American Homecoming Act
The American Homecoming Act or Amerasian Homecoming Act, was an Act of Congress giving preferential immigration status to children in Vietnam born of U.S. fathers. The American Homecoming Act was written in 1987, passed in 1988, and implemented in 1989.[1] The act increased Vietnamese Amerasian immigration to the U.S. because it allowed applicants to establish a mixed race identity by appearance alone. Additionally, the American Homecoming Act allowed the Amerasian children and their immediate relatives to receive refugee benefits.[2] About 23,000 Amerasians and 67,000 of their relatives entered the United States under this act.[3] While the American Homecoming Act was the most successful program in moving Vietnamese Amerasian children to the United States, the act was not the first attempt by the U.S. government. Additionally the act experienced flaws and controversies over the refugees it did and did not include since the act only allowed Vietnamese Amerasian children, as opposed to other South East Asian nations in which the United States also had forces in the war.
Background
In April 1975, the U.S.-backed government of
As a way to address Vietnamese Amerasian children, the U.S. government permitted another route for Vietnamese-born children of American soldiers to the United States. The children would be classified as
Enactment
On August 6, 1987, Rep.
Immigration process
The American Homecoming Act operated through the
The approved applicants and their families would go through a medical exam. The medical exam was less extensive than other immigration medical exams. If they passed, the U.S. would notify Vietnamese authorities and would process them for departure.[5] The Amerasians would then be sent to the Philippines for a 6-month English language (ESL) and cultural orientation (CO) program.[7] Once the Amerasians arrived in the United States they would be resettled by private voluntary agencies contracted with the U.S. State Department.[5] Some Amerasians gave accounts that some "fake families" approached them as a way to immigrate to the United States.[6] The U.S. Attorney General in conversation with the U.S. Secretary of State submitted program reports to the U.S. Congress every three years.[8]
Controversies
While the American Homecoming Act was the most successful measure by the United States to encourage Amerasian immigration, the act faced controversies. A primary issue was the act only applied to Amerasian children born in Vietnam. The American Homecoming Act excluded Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand.[7] While Amerasian children from outside Vietnam could immigrate to the United States, they could do so only if their fathers claimed them. Most fathers did not recognize their children, especially if they were born to sex workers.
In 1993, a class action lawsuit was filed in the International Court of Complaints to establish
There were other concerns facing the American Homecoming Act by the Vietnamese immigrants. Some accounts include a Vietnamese woman who attempted to claim American citizenship for her Amerasian son, but the father denied the relationship and responsibility by calling her a
References
- ^ Asian-Nation : Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues :: Vietnamese Amerasians in America
- ^ Daniels, Roger, and Otis L. Graham. Debating American Immigration, 1882--present. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2001.
- ISSN 0040-781X. Archived from the originalon May 7, 2007. Retrieved 2015-09-24.
- ^ ISBN 9781412981521.
- ^ a b c d e f g "History of U.S. Response to Amerasians." University of California Calisphere. January 1, 2011.
- ^ a b c d Yarborough, Trin. 2005. Surviving twice: Amerasian children of the Vietnam War. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books.
- ^ a b c d Hoang Chuong, Chung. "The Amerasians from Vietnam: A California Study." Bilingual Education Office California Department of Education, 1994. https://renincorp.org/other-publications/handbooks/amerasn.pdf.
- ^ a b c d "H.R.3171 – Amerasian Homecoming Act." Library of Congress. https://www.congress.gov/bill/100th-congress/house-bill/3171.
- ^ "Filipinos Fathered by US Soldiers Fight for Justice." The Guardian. December 31, 2012.
- ^ Valverde, Kieu Linh Caroline. 1992. "From Dust to Gold: The Vietnamese Amerasian Experience" in Racially Mixed People in America, edited by M. P. P. Root. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.