm Beach, Florida: National Photographic Collections. ISBN 0-9620255-3-4.
- Woodbury, Angus M. (July–October 1944). A History of Southern Utah and Its National Parks. Vol. XII. Utah State Historical Society.
Further reading
- Waite, Nathan N. and Reid L. Neilson, editors. A Zion Canyon Reader. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2014. ISBN 978-1-60781-347-7
External links
- Official website of the National Park Service
- Zion National Park legislation from the Library of Congress
- Photographic library of the U.S. Geological Survey