Antisthenes

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For other people named Antisthenes, see Antisthenes (disambiguation).
Antisthenes
Museo Pio-Clementino)
Bornc. 446 BCE[1]
Athens
Diedc. 366 BCE[1] (aged approximately 80)
Athens
EraAncient Greek philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolCynicism
Main interests
Asceticism, ethics, language, literature, logic
Notable ideas
Laying the foundations of Cynic philosophy
Distinction between sense and reference

Antisthenes (

ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic
philosophy.

Life

Antisthenes was born c. 446 BCE, the son of Antisthenes, an

Heracles. Filled with enthusiasm for the Socratic idea of virtue, he founded a school of his own in the Cynosarges, where he attracted the poorer classes by the simplicity of his life and teaching. He wore a cloak and carried a staff and a wallet, and this costume became the uniform of his followers.[6]

Diogenes Laërtius says that his works filled ten volumes, but of these, only fragments remain.[6] His favourite style seems to have been dialogues, some of them being vehement attacks on his contemporaries, as on Alcibiades in the second of his two works entitled Cyrus, on Gorgias in his Archelaus and on Plato in his Satho.[13] His style was pure and elegant, and Theopompus even said that Plato stole from him many of his thoughts.[14] Cicero, after reading some works by Antisthenes, found his works pleasing and called him "a man more intelligent than learned".[15] He possessed considerable powers of wit and sarcasm, and was fond of playing upon words; saying, for instance, that he would rather fall among crows (korakes) than flatterers (kolakes), for the one devour the dead, but the other the living.[16]
Two declamations have survived, named Ajax and Odysseus, which are purely rhetorical.

Antisthenes's nickname was The (Absolute) Dog (ἁπλοκύων, Diog. Laert. 6.13) [17][18][19]

Philosophy

Marble bust of Antisthenes based on the same original (British Museum)

According to Diogenes Laertius

In his

Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers Diogenes Laertius lists the following as the favourite themes of Antisthenes: "He would prove that virtue can be taught; and that nobility belongs to none other than the virtuous. And he held virtue to be sufficient in itself to ensure happiness, since it needed nothing else except the strength of spirit. And he maintained that virtue is an affair of deeds and does not need a store of words or learning; that the wise man is self-sufficing, for all the goods of others are his; that ill repute is a good thing and much the same as pain; that the wise man will be guided in his public acts not by the established laws but by the law of virtue; that he will also marry in order to have children from union with the handsomest women; furthermore that he will not disdain to love, for only the wise man knows who are worthy to be loved".[20]

Ethics

Antisthenes was a pupil of Socrates, from whom he imbibed the fundamental ethical precept that virtue, not pleasure, is the end of existence. Everything that the wise person does, Antisthenes said, conforms to perfect virtue,[21] and pleasure is not only unnecessary, but a positive evil. He is reported to have held pain[22] and even ill-repute (Greek: ἀδοξία)[23] to be blessings, and he said, "I'd rather be mad than feel pleasure".[24] However, it is probable that he did not consider all pleasure worthless, but only that which results from the gratification of sensual or artificial desires, for we find him praising the pleasures which spring "from out of one's soul,"[25] and the enjoyments of a wisely chosen friendship.[26] The supreme good he placed in a life lived according to virtue — virtue consisting in action, which when obtained is never lost, and exempts the wise person from error.[27] It is closely connected with reason, but to enable it to develop itself in action, and to be sufficient for happiness, it requires the aid of Socratic strength (Greek: Σωκρατικὴ ἱσχύς).[21]

Physics

His work on

gods, in which he argued that there were many gods believed in by the people, but only one natural God.[28] He also said that God resembles nothing on earth, and therefore could not be understood from any representation.[29]

Logic

In

nominalist, he held that definition and predication are either false or tautological, since we can only say that every individual is what it is, and can give no more than a description of its qualities, e.g. that silver is like tin in colour.[30] Thus, he disbelieved the Platonic system of Ideas. "A horse I can see," said Antisthenes, "but horsehood I cannot see".[31]
Definition is merely a circuitous method of stating an identity: "a tree is a vegetable growth" is logically no more than "a tree is a tree".

Philosophy of language

Antisthenes, part of a fresco in the National University of Athens

Antisthenes apparently distinguished "a general object that can be aligned with the meaning of the utterance" from "a particular object of extensional reference". This "suggests that he makes a distinction between sense and reference".[32] The principal basis of this claim is a quotation in Alexander of Aphrodisias' “Comments on Aristotle's 'Topics'” with a three-way distinction:

  1. the semantic medium, δι' ὧν λέγουσι
  2. an object external to the semantic medium, περὶ οὗ λέγουσιν
  3. the direct indication of a thing, σημαίνειν … τὸ …}[33]

Antisthenes and the Cynics

In later times Antisthenes came to be seen as the founder of the

Stoics in a later period in order to provide a succession linking Socrates to Zeno via Antisthenes, Diogenes, and Crates.[38] These tales were important to the Stoics for establishing a chain of teaching that ran from Socrates to Zeno.[39] Others argue that the evidence from the coins is weak, and thus Diogenes could have moved to Athens well before 340 BCE.[40] It is also possible that Diogenes visited Athens and Antisthenes before his exile, and returned to Sinope.[37]

Antisthenes certainly adopted a rigorous

ascetic lifestyle,[41] and he developed many of the principles of Cynic philosophy which became an inspiration for Diogenes and later Cynics. It was said that he had laid the foundations of the city which they afterwards built.[42]

Notes

  1. ^
    ISBN 978-90-04-39674-6
    .
  2. ^ Jones, Daniel; Roach, Peter James; Hartman, James; Setter, Jane, eds. (2006). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (17th ed.). Cambridge UP.
  3. ^ Suda, Antisthenes.; Laërtius 1925, § 1.
  4. ^ "A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology — Antisthenes". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Archived from the original on 2021-05-31. Retrieved 2021-08-10.
  5. ^ "CYBELE (Kybele) - Phrygian Goddess, Mother of the Gods". www.theoi.com. Retrieved 2021-08-10.
  6. ^ a b c  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Antisthenes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 146.
  7. ^ Plato, Phaedo, 59b.
  8. ^ Laërtius 1925, § 9.
  9. ^ Plutarch, Lycurgus, 30.
  10. ^ Eudocia, Violarium, 96
  11. ^ Diodorus Siculus, xv. 76.4
  12. ^ Laërtius 1925, § 13.
  13. ^ Athenaeus, v. 220c-e
  14. ^ Athenaeus, xi. 508c-d
  15. ^ "Κῦρος δ᾽, ε᾽ mihi sic placuit ut cetera Antisthenis, hominis acuti magis quam eruditi". Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, Book XII, Letter 38, section 2. In English translation: "Books four (δ᾽) and five (ε᾽) of Cyrus I found as pleasing as the others composed by Antisthenes, he is a man who is sharp rather than learned".
  16. ^ Laërtius 1925, § 4.
  17. ISBN 0-313-31672-4
    .
  18. ISBN 978-1-135-45740-2
    .
  19. ISBN 978-0-19-869135-8
    .
  20. ^ Laërtius 1925, § 10.
  21. ^ a b Laërtius 1925, § 11.
  22. ^ Julian, Oration, 6.181b
  23. ^ Laërtius 1925, § 3, 7.
  24. ^ Laërtius 1925, § 3.
  25. ^ Xenophon, Symposium, iv. 41.
  26. ^ Laërtius 1925, § 12.
  27. ^ Laërtius 1925, § 11–12, 104–105.
  28. ^ Cicero, De Natura Deorum, i. 13.
  29. ^ Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, v.
  30. ^ a b Aristotle, Metaphysics, 1043b24
  31. ^ Simplicius, in Arist. Cat. 208, 28
  32. ^ Prince, Susan (2015). Antisthenes of Athens: Texts, Translations, and Commentary. University of Michigan Press. p. 20
  33. ^ Prince 2015, pp. 518–522 (Antisthenes's literary remains: t. 153B.1).
  34. ^ Aristotle, Metaphysics, 1024b26; Rhetoric, 1407a9; Topics, 104b21; Politics, 1284a15
  35. ^ Long 1996, page 32
  36. ^ Laërtius 1925, § 6, 18, 21; Dio Chrysostom, Orations, viii. 1–4; Aelian, x. 16; Stobaeus, Florilegium, 13.19
  37. ^ a b Long 1996, page 45
  38. ^ Dudley 1937, pages 2-4
  39. ^ Navia, Diogenes the Cynic, page 100
  40. ^ Navia, Diogenes the Cynic, pages 34, 112-3
  41. ^ Xenophon, Symposium, iv. 34–44.
  42. ^ Laërtius 1925, § 15.

References

Further reading

External links

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