Bronze Age Britain

Bronze Age Britain is an era of

There is no clear consensus on the date for the beginning of the Bronze Age in Great Britain and Ireland. Some sources give a date as late as 2000 BC,[3] and others set 2200 BC as the demarcation between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age.^[4] The period from 2500 BC to 2000 BC has been called the "Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age" in recognition of the difficulty of exactly defining the boundary.^[5] Some archaeologists recognise a British Chalcolithic when copper was used between the 25th and the 22nd centuries BC, but others do not because production and use were on a small scale.^[6][7]

• 2500–2000 BC:
  Mount Pleasant Phase, Early Bell Beaker culture
  : copper+tin.
• 2100–1900 BC: Late Beaker: knives, tanged spearheads (Bush Barrow; Wessex I; Overton Period).
• 1800–1600 BC: Fargo Phase (see correction at Bedd Branwen Period); burials.

Middle Bronze Age (MBA), 1500–1000 BC

• 1500–1300 BC: Acton Park Phase: palstaves, socketed spearheads; copper+tin, also lead.
• 1300–1200 BC: Knighton Heath Period; "rapiers."
• 1200–1000 BC: Early Urnfield; Wilburton-Wallington Phase.

Late Bronze Age (LBA), 1000–700 BC

• 1000–900 BC: Late Urnfield: socketed axes, palstaves (also lead).
• 800–700 BC: Ewart Park Phase, Llyn Fawr Phase: leaf-shaped swords.

In Ireland, the final

Development

The Bell Beaker culture

Around 2500 BC, a new pottery style arrived in Great Britain: the

Movement of continental Europeans brought new people to the islands from the continent.^[10] Recent tooth enamel isotope research on bodies found in early Bronze Age graves around Stonehenge indicates that at least some of the new arrivals came from the area of modern Switzerland. The Beaker culture displayed different behaviours from the earlier Neolithic people and cultural change was significant. Many of the early henge sites seem to have been adopted by the newcomers.

Furthermore, a fundamentally different approach to burying of the dead members began to take place. In contrast to the Neolithic practice of communal burials, the Bronze Age society undergoes an apparent shift towards focusing on to the individual, rather on the ancestors as a collective.^[11] For example, in the Neolithic era, a large chambered cairn or long barrow was used to house the dead. The 'Early Bronze Age' saw people buried in individual barrows, also commonly known and marked on modern British Ordnance Survey maps as tumuli, or sometimes in cists covered with cairns. They were often buried with a beaker alongside the body. However, even though customs changed, barrows and burial mounds continued to be used during the Bronze Age, with smaller tombs often dug into the primary mounds.

There has been debate amongst archaeologists as to whether the "Beaker people" were a race of people that migrated to Britain en masse from the continent or whether a Beaker cultural "package" of goods and behaviour, which eventually spread across most of Western Europe, diffused to Britain's existing inhabitants through trade across tribal boundaries. However one recent study (2017) suggests a major genetic shift in late Neolithic/early Bronze Age Britain and up to 90% of Britain's Neolithic gene pool may have been replaced with the coming of a people genetically similar to the Beaker people of the Lower Rhine region (modern Netherlands/central-western Germany), which had a high proportion of steppe ancestry.^[12] According to the evolutionary geneticist Ian Barnes, "Following the Beaker spread, there was a population in Britain that for the first time had ancestry and skin and eye pigmentation similar to Britons today".^[13]

Bronze

Several regions of origin have been postulated for the

The bronze axehead, made by casting, was at first similar to its stone predecessors but then developed a socket for the wooden handle to fit into and a small loop or ring to make lashing the two together easier. Groups of unused axes are often found together, suggesting ritual deposits to some, but many archaeologists believe that elite groups collected bronze items and perhaps restricted their use among the wider population. Bronze swords of a graceful "leaf" shape, swelling gently from the handle before coming to a tip, have been found in considerable numbers, along with spear heads and arrow points.

Great Britain had large reserves of tin in what is now Cornwall and Devon in South West England and thus tin mining began. By around 1600 BC, the South-West experiencing a trade boom, as British tin was exported across Europe.

Bronze Age Britons were also skilled at

The greatest quantities of bronze objects found in what is now England were discovered in East Cambridgeshire, where the most important finds were recovered in Isleham (more than 6500 pieces).^[20]

The earliest known metalworking building was found at Sigwells, Somerset, England. Several casting mould fragments were fitted to a Wilburton type sword held in Somerset County Museum.

Wessex culture

The rich Wessex culture developed in southern Great Britain during that time. The weather, previously warm and dry, became much wetter as the Bronze Age continued, which forced the population away from easily-defended sites in the hills and into the fertile valleys. Large livestock farms developed in the lowlands which appear to have contributed to economic growth and inspired increasing forest clearances.

Deverel-Rimbury culture

The

There is evidence of a relatively large-scale disruption of cultural patterns (see

In 2021, a major archaeogenetics study uncovered a migration into southern Britain during the 500-year period from 1300 to 800 BC.^[27] The newcomers were genetically most similar to ancient individuals from Gaul and had higher levels of Early European Farmers ancestry.^[27] From 1000 to 875 BC, their genetic marker swiftly spread through southern Britain,^[28] which made up around half the ancestry of subsequent Iron Age people in that area, but not in northern Britain.^[27] The "evidence suggests that, rather than a violent invasion or a single migratory event, the genetic structure of the population changed through sustained contacts between Britain and mainland Europe over several centuries, such as the movement of traders, intermarriage, and small scale movements of family groups".^[28] The authors describe this as a "plausible vector for the spread of early Celtic languages into Britain".^[27] There was much less migration into Britain during the Iron Age and so it is likely that Celtic had reached Britain before then.^[27] The study also found that lactose tolerance rose swiftly in early Iron Age Britain, a thousand years before it became widespread in mainland Europe, which suggests that milk became a very important foodstuff in Britain at this time.^[27]

Gallery

• 
  Gold lunula, c. 2400–2000 BC.^[29]
• 
  Bell Beaker artefacts
• 
  Bush Barrow artefacts, c. 1900 BC
• 
  Rillaton gold cup, c. 1700 BC
• 
  Jet necklace, c. 2140-1900 BC^[30]
• 
  Hove amber cup, c. 1700 BC
• 
  Caergwrle Bowl, c. 1300 BC.^[31][32]
• 
  The Shropshire bulla, c. 1000 BC
• 
  Bronze hoard
• 
  Amber and gold necklace.^[33]
• 
  Amber necklace
• 
  Gold bracelets and neckrings, 1000 BC
• 
  Bronze shield
• 
  Early Bronze Age axe and dagger^[34]
• 
  The Oxborough Dirk, 1500–1300 BC.^[35]
• 
  Tools and pottery
• 
  Late Bronze Age cauldron.^[36][37]
• 
  Late Bronze Age gold torque
• 
  Jet and copper necklace^[38]
• 
  Dover Boat, c. 1500 BC
• 
  Ferriby Boat model and replica tools, c. 2000 BC
• 
  Bronze wheel parts^[39]
• 
  Horse bridles made from antler
• 
  Wagon, illustration^[40]
• 
  Burial mounds (barrows)
• 
  Hypothetical roundhouse reconstruction
• 
  Log coffin burial, reconstruction.^[41][42]

See also

• Prehistoric Britain
• Bronze Age Scotland
• Bronze Age Cornwall
• Bronze Age Wales
• Copper and Bronze Age Ireland
• Ferriby Boats
• Langdon Bay hoard
• List of Bronze Age hoards in Great Britain
• Bronze Age France
• Unetice culture
• Armorican Tumulus culture
• Hilversum culture
• Nordic Bronze Age
• Bronze Age Europe

References

Bibliography

• Adkins, Roy; Adkins, Lesley; Leitch, Victoria (2008). The Handbook of British Archaeology (Second ed.). London: Constable.
• Barrett, John C. (1994). Fragments from Antiquity: An Archaeology of Social Life in Britain, 2900-1200 BC. Oxford and Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell.
• Bradley, Richard (2007). The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  ISBN 978-0-521-61270-8
  .
• Miles, David (2016). The Tale of the Axe: How the Neolithic Revolution Transformed Britain. London, UK: Thames & Hudson.
  ISBN 978-0-500-05186-3
  .
• Pearson, Michael Parker (2005). Bronze Age Britain (Revised ed.). London: B.T. Batsford.
  ISBN 0-7134-8849-2
  .
• Pollard, Joshua (ed.) (2008). Prehistoric Britain. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  ISBN 978-1-4051-2546-8
  .
• Pryor, Francis (2003). Britain BC. London: Harper.
  ISBN 978-0-00-712693-4
  .
• Tylecote, R. F. (1987). The early history of metallurgy in Europe.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bronze Age in the United Kingdom.

• From Rapier to Langsax: Sword Structure in the British Isles in the Bronze and Iron Ages by Niko Silvester (1995)
• Divers unearth Bronze Age hoard off the coast of Devon
• Moor Sands finds, including a remarkably well preserved and complete sword which has parallels with material from the Seine basin of northern France
• 3000-year-old shipwreck shows European trade was thriving in Bronze Age
• Scales, weights and weight-regulated artefacts in Middle and Late Bronze Age Britain (Lorenz Rahmstorf 2019)