Belgrade
Belgrade
Београд Beograd | |
---|---|
Град Београд Grad Beograd City of Belgrade | |
BEG) | |
Website | beograd.rs |
Belgrade
Belgrade is one of the
Following the
Being Serbia's
Belgrade hosted major international events such as the
History
Prehistory
Antiquity
Evidence of early knowledge about Belgrade's geographical location comes from a variety of ancient myths and legends. The ridge overlooking the confluence of the
Middle Ages
In 442, the area was ravaged by
The
The first record of the name Belograd appeared on April, 16th, 878, in a Papal missiveKing
Following the battles of Maritsa (1371) and Kosovo field (1389), Moravian Serbia, to Belgrade's south, began to fall to the Ottoman Empire.[45][46]
The northern regions of what is now Serbia persisted as the
In 1427, Stefan's successor
Ottoman rule and Austrian invasions
Seven decades after the initial siege, on 28 August 1521, the fort was finally captured by
Belgrade was made the seat of the
In 1594, a major
Occupied by the
Principality and Kingdom of Serbia
At the beginning of the 19th century, Belgrade was predominantly inhabited by a Muslim population. Traces of Ottoman rule and architecture—such as mosques and bazaars, were to remain a prominent part of Belgrade's townscape into the 19th century; several decades, even, after Serbia was granted autonomy from the Ottoman Empire.[57]
During the
The development of Belgrade architecture after 1815 can be divided into four periods. In the first phase, which lasted from 1815 to 1835, the dominant architectural style was still of a Balkan character, with substantial Ottoman influence. At the same time, an interest in joining the European mainstream allowed Central and Western European architecture to flourish. Between 1835 and 1850, the amount of neoclassicist and baroque buildings south of the Austrian border rose considerably, exemplified by St Michael's Cathedral (Serbian: Saborna crkva), completed in 1840. Between 1850 and 1875, new architecture was characterised by a turn towards the newly popular Romanticism, along with older European architectural styles. Typical of Central European cities in the last quarter of the 19th century, the fourth phase was characterised by an eclecticist style based on the Renaissance and Baroque periods.[60]
In 1841, Prince
On 18 April 1867, the Ottoman government ordered the Ottoman garrison, which had been since 1826 the last representation of Ottoman suzerainty in Serbia, withdrawn from
In May 1868, knez Mihailo was assassinated with his cousin
With the Principality's full independence in 1878 and its transformation into the Kingdom of Serbia in 1882, Belgrade once again became a key city in the Balkans, and developed rapidly.[58][68] Nevertheless, conditions in Serbia remained those of an overwhelmingly agrarian country, even with the opening of a railway to Niš, Serbia's second city. In 1900, the capital had only 70,000 inhabitants[69] (at the time Serbia numbered 2.5 million). Still, by 1905, the population had grown to more than 80,000 and, by the outbreak of World War I in 1914, it had surpassed the 100,000 citizens, disregarding Zemun, which still belonged to Austria-Hungary.[70]
The first-ever projection of motion pictures in the Balkans and Central Europe was held in Belgrade in June 1896 by André Carr, a representative of the Lumière brothers. He shot the first motion pictures of Belgrade in the next year; however, they have not been preserved.[71] The first permanent cinema was opened in 1909 in Belgrade.[72]
World War I: Austro–German invasion
The First World War began on 28 July 1914 when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Most of the subsequent Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
After the war, Belgrade became the capital of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. The Kingdom was split into banovinas and Belgrade, together with Zemun and Pančevo, formed a separate administrative unit.[74]
During this period, the city experienced fast growth and significant modernisation. Belgrade's population grew to 239,000 by 1931 (with the inclusion of Zemun), and to 320,000 by 1940. The population growth rate between 1921 and 1948 averaged 4.08% a year.[75]
In 1927, Belgrade's first airport opened, and in 1929, its first radio station began broadcasting. The Pančevo Bridge, which crosses the Danube, was opened in 1935,[76] while King Alexander Bridge over the Sava was opened in 1934. On 3 September 1939 the first Belgrade Grand Prix, the last Grand Prix motor racing race before the outbreak of World War II, was held around the Belgrade Fortress and was followed by 80,000 spectators.[77] The winner was Tazio Nuvolari.[78]
World War II: German invasion
On 25 March 1941, the government of
During the summer and autumn of 1941, in reprisal for guerrilla attacks, the Germans carried out several massacres of Belgrade citizens; in particular, members of the Jewish community were subject to mass shootings at the order of General Franz Böhme, the German Military Governor of Serbia. Böhme rigorously enforced the rule that for every German killed, 100 Serbs or Jews would be shot.[85] Belgrade became the first city in Europe to be declared by the Nazi occupation forces to be judenfrei.[86] The resistance movement in Belgrade was led by Major Žarko Todorović from 1941 until his arrest in 1943.[87]
Just like
On 29 November 1945, Marshal
Socialist Yugoslavia
When the war ended, the city was left with 11,500 demolished housing units.[90] During the post-war period, Belgrade grew rapidly as the capital of the renewed Yugoslavia, developing as a major industrial centre.[68]
In 1948, construction of
In 1972, Belgrade faced
Breakup of Yugoslavia
On 9 March 1991,
In 1999, during the
After the 2000 presidential elections, Belgrade was the site of major public protests, with over half a million people taking part. These demonstrations resulted in the ousting of president Milošević as a part of the Otpor movement.[109][110]
Development
In 2014, Belgrade Waterfront, an urban renewal project, was initiated by the Government of Serbia and its Emirati partner, Eagle Hills Properties. Around €3.5 billion was to be jointly invested by the Serbian government and their Emirati partners.[111][needs update] The project includes office and luxury apartment buildings, five-star hotels, a shopping mall and the envisioned 'Belgrade Tower'. The project is, however, quite controversial—there are a number of uncertainties regarding its funding, necessity, and its architecture's arguable lack of harmony with the rest of the city.[112]
In addition to Belgrade Waterfront, the city is under rapid development and reconstruction, especially in the area of Novi Beograd, where (as of 2020) apartment and office buildings were under construction to support the burgeoning Belgrade IT sector, now one of Serbia's largest economic players. In September 2020, there were around 2000 active construction sites in Belgrade.[113] City budget for 2023 was 205,5 billions dinars( 1.750 billions Euros).[114] City budget estimated for 2024 is larger than 2 billions Euros.
Geography
Topography
Belgrade lies 116.75 m (383.0 ft)
On the right bank of the Sava, central Belgrade has a hilly terrain, while the highest point of Belgrade proper is
One of the characteristics of the city terrain is
Landslides encompass smaller areas, develop on the steep cliffs, sometimes being inclined up to 90%. They are mostly located in the artificial
However, the majority of the land movement in Belgrade, some 90%, is triggered by the construction works and faulty water supply system (burst pipes, etc.). The neighbourhood of Mirijevo is considered to be the most successful project of fixing the problem. During the construction of the neighbourhood from the 1970s, the terrain was systematically improved and the movement of the land is today completely halted.[116][117]
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Belgrade has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) bordering on a humid continental climate (Dfa) with four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation. Monthly averages range from 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) in January to 23.0 °C (73.4 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 12.5 °C (54.5 °F). There are, on average, 44.6 days a year when the maximum temperature is at or above 30 °C (86 °F),[118] and 95 days when the temperature is above 25 °C (77 °F), On the other hand Belgrade experiences 52.1 days per year in which the minimum temperature falls below 0 °C (32 °F), with 13.8 days having a maximum temperature below freezing as well.[118] Belgrade receives about 691 mm (27 in) of precipitation a year, with late spring being wettest. The average annual number of sunny hours is 2,112.
Belgrade may experience thunderstorms at any time of the year, experiencing 31 days annually, but it's much more common in spring and summer months. Hail is rare and occurs exclusively in spring or summer.[118]
The highest officially recorded temperature in Belgrade was 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) on 24 July 2007,[119] while on the other end, the lowest temperature was −26.2 °C (−15 °F) on 10 January 1893.[120] The highest recorded value of daily precipitation was 109.8 millimetres (4.32 inches) in 15 May 2014.[118]
Climate data for Belgrade (1991–2020, extremes 1936–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 20.7 (69.3) |
23.9 (75.0) |
30.0 (86.0) |
32.4 (90.3) |
34.9 (94.8) |
37.4 (99.3) |
43.6 (110.5) |
40.0 (104.0) |
41.8 (107.2) |
33.7 (92.7) |
28.4 (83.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
43.6 (110.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
23.6 (74.5) |
27.1 (80.8) |
29.3 (84.7) |
29.7 (85.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
18.7 (65.7) |
12.2 (54.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.9 (35.4) |
3.8 (38.8) |
8.3 (46.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.9 (71.4) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
13.3 (55.9) |
8.1 (46.6) |
3.0 (37.4) |
13.2 (55.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −0.7 (30.7) |
0.6 (33.1) |
4.2 (39.6) |
8.8 (47.8) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.1 (57.4) |
9.4 (48.9) |
5.1 (41.2) |
0.5 (32.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −24.5 (−12.1) |
−20.5 (−4.9) |
−12.4 (9.7) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
0.4 (32.7) |
4.6 (40.3) |
8.3 (46.9) |
6.7 (44.1) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−6.9 (19.6) |
−8.3 (17.1) |
−15.8 (3.6) |
−24.5 (−12.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 47.9 (1.89) |
43.5 (1.71) |
48.7 (1.92) |
51.5 (2.03) |
72.3 (2.85) |
95.6 (3.76) |
66.5 (2.62) |
55.1 (2.17) |
58.6 (2.31) |
54.8 (2.16) |
49.6 (1.95) |
54.8 (2.16) |
698.9 (27.52) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 13.5 | 12.3 | 11.3 | 12.4 | 13.5 | 12.2 | 10.0 | 8.4 | 9.5 | 10.5 | 10.8 | 13.8 | 138.2 |
Average snowy days | 9.7 | 7.3 | 4.2 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 7.8 | 32.8 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
77.9 | 71.4 | 62.7 | 59.9 | 61.9 | 62.5 | 59.8 | 59.5 | 65.8 | 71.4 | 75.1 | 79.5 | 67.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 70.7 | 96.2 | 146.7 | 186.7 | 224.7 | 253.9 | 278.8 | 262.6 | 192.6 | 155.0 | 92.1 | 60.3 | 2,020.3 |
Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
Source 1: Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia[121] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV),[122] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[123] |
Average temperatures in Belgrade are rising and they are about 1 °C higher in last 15 years than in period from 1991-2020. Number of snow days and days with frost is decreasing, since there is no month with average lows below 0 °C.
Climate data for Belgrade, Serbia (2009.-2023.) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C | 5.5 | 8.7 | 13.4 | 19.0 | 23.2 | 27.6 | 30.2 | 30.5 | 25.5 | 19.2 | 13.2 | 7.0 | 18.6 |
Daily mean °C | 2.9 | 5.4 | 9.2 | 14.1 | 18.4 | 22.7 | 24.9 | 24.9 | 20.4 | 14.8 | 9.9 | 4.6 | 14.3 |
Mean daily minimum °C | 0.3 | 2.1 | 5.0 | 9.3 | 13.5 | 17.7 | 19.5 | 19.4 | 15.4 | 10.3 | 6.6 | 2.2 | 10.1 |
Mean daily maximum °F | 41.9 | 47.7 | 56.1 | 66.2 | 73.8 | 81.7 | 86.4 | 86.9 | 77.9 | 66.6 | 55.8 | 44.6 | 65.5 |
Daily mean °F | 37.2 | 41.7 | 48.6 | 57.4 | 65.1 | 72.9 | 76.8 | 76.8 | 68.7 | 58.6 | 49.8 | 40.3 | 57.7 |
Mean daily minimum °F | 32.5 | 35.8 | 41.0 | 48.7 | 56.3 | 63.9 | 67.1 | 66.9 | 59.7 | 50.5 | 43.9 | 36.0 | 50.2 |
Source: "www.weatheronline.co.uk". Retrieved 5 June 2024. |
Administration
Belgrade is a separate territorial unit in Serbia, with its own autonomous city authority.[15] The Assembly of the City of Belgrade has 110 members, elected on four-year terms.[124] A 13-member City Council, elected by the Assembly and presided over by the mayor and his deputy, has the control and supervision of the city administration,[125] which manages day-to-day administrative affairs. It is divided into 14 Secretariats, each having a specific portfolio such as traffic or health care, and several professional services, agencies and institutes.[126]
The 2022 Belgrade City Assembly election was won by the Serbian Progressive Party, which formed a ruling coalition with the Socialist Party of Serbia. Between 2004 and 2013, the Democratic Party was in power.[127] Due to the importance of Belgrade in political and economic life of Serbia, the office of city's mayor is often described as the third most important office in the state, after the President of the Government and the President of the Republic.[128][129][130]
As the capital city, Belgrade is seat of all Serbian state authorities –
Municipalities
The city is divided into 17 municipalities.[132] Previously, they were classified into 10 urban (lying completely or partially within borders of the city proper) and 7 suburban municipalities, whose centres are smaller towns.[133] With the new 2010 City statute, they were all given equal status, with the proviso that suburban ones (except Surčin) have certain autonomous powers, chiefly related with construction, infrastructure and public utilities.[132]
Most of the municipalities are situated on the southern side of the Danube and
regions.Municipality | Classification | Area (km2) | Population (census 2022) | Population density (per km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Barajevo | suburban | 213.10 | 26,431 | 110 |
Čukarica | urban | 156.99 | 175,793 | 1,120 |
Grocka | suburban | 299.55 | 82,810 | 276 |
Lazarevac | suburban | 383.51 | 55,146 | 144 |
Mladenovac | suburban | 339 | 48,683 | 144 |
Novi Beograd | urban | 40.71 | 209,763 | 5,153 |
Obrenovac | suburban | 410.14 | 68,882 | 168 |
Palilula |
urban | 450.59 | 182,624 | 405 |
Rakovica | urban | 30.11 | 104,456 | 3,469 |
Savski Venac | urban | 14.06 | 36,699 | 2,610 |
Sopot |
suburban | 270.71 | 19,126 | 71 |
Stari Grad | urban | 5.40 | 44,737 | 8,285 |
Surčin | urban | 288.47 | 45,452 | 158 |
Voždovac | urban | 148.52 | 174,864 | 1,177 |
Vračar | urban | 2.87 | 55,406 | 19,305 |
Zemun | urban | 149.74 | 177,908 | 1,188 |
Zvezdara | urban | 31.49 | 172,625 | 5,482 |
Total | 3,234.96 | 1,681,405 | 520 | |
Source: Sector for statistics, Belgrade[3] |
Demographics
According to the 2022 census, the statistical city proper has a population of 1,197,714, the urban area (with adjacent urban settlements like Borča, Ovča, Surčin, etc.) has 1,383,875 inhabitants, while the population of the administrative area of the City of Belgrade (often equated with Belgrade's metropolitan area) stands at 1,681,405 people. However, Belgrade's metropolitan area has not been defined, either statistically or administratively, and it sprawls into the neighboring municipalities like Pančevo, Opovo, Pećinci or Stara Pazova.
Belgrade is home to many ethnicities from across the former Yugoslavia and the wider Balkans region. The main ethnic group comprising over 86% of the metropolitan population of Belgrade are
Between 10,000 and 20,000
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1426 | 50,000 | — |
1683 | 100,000 | +0.27% |
1800 | 25,000 | −1.18% |
1834 | 7,033 | −3.66% |
1859 | 18,860 | +4.02% |
1863 | 14,760 | −5.94% |
1866 | 24,768 | +18.83% |
1874 | 27,605 | +1.36% |
1884 | 35,483 | +2.54% |
1890 | 54,763 | +7.50% |
1895 | 59,790 | +1.77% |
1900 | 68,481 | +2.75% |
1905 | 77,235 | +2.44% |
1910 | 82,498 | +1.33% |
1921 | 111,739 | +2.80% |
1931 | 238,775 | +7.89% |
1948 | 397,911 | +3.05% |
1953 | 477,982 | +3.73% |
1961 | 657,362 | +4.06% |
1971 | 899,094 | +3.18% |
1981 | 1,087,915 | +1.92% |
1991 | 1,133,146 | +0.41% |
2002 | 1,119,642 | −0.11% |
2011 | 1,166,763 | +0.46% |
2022 | 1,197,714 | +0.24% |
Source: 1426-1683 data;[142] 1800 data;[143] 1834-1931[144] |
Settlements | Population [145] |
---|---|
Belgrade | 1,197,714 |
Borča | 51,862 |
Kaluđerica | 28,483 |
Lazarevac | 27,635 |
Obrenovac | 25,380 |
Mladenovac | 22,346 |
Surčin | 20,602 |
Sremčica | 19,434 |
Ugrinovci | 11,859 |
Leštane | 10,454 |
Ripanj | 10,084 |
Although there are several historic religious communities in Belgrade, the religious makeup of the city is relatively homogeneous. The Serbian Orthodox community is by far the largest, with 1,475,168 adherents. There are also 31,914 Muslims, 13,720 Roman Catholics, and 3,128 Protestants.
There once was a significant
Economy
Belgrade is the financial centre of Serbia and Southeast Europe, with a total of 17×10 6 m2 (180×10 6 sq ft) of office space.[148] It is also home to the country's Central Bank. 750,550 people are employed (July 2020)[149] in 120,286 companies,[150] 76,307 enterprises and 50,000 shops.[149][151] The City of Belgrade itself owns 267,147 m2 (2,875,550 sq ft) of rentable office space.[152]
As of 2019, Belgrade contained 31.4% of Serbia's employed population and generated over 40.4% of its GDP.[153][154][155] City GDP in 2023 at purchasing power parity is estimated at $73 bn USD, which is $43,400 per capita in terms of purchasing power parity. Nominal GDP in 2023 is estimated at $ 31.5 bn USD, which is $ 18.700 per capita.[156]
With 6,924 companies in the IT sector (according to 2013 data[update]), Belgrade is one of the foremost
In December 2021, the average Belgrade monthly net salary stood at 94,463 RSD ($946) in net terms, with the gross equivalent at 128,509 RSD ($1288), while in New Belgrade CBD is Euros 1,059.[165] 88% of the city's households owned a computer, 89% had a broadband internet connection and 93% had pay television services.[166]
According to
Culture
According to the BBC, Belgrade is one of the five most creative cities in the world.[168] Belgrade hosts many annual international cultural events, including the
Most of
The city was one of the main centres of the
There is more than 1650
Museums
The most prominent museum in Belgrade is the
The
The
The
The
With around 95,000 copies of national and international films, the Yugoslav Film Archive is the largest in the region and among the 10 largest archives in the world.[200] The institution also operates the Museum of Yugoslav Film Archive, with movie theatre and exhibition hall. The archive's long-standing storage problems were finally solved in 2007, when a new modern depository was opened.[201] The Yugoslav Film Archive also exhibits original Charlie Chaplin's stick and one of the first movies by Auguste and Louis Lumière.[202]
The Belgrade City Museum moved into a new building in downtown in 2006.[203] The museum hosts a range of collections covering the history of urban life since prehistory.[204] The
Architecture
Belgrade has wildly varying architecture, from the centre of
The oldest architecture is found in Kalemegdan Park. Outside of Kalemegdan, the oldest buildings date only from the 18th century, due to its geographic position and frequent wars and destructions.[209] The oldest public structure in Belgrade is a nondescript Turkish
Tourism
Lying on the main artery connecting Europe and Asia, as well as, eventually, the Orient Express, Belgrade has been a popular place for travellers through the centuries.
In 1843, on Dubrovačka Street (today Kralj Petar Street ), Serbia's
As Belgrade became connected via steamboats and railway (after 1884), the number of visitors grew and new hotels were open with the ever luxurious commodities. In Savamala, the hotels Bosna and Bristol were opened. Other hotels included Solun and Orient, which was built near the
The historic areas and buildings of Belgrade are among the city's premier attractions. They include
Ada Ciganlija is a former island on the Sava River, and Belgrade's biggest sports and recreational complex. Today it is connected with the right bank of the Sava via two causeways, creating an artificial lake. It is the most popular destination for Belgraders during the city's hot summers. There are 7 km (4 mi) of long beaches and sports facilities for various sports including golf, football, basketball, volleyball, rugby union, baseball, and tennis.[219] During summer there are between 200,000 and 300,000 bathers daily.[220]
Extreme sports are available, such as
Tourist income in 2016 amounted to nearly half a billion euros;[226] with a visit of almost a million registered tourists.[227] Of those, in 2019 more than 100,000 tourists arrived by 742 river cruisers.[227][228] Average annual growth is between 13% and 14%.[227]
As of 2018, there are three officially designated
Belgrade is a common stop on the Rivers Route, European cycling route known as "Danube Bike Trail" in Serbia as well as on the Sultans Trail, a long-distance hiking footpath between Vienna and Istanbul.
Nightlife
Belgrade has a reputation for vibrant nightlife; many clubs that are open until dawn can be found throughout the city.[230] The most recognisable nightlife features of Belgrade are the barges (splav) spread along the banks of the Sava and Danube Rivers.[231][232][233]
Many weekend visitors—particularly from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia—prefer Belgrade nightlife to that of their own capitals due to its perceived friendly atmosphere, plentiful clubs and bars, cheap drinks, lack of significant language barriers, and a lack of night life regulation.[234][235] One of the most famous sites for alternative cultural happenings in the city is the SKC (Student Cultural Centre), located right across from Belgrade's highrise landmark, the Belgrade Palace tower. Concerts featuring famous local and foreign bands are often held at the centre. SKC is also the site of various art exhibitions, as well as public debates and discussions.[236]
A more traditional Serbian nightlife experience, accompanied by traditional music known as
The Times reported that Europe's best nightlife can be found in Belgrade.[240] In the Lonely Planet 1000 Ultimate Experiences guide of 2009, Belgrade was placed at the 1st spot among the top 10 party cities in the world.[241]
Sport and recreation
There are approximately one-thousand sports facilities in Belgrade, many of which are capable of serving all levels of sporting events.[242]
Ada Ciganlija island, lake and beaches are one of the most important recreational areas in the city. With total of 8 km beaches, with lot of bars, caffe's, restaurants and sport facilities, Ada Ciganlija attracts many visitors especially in summertime.
Košutnjak park forest with numerous running and bike trails, sport facilities for all sports with indoor and outdoor pools is also very popular. Located only 2 km from Ada Ciganlija.
During the 60s and 70s Belgrade held a number of major international events such as the first ever World Aquatics Championships in 1973, 1976 European Football Championship and 1973 European Cup Final, European Athletics Championships in 1962 and European Indoor Games in 1969, European Basketball Championships in 1961 and 1975, European Volleyball Championship for men and women in 1975 and World Amateur Boxing Championships in 1978.
Since the early 2000s Belgrade again hosts major sporting events nearly every year. Some of these include
The city is home to Serbia's two biggest and most successful football clubs, Red Star Belgrade and Partizan Belgrade. Red Star won the UEFA Champions League (European Cup) in 1991, and Partizan was runner-up in 1966. The two major stadiums in Belgrade are the Marakana (Red Star Stadium) and the Partizan Stadium.[244] The Eternal derby is between Red Star and Partizan.
Belgrade Marathon is held annually since 1988. Belgrade was a candidate to host 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympic Games.
Fashion and design
Since 1996,
In addition to fashion, there are two major design shows held in Belgrade every year which attract international architects and industrial designers such as Karim Rashid, Daniel Libeskind, Patricia Urquiola, and Konstantin Grcic. Both the Mikser Festival and Belgrade Design Week feature lectures, exhibits and competitions. Furthermore, international designers like Sacha Lakic, Ana Kraš, Bojana Sentaler, and Marek Djordjevic are originally from Belgrade.
Media
Belgrade is the most important media hub in Serbia. The city is home to the main headquarters of the national broadcaster
High-circulation daily newspapers published in Belgrade include
Education
Belgrade has two state universities and several private institutions of higher education. The
The city is also home to 195 primary (elementary) schools and 85 secondary schools. The primary school system has 162 regular schools, 14 special schools, 15 art schools, and 4 adult schools, while the secondary school system has 51 vocational schools, 21 gymnasiums, 8 art schools and 5 special schools. The 230,000 pupils are managed by 22,000 employees in over 500 buildings, covering around 1.1×10 6 m2 (12×10 6 sq ft).[256]
Transportation
Belgrade has an extensive public transport system consisting of buses (118 urban lines and more than 300 suburban lines), trams (12 lines),
The new Belgrade Centre railway station is the hub for almost all national and international trains. The high-speed rail that connects Belgrade with Novi Sad started its service at 19 March 2022.[265] The extension towards Subotica and Budapest is under construction,[266] and there are plans for a southwards extension towards Niš and North Macedonia.[267]
The city is placed along the
Situated at the confluence of two major rivers, the Danube and the Sava, Belgrade has 11 bridges, the most important of which are Branko's Bridge, Ada Bridge, Pupin Bridge and Gazela Bridge, the last two of which connect the core of the city to New Belgrade. In addition, an 'inner magistral semi-ring' is almost done and includes a new Ada bridge across the Sava river and a new Pupin bridge across the Danube river, which ease commuting within the city and unload traffic from the Gazela Bridge and Branko's Bridge.[269]
The
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
List of Belgrade's sister and twin cities:[277]
- Coventry, UK, since 1957[278][279]
- Chicago, US, since 2005
- Ljubljana, Slovenia, since 2010[280][281]
- Skopje, North Macedonia, since 2012[282][283]
- Shanghai, China, since 2018[284]
- Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 2020[285]
Partner cities
Other friendships and cooperations, protocols, memorandums:[277]
- Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, since 2018, Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation
- Rabat, Morocco, since 2017, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
- Seoul, South Korea, since 2017, Memorandum of Understanding on Friendly Exchanges and Cooperation
- Astana, Kazakhstan, since 2016, Agreement on Cooperation[286]
- Tehran, Iran, since 2016, Agreement on Cooperation[287]
- Corfu, Greece, since 2010, Protocol on Cooperation
- Shenzhen, China, since 2009, Agreement on Cooperation[288]
- Zagreb, Croatia, since 2003, Letter of Intent
- Kyiv, Ukraine, since 2002, Agreement on Cooperation
- Algiers, Algeria, since 1991 declaration of mutual interests
- Tel Aviv, Israel, since 1990, Agreement on Cooperation
- Bucharest, Romania, since 1999, Agreement on Cooperation
- Beijing, China, since 1980, Agreement on Cooperation[289]
- Rome, Italy, since 1971, Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation
- Athens, Greece, since 1966, Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation
Some of the city's municipalities are also twinned to small cities or districts of other big cities; for details see their respective articles.
Belgrade has received various domestic and international honours, including the French
See also
- List of people from Belgrade
- List of cities and towns on Danube river
- List of metropolitan areas in Europe
Notes
- ^ also US: /bɛlˈɡrɑːd, -ˈɡræd/ bel-GRAHD, -GRAD, /ˈbɛlɡrɑːd, -ɡræd/ BEL-grahd, -grad [8][9]
- names in other languages
- ^ Yugoslavia itself actually collapsed in 1992, at which point the resultant successor state of Serbia and Montenegro declared itself the legal successor of the republic. It is this polity that dissolved in 2006, not Yugoslavia proper.
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