Anna Hazare
Anna Hazare | |
---|---|
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 |
Kisan Baburao "Anna" Hazare (
Hazare started a
Early life
Kisan Baburao Hazare was born on 15 June 1937[10] (some sources say 15 January 1940[11]) in Bhingar, near Ahmednagar. He was the eldest son of Baburao Hazare and Laxmi Bai. He has two sisters and four brothers. He later adopted the name Anna, which in Marathi means "elder person" or "father".[clarification needed]
His father worked as an unskilled labourer in Ayurveda Ashram Pharmacy[12][13] and struggled to support the family financially. In time, the family moved to their ancestral village of Ralegan Siddhi, where they owned a small amount of agricultural land. A relative took on the burden of providing Kisan with an education, taking him to Mumbai because the village had no primary school. The relative became unable financially to continue the support and Kisan's schooling ended in the Standard Seventh grade; his siblings never attended school.[14] He started selling flowers at the Dadar railway station in Mumbai and eventually managed to own two flower shops in the city.[15] He also became involved in vigilantism, joining groups who acted to prevent landlords' thugs from intimidating the poor out of their shelter.[16]
Military service
Hazare was drafted into the
During the
During his fifteen-year career in the army (1960–75),
During the Indo pak war, Hazare survived a road crash while driving for the army. He interpreted his survival as a further sign that his life was intended to be dedicated to service.[16] He had another escape in Nagaland, where one night, underground Naga rebels attacked his post and killed all the inmates. He had a miraculous escape as he had gone out to return nature's call and hence turned out to be the lone survivor.[23]
Official records show that he was honourably discharged in 1975 after completing 12 years of service.[18]
Transformation of Ralegan Siddhi
Hazare returned to Ralegan Siddhi, a village then described by Satpathy and Mehta as "one of the many villages of India plagued by acute poverty, deprivation, a fragile ecosystem, neglect and hopelessness."[24]
Although most of the villagers owned some land, cultivation was extremely difficult due to the rocky ground preventing retention of the
Hazare was relatively wealthy because of the gratuity from his army service. He set about using that money to restore a run-down, vandalised village temple as a focal point for the community. Some were able to respond with small financial donations but many other villagers, particularly among the elderly, donated their labour in a process that became known as shramdaan. Some youths also became involved in the work and these he organised into a Tarun Mandal (Youth Association). One of the works of Vivekananda which he had read was Call to the youth for nation building.[26]
Prohibition of alcohol
Hazare and the youth group decided to take up the issue of alcoholism to drive a process of reform. At a meeting conducted in the temple, the villagers resolved to close down liquor dens and ban alcohol in the village. Since these resolutions were made in the temple, they became, in a sense, religious commitments. Over thirty liquor brewing units voluntarily closed their establishments. Those who did not succumb to social pressure were forced to close their businesses when the youth group smashed their premises. The owners could not complain as their businesses were illegal.[27]
Once 3 drunken villagers were tied to pillars and then flogged, personally by Hazare with his army belt. He justified this punishment by stating that "rural India was a harsh society",[28] and that
Doesn't a mother administer bitter medicines to a sick child when she knows that the medicine can cure her child? The child may not like the medicine, but the mother does it only because she cares for the child. The alcoholics were punished so that their families would not be destroyed.[29]
Hazare appealed to the government of Maharashtra to pass a law whereby prohibition would come into force in a village if 25% of the women in the village demanded it. In 2009 the state government amended the Bombay Prohibition Act, 1949 to reflect this.[30]
It was decided to ban the sale of tobacco, cigarettes, and beedies (an unfiltered cigarette where the tobacco is rolled in tendu, also known as Coromandel ebony, leaves instead of paper) in the village. To implement this resolution, the youth group performed a unique "Holi" ceremony twenty two years ago.[when?] The festival of Holi is celebrated as a symbolic burning of evil. The youth group brought all the tobacco, cigarettes, and beedies from the shops in the village and burnt them in a Holi fire. Tobacco, cigarettes, or beedies are no longer sold.[31][32]
Grain Bank
In 1980, Hazare started the Grain Bank at the temple, with the objective of providing food security to needy farmers during times of drought or crop failure. Rich farmers, or those with surplus grain production, could donate a quintal to the bank. In times of need, farmers could borrow the grain, but they had to return the amount of grain they borrowed, plus an additional quintal as an interest. This ensured that nobody in the village ever went hungry or had to borrow money to buy grain. This also prevented distress sales of grain at lower prices at harvest time.[14]
Watershed development programme
Ralegan Siddhi is located in the foothills, so Hazare persuaded villagers to construct a
Cultivation of water-intensive crops like
Education
In 1932, Ralegan Siddhi got its first formal school, a single classroom primary school.[clarification needed] In 1962, the villagers added more classrooms through community volunteer efforts. By 1971, out of an estimated population of 1,209, only 30.43% were literate (72 women and 290 men). Boys moved to the nearby towns of Shirur and Parner to pursue higher education, but girls were limited to primary education. Hazare, along with the youth of Ralegan Siddhi, worked to increase literacy rates and education levels. In 1976 they started a pre-school and a high school in 1979. The villagers formed a charitable trust, the Sant Yadavbaba Shikshan Prasarak Mandal, which was registered in 1979.[citation needed]
Removal of untouchability
The social barriers and discrimination that existed due to the caste system in India have been largely eliminated by Ralegan Siddhi villagers. It was Hazare's moral leadership that motivated and inspired the villagers to shun untouchability and caste discrimination. Marriages of Dalits are held as part of community marriage program together with those of other castes. The Dalits have become integrated into the social and economic life of the village. The upper caste villagers built houses for the lower caste Dalits by shramdaan and helped to repay their loans.[34][35][36]
Gram Sabha
The
Activism
Anti-corruption protests in Maharashtra
In 1991 Hazare launched the Bhrashtachar Virodhi Jan Andolan (BVJA, People's Movement against Corruption), a popular movement to fight against corruption[38] in Ralegaon Siddhi. In the same year he protested against the collusion between 40 forest officials and timber merchants. This protest resulted in the transfer and suspension of these officials.[39]
In May 1997 Hazare protested alleged malpractice in the purchase of powerlooms by the Vasantrao Naik Bhathya Vimukt Jhtra Governor P. C. Alexander.[40] On 4 November 1997 Gholap filed a defamation suit against Hazare for accusing him of corruption. He was arrested in April 1998 and was released on a personal bond of ₹5,000 (US$60).[41] On 9 September 1998 Hazare was imprisoned in the Yerawada Jail to serve a three-month sentence mandated by the Mumbai Metropolitan Court.[19][42] The sentencing caused leaders of all political parties except the BJP and the Shiv Sena to support him.[43] Later, due to public protests, the Government of Maharashtra ordered his release. Hazare wrote a letter to then chief minister Manohar Joshi demanding Gholap's removal for his role in alleged malpractices in the Awami Merchant Bank.[44] Gholap resigned from the cabinet on 27 April 1999.[45]
In 2003 corruption charges were raised by Hazare against four NCP ministers of the
Three trusts headed by Anna Hazare were also indicted in the P. B. Sawant commission report. ₹220,000 (US$2,640) spent by the Hind Swaraj Trust for Anna Hazare's birthday celebrations was concluded by the commission as illegal and amounting to a corrupt practice,
Right to Information movement
In the early 2000s Hazare led a movement in Maharashtra state which forced the state government to enact a revised Maharashtra Right to Information Act. This Act was later considered as the base document for the
On 20 July 2006 the Union Cabinet amended the Right to Information Act 2005 to exclude the file noting by the government officials from its purview. Hazare began his
Regulation of Transfers and Prevention of Delay in Discharge of Official Duties Act
Before 2006 in the state of Maharashtra, honest government officers were transferred to other places according to ministerial wish, while some corrupt and favoured officials stayed put for decades. Hazare fought for a law whereby a government servant must clear files within a specified time, and transfers must take place only after three years. After many years of Hazare's efforts, on 25 May 2006 Maharashtra announced the Prevention of Delay in Discharge of Official Duties Act 2006. This act provided for disciplinary action against officials who clear files slowly, and enabled monitoring of officials who overstay a post, and for involvement in a corrupt nexus.
This act mandated the government to effect transfers of all government officers and employees, except Class IV workers, no sooner and no later than three years, except in emergency or exceptional circumstances. Maharashtra was the first state to introduce such an act.[30] However, this law was not fully followed.[54][55]
Campaign against liquor from food grains
Article 47 of India's Constitution commits the State to raise the standard of living, improve public health and prohibit the consumption of
In 2007 Maharashtra rolled out a policy aimed to encourage production of alcohol from food grain to fill the rising demand for industrial alcohol and liquor. It issued 36 licences for distilleries for making alcohol from food grain.[58]
Anna Hazare opposed the government's policy to promote making liquor from food grain. He argued that Maharashtra had to import food, so producing liquor from food grain was inappropriate.[59] One State minister, Laxman Dhoble said that those opposing the use of food grain for the production of liquor were anti-farmer, and that opponents should be beaten with sugarcane sticks.[60][61]
Hazare began fasting at
On 5 May 2011 the court refused to hear the suit, saying, "not before me, this is a court of law, not a court of justice".[66][67] A Maharashtra Principal Secretary, C.S. Sangeet Rao, stated that no law existed to scrap these licences.[59]
Lokpal Bill movement
In 2011, Hazare participated in the satyagraha movement campaigning for a stronger anti-corruption Lokpal (ombudsman) bill in the Indian parliament. Known as the Jan Lokpal Bill (People's Ombudsman Bill), it was drafted by N. Santosh Hegde, a former justice of the Supreme Court of India and Lokayukta of Karnataka, Prashant Bhushan, and social activist Arvind Kejriwal. The draft incorporated more stringent provisions and gave wider power to the Lokpal than the government's 2010 draft.[68] These included placing "the Prime Minister within the ambit of the proposed lokpal's powers".[69]
Hunger strike
Hazare began an "
The movement attracted attention in the media and thousands of supporters. Almost 150 people reportedly joined Hazare in his fast.
Protests spread to Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Guwahati, Shillong, Aizawl and other cities.[77]
On 8 April 2011 the Government accepted the movement's demands. On 9 April it issued a notification in the
On the morning of 9 April 2011 Hazare ended his 98-hour hunger strike. He addressed the people and set a deadline of 15 August 2011 to pass the bill. He said that
Real fight begins now. We have a lot of struggle ahead of us in drafting the new legislation. We have shown the world in just five days that we are united for the cause of the nation. The youth power in this movement is a sign of hope.[80]
Hazare said that if the bill did not pass he would call for a mass nation-wide agitation.[81][82] He called his movement a "second struggle for independence" and he will continue the fight.[83]
Hazare threatened on 28 July 2012 to proceed with his fast-unto-death on the Jan Lokpal Bill issue. He also stated that country's future is not safe in the hands of Congress and BJP and he would campaign in the coming elections for those with clean background.[84] On the third day of his indefinite fast, Anna stated that he will not talk even to the Prime Minister till his demands are met.[85] On 2 August 2012 Hazare said that there was nothing wrong with forming a new political party but, he would neither join the party nor contest elections.[86] Team and Anna have decided to end their indefinite fast on 3 August 2012 at 5 pm after which the team will announce their decision to enter politics.[87]
Draft bill
During the meeting of the joint drafting committee on 30 May 2011, the Union government members opposed the inclusion of the prime minister, higher judiciary and the acts of the
Hazare and other civil society members decided to boycott the 6 June 2011 drafting committee meeting to protest the forcible eviction of
On 6 June 2011, the civil society members wrote to Mukherjee, explaining reasons for their absence and also asking government to go public on the major issues. They also decided to attend only future meetings that were telecast live.[92] On 8 June at Rajghat, describing his movement as the second freedom struggle, Hazare criticised the Government for trying to discredit the drafting committee and threatened to go on indefinite fast again starting 16 August 2011 if the Lokpal Bill had not passed. He also criticised the Government for putting hurdles in front of the Bill and for maligning the civil society members.[93][94][95]
Indefinite fast
On 28 July 2011 the union cabinet approved a draft of the Lokpal Bill, which kept the Prime Minister, judiciary and lower bureaucracy out of the ombudsman's scope. Hazare rejected the government version by describing it as "cruel joke". He wrote a letter to Singh announcing his decision to begin an indefinite fast from 16 August 2011 at Jantar Mantar, if the government introduced its own version of the bill without taking suggestions from civil society members.[96][97] Hazare wrote:
Why are you (government) sending the wrong draft? We have faith in Parliament. But first send the right draft, our agitation is against government, not Parliament. The government has overlooked many points. How will it fight corruption by excluding government employees, CBI and prime minister from the Lokpal's purview? We were told that both the drafts would be sent to the Cabinet. But only the government's draft was sent. This is a deceitful government. They are lying. How will they run the country? Now I have no trust in this government. If it is really serious about fighting corruption, why is it not bringing government employees and CBI under Lokpal?[98]
Within twenty four hours of cabinet's endorsement of a weak Lokpal Bill, over ten thousand people from across the country sent
On 1 August 2011,
Arrest and aftermath
On 16 August 2011, Hazare was arrested, four hours before the planned indefinite hunger strike.
Media reported that about 1,300 supporters were detained by police in Delhi, including Arvind Kejriwal, Shanti Bhushan, Kiran Bedi and Manish Sisodia.[108] Protesters reportedly courted arrest in different parts of the country. Opposition parties came out against the arrest, likening the government action to the emergency imposed in the country in 1975. Both houses of Parliament adjourned over the issue.[109]
After four hours in detention Hazare was released unconditionally by the police, but refused to leave Tihar Jail.[110] Hazare demanded unconditional permission to fast at Ramlila Maidan.[111] Hazare continued his fast inside the jail.[112]
After his arrest, Hazare received support from people across the country. There were reports of "nearly 570 demonstrations and protests by Anna supporters across the country".
Fast at Ramlila Maidan
On 20 August 2011 thousands came to show their support for Hazare,[118] while "his advisers made television appearances to rally public support and defend themselves against criticism that their protest campaign and refusal to compromise is undermining India's parliamentary process."[119] The National Campaign for People's Right to Information (NCPRI) condemned Hazare's deadline for passing the bill as undermining democracy, which operates by
"holding wide-ranging consultations and discussions, allowing for dissent and evolving a consensus.... He [Hazare] has the right to protest and dissent. But nobody can claim it as an absolute right and deny the right of dissent to others."[120]
The Congress party confirmed that Maharashtra Additional Chief Secretary (Home) Umesh Chandra Sarangi, who had a history of mediating between Hazare and officials, was meeting "to find points of consensus and defuse the situation".[121] On 21 August "tens of thousands" watched Hazare as he sat on an elevated platform.[122] It was reported that Hazare at that point had "lost more than seven pounds since beginning his fast". Despite this he stated, "I will not withdraw my hunger strike until the Jan Lokpal bill is passed in the Parliament. I can die but I will not bend."[122] Hazare ended his fast on 28 August, after the Lokpal Bill passed unanimously.
He was admitted to Medanta Medicity, Gurgaon for post-fast care.[123] He had lost 7.5 kilograms (17 lb)[123] and was very dehydrated after the 288-hour fast.[124]
I Am Anna Campaign
Within a few days of Anna Hazare's first fast demanding a strong Lokpal (on 5 April 2011), supporters started a campaign known as "I Am Anna Hazare", which was similar to the "We Are All Khaled Said" campaign from the Egyptian uprising.[125] During Anna Hazare's second fast, his topi, the cap which became synonymous with Anna Hazare, became almost a fashion statement.[126] Sales of the topis hit an all-time high.[127] Kiran Bedi recommended that the "I am Anna" topi be displayed whenever someone asked for a bribe.[128]
Fast on MMRDA ground
On 27 December 2011, Hazare began a 3-day hunger strike at
Before reaching the venue, Anna paid tribute to Mahatma Gandhi at
A PIL petition filed against the fast was turned down by the Karnataka High Court. A judge noted that there was no public interest in the petition.[132]
Electoral reform movement
In 2011, Hazare demanded an amendment to the electoral law to incorporate the option of
On 31 March 2013 Hazare started Jantantra Yatra from the city of Amritsar. He is expecting to address various issues, including electoral reforms such as the right to reject a candidate.[136]
Protest against atrocities against Swami Ramdev and his supporters
On 8 June 2011 Anna Hazare and thousands of his supporters fasted from 10 am to 6 pm at
On 9 August 2013, Anna's office announced his anti-corruption organisation Bhrashtachar Virodhi Jan Andolan (BVJA) is no longer tackling corruption issues at a personal or social level. In an email circulated to India Against Corruption's membership, the veteran Gandhian's office has clarified that Anna "is now focused on Janlokpal, Right to Reject, Right to Recall, Farmers problems, Change in Education in System".[140][141]
2015 Land acquisition ordinance protest
In February 2015, he protested for two days at
Other activities and controversies
Hazare has been accused of being an agent of
India's
In a press conference in April 2011, Hazare praised
The government of the state of Maharashtra instituted a Commission of Inquiry under Justice PB Sawant in September 2003 to enquire into allegations of corruption against several people, including four ministers in the state as well as the "Hind Swaraj Trust" headed by Hazare. The Commission submitted its report on 22 February 2005, indicting the Trust for corruptly spending Rs. 220,000 on Hazare's birthday celebrations.[156]
Hazare's lawyer Milind Pawar responded that the commission had remarked about "irregularities" in the accounts, but had not held him guilty of any "corrupt" practices. Pawar said that on 16 June 1998, a celebration was organised to congratulate Hazare on winning an award from a US–based NGO and it coincided with his 61st birthday. The trust spent Rs 218,000 for the function. Abhay Phirodia, a Pune-based industrialist, who took the initiative to organise this function donated an amount of Rs 248,950 to the trust by cheque soon afterwards.
Conspiracy to murder Hazare
Hazare exposed corruption in cooperative sugar factories in Maharashtra, including one controlled by Dr.Padamsinh Bajirao Patil, a member of Parliament of 15th Lok Sabha and higher-ranking Leader of Nationalist Congress Party from Osmanabad. Patil was accused in the 2006 murder case of Congress leader Pawanraje Nimabalkar.[159][160]
The conspiracy to kill Hazare was exposed when Parasmal Jain, an accused in the Nimbalkar murder case, in his written confession before a magistrate said that Patil had paid him ₹3,000,000 (US$35,950) to murder Nimbalkar, and also offered him supari (contract killing sum) to kill Anna Hazare.
As of December 2011, Hazare received Z+ security.[169]
Honours, awards and international recognition
Year | Award | Awarding organisation |
---|---|---|
2013 | Allard Prize for International Integrity | University of British Columbia Faculty of Law[170]
|
2011 | NDTV Indian of the Year with Arvind Kejriwal[171] | NDTV |
2008 | Jit Gill Memorial Award[172][173][174][175] | World Bank |
2005 | Honorary Doctorate | Gandhigram Rural University
|
2003 | Integrity Award[176] | Transparency International |
1999 | Leading Social Contributor Award | Government of India |
1998 | CARE International Award[176]
|
CARE (relief agency)
|
1997 | Mahaveer Award[176] | |
1996 | Shiromani Award[176] | |
1992 | Padma Bhushan[176] | President of India |
1990 | Padma Shri[176] | President of India |
1989 | Krushi Bhushana Award[176] | Government of Maharashtra |
1986 | Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra Awards[176] | Government of India |
Film
- The Marathi film Mala Anna Vhaychay (I want to become Anna) is based on Hazare's work. The role of Hazare has been played by Arun Nalawade.[177]
- Anna – a 2016 Indian Hindi-language biographical film based on the life of Anna Hazare by Shashank Udapurkar and starring Udapurkar as Hazare.[178]
- Andolan Ek Suruvat Ek Shevat is a 2014 Indian Marathi-language film inspired by Hazare who also stars in a lead-role, his first such film work.[179]
Personal life
Hazare is unmarried. He has lived in a small room attached to the Sant Yadavbaba temple in Ralegan Siddhi since 1975. On 16 April 2011, he declared his bank balance of ₹67,183 (US$800) and ₹1,500 (US$20) as money in hand.[180] He owns 0.07 hectares of family land in Ralegan Siddhi, which is being used by his brothers. He donated for village use two other pieces of land donated to him by the Indian Army and by a villager.[181]
Writings
- Hazare, Anna; Ganesh Pangare, Vasudha Lokur (1996). Adarsh Gaon Yojana: Government Participitation in a Peoples Program: Ideal Village Project of the Government of Maharashtra. Hind Swaraj Trust. p. 95. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
- Hazare, Anna. My Village – My Sacred Land. New Delhi: CAPART.
- Hazare, Anna (1997). Ralegaon Siddhi: A Veritable Transformation. Translated by B.S. Pendse. Ralegan Siddhi Pariwar Prakashan. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
- Hazare, Anna (2007). वाट ही संघर्षाची (in Marathi). Pune: Signet Publications.
See also
References
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Further reading
- Reilly, Carmel (2007). Ralegan Siddhi: a special community. Thomson Nelson. from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 9 April 2011.
- Sivanand, Mohan (1986). "Why God Saved Anna Hazare". The Reader's Digest Association, Inc: 3. Archived from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Seabrook, Jeremy (1986). Victims of development: resistance and alternatives. Verso. p. 250. ISBN 0860913856. Archivedfrom the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
- Ismail Serageldin, David R. Steeds (1998). Rural well-being from vision to action. World Bank Publications. p. 433. ISBN 0821339877. Archivedfrom the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
- Periwinkle Environmental Education Part-X Author-Harendra Chakhaiyar, Publisher- Jeevandeep Prakashan Pvt Ltd, ISBN 8177444948
- From Poverty to Plenty: The Story of Ralegan Siddhi Volume 5 of Studies in Ecology and Sustainable Development. Authors- Ganesh Pangare, Vasudha Pangare. Publisher: Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage, 1992. ISBN 8190006142
- Dynamics of rural development: lessons from Ralegan Siddhi Publisher- Foundation for Research in Community Health, 2002.
- Troubles and Wet Solutions: Success Story of Ralegan Siddhi's Watershed Development Project[dead link] Centre for Alternative Agriculture Media
- Bron Raymond Taylor; Jeffrey Kaplan; Laura Hobgood-Oster; Adrian J. Ivakhiv; Michael York (2005). The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature: K-Z. Thoemmes Continuum. p. 1877. ISBN 1-84371-138-9. Archivedfrom the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2011.
- Ralegan Siddhi Authors: Ramesh Awasthi, Dashrath K. Panmand, Foundation for Research in Community Health (Bombay, India) Publisher: Foundation for Research in Community Health, 1994. Original from The University of Michigan. Digitized 22 December 2009. Length 92 pages
- Religion and ecology in India and Southeast Asia Authors- David L. Gosling, Ninian Smart, Contributor- Ninian Smart, Edition-illustrated, Publisher- Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0-415-24030-1
- Springs of life: India's water resources Authors Ganesh Pangare, Vasudha Pangare, Binayak Das, World Water Institute (Pune, India), Bharathi Integrated Rural Development Society, Edition- illustrated, Publisher-Academic Foundation, 2006. ISBN 817188489X
External links
- Quotations related to Anna Hazare at Wikiquote
- Media related to Anna Hazare at Wikimedia Commons
- Civil Society – Official website
- Anna Hazare collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
- Anna Hazare collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Anna Hazare collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Anna Hazare at IMDb