Brahmanda Purana
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The Brahmanda Purana (
The text is named after one of the cosmological theories of Hinduism, namely the "Cosmic Egg" (Brahma-Anda).[4] It is among the oldest Puranas, the earliest core of text maybe from 4th century CE, continuously edited thereafter over time and it exist in numerous versions.[5] The Brahmanda Purana manuscripts are encyclopedic in their coverage, covering topics such as Cosmogony, Sanskara (Rite Of Passage), Genealogy, chapters on ethics and duties (Dharma), Yoga, geography, rivers, good government, administration, diplomacy, trade, festivals, a travel guide to places such as Kashmir, Cuttack, Kanchipuram, and other topics.[1][5][6]
The Brahmanda Purana is notable for including the
History
The Brahmanda Purana is one of the oldest Puranas, but estimates for the composition of its earliest core vary widely.[11] The early 20th-century Indian scholar V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar dated this Purana to 4th-century BCE.[11] Most later scholarship places this text to be from centuries later, in the 4th- to 6th-century CE.[11][12] The text is generally assumed, states Ludo Rocher, to have achieved its current structure about 1000 CE.[11]
The text underwent continuous revisions after the 10th century, and new sections probably replaced older ones. The 13th-century Yadava dynasty scholar Hemadri quoted large parts of the then existing Brahmanda Purana, but these parts are not found in currently surviving versions of the same text, suggesting that the 13th-century version of this Purana was different in many respects than extant manuscripts.[13]
The Adhyatma-Ramayana, the most important embedded set of chapters in the extant versions of the Purana, is considered to have been composed centuries later, possibly in the 15th century, and is attributed to
A Javanese Brahmanda palm-leaf manuscript was discovered in Indonesia in the mid-19th century by colonial-era Dutch scholars, along with other Puranas.[7] The Sanskrit originals of these are either lost or yet to be discovered.[7][8] The Javanese Brahmanda was translated by the Dutch Sanskrit scholar Jan Gonda and compared to Sanskrit texts found in India.[18]
Structure
The original, complete version of the Brahmanda Purana has been lost, and 19th-century scholars could only generally locate and procure independent sub-parts or collection of chapters that claimed to have been part of this Purana.[19][10] Many of these chapters turned out to be fraudulent, sold by imposters in the 19th century.[19] Later, Wilson states, rare compilations claiming to be the entire Purana emerged.[19]
The published manuscript of the Brahmanda Purana has three Bhaga (Parts).[11] The first part is subdivided into two Pada (Sub-Parts), while the other two have just one Pada each.[11] The first Bhaga has 38 Adhyaya (Chapters), the second is structured into 74 chapters, while the third and last Bhaga has 44 chapters. These published text has a cumulative total of 156 chapters.[11]
Other unpublished versions of the manuscripts exist, states Rocher, preserved in various libraries.[20] These vary in their structure. The Nasiketopakhyana text, which is embedded inside this Purana, for example exists in 18 chapters in one version and 19 chapters in another, in a form that Moriz Winternitz termed as a corrupted "Insipid, Amplified Version" of the "Beautiful Old Legend" of Nachiketa found in the ancient Katha Upanishad.[20][21]
The tradition and other Puranas assert that the Brahmanda Purana had 12,000 verses, but the published Venkateshwar Press version of manuscript contains 14,286 verses.[22] The Indonesian version of Brahmanda Purana is much shorter, lacks superfluous adjectives but contains all essential information, and does not contain the prophecy-related chapters found in the published extant Indian version. This suggests that older versions of the Indian text may have been smaller, in a different style, and without prophecy-related sections, although tradition informs the opposite (an even larger source).[23]
Content
Violence Or Non-Violence?
The text is encyclopedic.[1][5] It is non-sectarian and reveres all gods and goddesses, including Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Ganesha, Surya and Shakti.[26][27] The text's philosophy is a blend of the Vedanta, Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hindu Philosophy, woven in with Bhakti and some tantra themes.[28]
The second part, which comprises chapters 5–44 of the third section, the Uttarabhaga is the Lalitopakhyana (Narrative Of Lalita). It describes the Goddess
The sections of this Purana include:
- Detailed description of creation of cosmos, discussion about the time as a dimension and details of Kalpa and Yuga.
- Description of certain dynasties like the houses of Bharata, Prithu, Deva, Rishi, and Agni; as well as the Vedanga and the Adi Kalpa.
- Aspects of religious geography, and in this context description of Jambudvipaand Bharata-varsha, and certain other locations identified as islands and landmasses like Anudvipa, Ketumaala-varsha.
- About 20% of the chapters are related to Lalitopakhyana, that is highlighting the goddess theology and her central importance
- Over 35% of the chapters in the text is Adhyatma Ramayana, an Advaita Vedanta treatise of over 65 chapters and 4,500 verses.[9][a][10]
- Another 30% of the chapters approximately, or 47 chapters, are geographical Mahatmyas to various locations across India, such as those in modern Kashmir, Odisha and Tamil Nadu.[29] Geography-related Mahatmyas are travel guides for pilgrimage, describing rivers, temples and scenes to visit.[30]
The Adhyatma Ramayana, a text consisting about 4,500 verses in 65 chapters and divided into seven Kandas (books). The Nasiketopkhyana, a text in 18 chapters, the Pinakinimahatmya, a text in 12 chapters, the Virajakshetramahatmya and the Kanchimahatmya, a text in 32 chapters are embedded in this Purana.[5]
See also
Notes
References
- ^ a b c d Dalal 2014, p. 88.
- ^ a b Hazra 1962, p. 255.
- ^ Rocher 1986, pp. 33, 156–157, with footnotes
- ^ Dalal 2014, p. 83.
- ^ a b c d e Rocher 1986, pp. 156–160.
- ^ Dikshitar 1951, pp. xx–xxiii.
- ^ a b c Rocher 1986, pp. 78–79, with footnote 61
- ^ a b Hinzler 1993, p. 442.
- ^ a b c Rocher 1986, pp. 158–159, with footnotes
- ^ a b c Winternitz 1927, pp. 578–579.
- ^ a b c d e f g Rocher 1986, p. 157, with footnotes
- ^ Collins 1988, p. 36.
- ^ Hazra 1987, pp. 18–19.
- ^ Rocher 1986, p. 159, with footnotes
- ^ a b Dalal 2014, p. 4, see entry for Adhyatma Ramayana
- ^ a b Dalal 2014, pp. 333–334.
- ^ Lochtefeld 2002, pp. 553–554.
- ^ Gietz 1992, p. 468, 473, with notes 2602, 2622
- ^ a b c Wilson 1864, pp. LXXXV–LXXXVI.
- ^ a b Rocher 1986, pp. 157–159.
- ^ Winternitz 1927, p. 579.
- ^ Tagare 1983, p. xviii.
- ^ Tagare 1983, pp. xviii, xxvi–xxx.
- ^ Tagare 1983, p. lxvi.
- ^ sanskritdocuments.org n.d., pp. 337–388, chapter 2.2.
- ^ Tagare 1983, pp. xliv–lvii.
- ^ Tagare 1983, p. lvii.
- ^ Tagare 1983, pp. lxiii–lxv.
- ^ Rocher 1986, pp. 158–160.
- ^ Glucklich 2008, pp. 145–162.
Bibliography
- Bailey, Gregory (2003). Sharma, Arvind (ed.). The Study of Hinduism. ISBN 978-1-57003-449-7.
- Collins, Charles Dillard (1988). The Iconography and Ritual of Siva at Elephanta: On Life, Illumination, and Being. ISBN 978-0-88706-773-0.
- Dalal, Rosen (2014). Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide. Penguin. ISBN 978-8184752779.
- Dikshitar, V.R. Ramachandra (1951). The Purana Index: A-N. Madras University Historical Series, No. 19. Vol. 1. ISBN 978-81-209-1274-8.
- Dimmitt, Cornelia; Van Buitenen, J.A.B. (2012) [1978]. Classical Hindu Mythology: A Reader in the Sanskrit Purāṇas. Philadelphia: ISBN 978-1-4399-0464-0.
- ISBN 0-7914-1382-9.
- ISBN 0-521-43878-0.
- Gietz, K.P.; et al. (1992). Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annotated and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-03028-1.
- Glucklich, Ariel (2008). The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective. ISBN 978-0-19-971825-2.
- Hazra, Rajendra Chandra (1962). "The Puranas". In Radhakrishnan, S. (ed.). The Cultural Heritage of India. Vol. 2. Calcutta: The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture. ISBN 81-85843-03-1.
- Hazra, Rajendra Chandra (1987) [1940]. Studies in the Puranic Records on Hindu Rites and Customs. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0422-7.
- Hinzler, H.I.R. (1993). "Balinese palm-leaf manuscripts". Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia. 149 (3): 438–473. S2CID 162242970. Archived from the originalon 2015-10-01.
- Lochtefeld, James G (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-0823931804.
- ISBN 3-447-02522-0.
- Brahmanda Purana. Vol. 1. Translated by Tagare, GV. Motilal Banarsidass. 1983.
- ISBN 1-84664-664-2.
- Winternitz, M. (1927). A History of Indian Literature. Vol. 1. Translated by Ketkar, S. University of Calcutta.
- "Brahmanda Purana" (PDF). sanskritdocuments.org (in Sanskrit). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2016.
External links
- The Brahmanda Purana English Translation By G. V. Tagare [ProofRead] (Includes Glossary)
- Read Brahmand Puran Online In Hindi
- Brahmanda Purana - English Translation By G.V.Tagare - Part 1
- Brahmanda Purana - English Translation By G.V.Tagare - Part 2
- Brahmanda Purana - English Translation By G.V.Tagare - Part 3
- Brahmanda Purana - English Translation By G.V.Tagare - Part 4
- Brahmanda Purana - English Translation By G.V.Tagare - Part 5