Buddhist devotion
Buddhist devotional practices |
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Devotional |
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Holidays |
Precepts |
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Other |
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Devotion, a central practice in
Most Buddhists use
Buddhist devotional practices can be performed at home or in a temple, in which images of
Definition
The term devotion in the context of Buddhism is defined by Sri Lankan scholar Indumathie Karunaratna as "the fact or quality of being devoted to religious observances or a solemn dedication to an object or a person".
Apart from these terms, the term pūjā is also used for expressions of "honor, worship and devotional attention".
Although in traditional texts devotional acts are sometimes not considered part of the path to
History
In early Buddhism, it was a common practice to recollect the qualities of the Buddha, known as
In Buddhist devotion the
In modern times, Buddhist devotion has changed in many ways. Traditional days of observance can no longer be maintained in the same way due to the introduction of a seven-day workweek, and chants and other practices have been abridged or standardized to adapt to modern society. Goods offered in devotion have been commercialized. Nevertheless, devotional practices still continue to exist and evolve.[14] Today, most Buddhists use ritual in pursuit of their spiritual aspirations.[15]
Symbols
Devotion to the Triple Gem is mostly expressed toward the
Practices
Buddhism regards inner devotion as more important than outer ritual.
In Theravāda Buddhism, devotional ceremonies can be classified as ceremonies for
In Mahāyāna Buddhism, it is common to combine several devotional practices in one three-fold or seven-fold ceremony. In the threefold ceremony, practitioners will
Blessing
In Buddhism, ceremonies are meant to provide a blessing.
Sometimes a distinction is made between the direct, visible help a Buddha gave to a disciple, for example, by giving encouragement, and the hidden powers that a Buddha had and still has, which he also uses to help living beings. These hidden powers can refer to psychic powers, or it can also refer to the power gained when a practitioner invokes the Buddha's name.[32]
Merit-making and resolve
Merit is an energy that can be accumulated through merit-making practices, often performed with people who are considered to have the spiritual power to give blessings, like monastics. This energy can also be directed at a goal chosen, through a resolve (
It is also believed that merit can be transferred to other living beings to help them, or transferred to a deity, who is expected to help in return. Finally, it is believed merit can help to weaken the effects of bad karma.[21][24]
Prostration
In Buddhism, prostration is performed in several situations. Buddhists may prostrate for images of
Prostration is done as an expression of humility and an acknowledgement of the other's spiritual experience. It is usually done three times, to pay respect to the Buddha, the Dharma and the Saṁgha. The prostration is done by holding the hands in front of the chest and bringing them to the different parts of the upper body, to indicate paying respect by the three gates of action, or to indicate the spiritual realization of the truth by a Buddha, realized through body, speech and mind.[33][34] After that, one either bows with the elbows and head onto the ground, or by fully outstretching one's entire body. Apart from such threefold prostrations, prostrations may also be done continuously as a form of repentance, or as part of the ritual of circumambulating (walking around) a stūpa or other holy place ( ).[33] Finally, sometimes a pilgrimage is completely or partly done by prostrating oneself forward.[40][41]
At a more basic level, respect may be shown by a gesture of clasped hands held against the chest (añjali) and raising the hands to one's head or chin, depending on the position and level of respect at which the other person is.[39][42]
Offering
Another important practice is the giving of offerings (pūjā) out of respect and humility to a Buddha image or other artifact. This is often combined with
The offering of flowers and other offerings and care that is given to a holy place are not only signs of respect, but they also are meant to change the environment of the devotee in a place where the Buddha would be at home.[47]
Offerings given to the monastic community are also considered a form of devotion, and offerings of food are often given to the Buddha image first, after which offerings are given to the monks for their breakfast or mid-day meal.[24]
Recitation
Recitation of traditional texts is encouraged in many Buddhist traditions.
In Mahāyāna Buddhism mantras and
Chanting of Buddhist texts is the most widespread mental cultivation practice for lay people. It is believed to help overcome hindrances and negative emotions in the mind and cultivate positive ones.[61] Buddhist chants are reflections on the good spiritual qualities of the Three Refuges or an enlightened teacher, and aspirations of spiritual perfection.[43] Furthermore, chanting texts is considered a way to manifest the healing power of the Buddhist teaching in the world, and to benefit and protect the nation and the world.[62] In early Buddhism, recitation of texts was done mainly for its mnemonic purpose, in a time period when religious texts were not written down. Later on, even though writing became widespread, recitation was still continued out of devotion and to commit the teachings to memory out of respect. Some elements of chanting in Buddhism, such as the monotonous style, still indicate its original mnemonic nature.[63]
Although much chanting is done in ancient ritual languages such as Sanskrit or
Apart from chanting, in some traditions, offerings of music are given in honor of the Triple Gem, consisting of traditional music performed by specialists, or just the ritual music that accompanies the chanting.[24][67] Recitation of texts need not always be in the form of ritual chanting: in Tibet, it is considered meritorious to invite monks to read from Buddhist texts, sometimes for days on end.[68] Devotion can also be expressed in lofty forms of everyday speech, as in the verbs used when talking about a Buddha image in some Southeast Asian languages.[18]
Meditation
In many Buddhist traditions, faith is attributed an important role in the preparation process for meditation practice. Faith is often mentioned hand-in-hand with
More specifically, in the Theravāda meditation manual called the
In Mahāyāna Buddhism, especially in Pure Land Buddhism, faith-based meditations can also be found: five recollections are used to remind oneself of the goodness of Amitābha Buddha. The first three represent body, speech and mind: practitioners honor Amitābha Buddha through physical action, e.g. by prostrating; through speech, by chanting in praise of him; and by resolving to be reborn with him in the Pure Land. The fourth recollection is a series of visualizations, similar to the faith-based meditations from the Visuddhimagga and descriptions in the Pāli Canon. In these visualizations, practitioners imagine Amitābha Buddha, the Pure Land, and after that, themselves being reborn there. The fifth "recollection" is the practice of
There are also devotional visualization meditations in
In
Devotion can also be expressed through walking meditation, which is very clearly seen in the Pure Land tradition. Pure Land devotees may practice walking meditation continuously for ninety days on end. Devotees walk around an image of Amitābha Buddha, visualizing him and chanting his name:[89] breaks are only taken for bodily functions.[90][91] The practice was first proposed by the Chinese writer Shandao.[92]
Pilgrimage
Pilgrimage has been described by scholars as the summit of all devotional practices in Buddhism.
Other places were later added, particularly in other countries, where pilgrimage to the original sites would be daunting.
In some Buddhist countries, pilgrimages must be done on foot.[104] Sometimes, pilgrims also perform ascetic or devotional practices such as having a cold bath as part of the visits, or prostrating along the path.[40][105] Pilgrimages are sometimes done in certain periods, such as in Sri Lanka on days of observance or in certain seasons, and in Tibetan Buddhism as scheduled by a twelve-year cycle. Furthermore, in modern times, Buddhist pilgrimage has often been done as a political statement against certain regimes.[103][106]
Examples of well-known pilgrimage sites are the
Other practices
Another form of devotional respect is to circumambulate three times around a Buddha image or holy place, keeping it to the right. Traditionally, it is recommended to do this clockwise, with the right shoulder facing the image or place, and if possible, bared.
One practice that has been more controversial than most devotional practices in Buddhism, is the practice of
During the
Self-immolation became more and more subject of criticism from the eight century CE onward, from Confucianists, state officials and also from Buddhist monks themselves. In the 21st century CE, the practice has become uncommon.[118][114] Nevertheless, up until the 1990s and 2000s, Vietnamese monks were still reported to practice self-immolation, and Chinese and Korean monks still offered their fingers, burning them.[113]
Places
Although almost all devotional practices can be done in one's own home, it is custom to meet in the local temple on
Stūpas and Buddha images may be donated by a single supporter, or by a community of devotees, motivated by merit-making motives. In most Buddhist traditions, Buddha images are regarded as more than just representations, but as actually imbued with a spiritual power connected to the Three Refuges and the faith of the devotee, as reflected in consecration ceremonies and legendary accounts.[123][129][130] Similarly, relics are also widely honored, because they are seen as an embodiment of the Buddha.[131] Believed by some scholars to be a Buddhist invention, devotion to relics brings Buddhism from a distant age and place closer to home.[96][132] Also, some Buddhists believe the relics have supernatural abilities, such as the ability to reproduce themselves.[133][134] Temples with well-known relics such as the Temple of the Tooth in Sri Lanka are worshipped by thousands of people per day, and well-known relics often provide both the religion as the region with a cultural identity.[135][131] The stūpas that contain the relics are not just honored for the relics, however; by some Buddhists they are also seen as symbolizing the state of enlightenment.[136]
Buddhist temples may be built in a place deemed sacred following the principles of the country's sacred geography, geomancy or because of a pilgrimage route.[128]
It is common in Buddhist temples to take off one's shoes or change them. In ancient times, shoes were a status symbol and taking them off was, therefore, an expression of humility. It might also have been done to keep the temple grounds clean. Another custom is to put the Buddha image on the highest spot in the room,[39][43] and devotees will prevent raising their head higher than the image or point their feet at the image.[137][18]
Festivals and observance days
All Buddhist traditions have festivals, during which devotion is practiced.
In East Asian countries, many of these festivals are also celebrated, but other festivals with pre-Buddhist origins are held as well, combined with Buddhist elements. An example of this is the
Apart from festivals, in Theravāda Buddhism, there are also observance days (
See also
- Buddhist music
- Ratana Sutta
- Awgatha - Burmese Buddhist Devotion
- Sacca-kiriya
- Buddhist liturgy
- Buddhist paths to liberation
- Sādhu
- Funeral/Bardo
- Death anniversary
- Bon (festival)
- Higan
- Transfer of merit
- Offering (Buddhism)
- Segaki
- Silken Painting of Emperor Go-Daigo
Notes
- Digha Nikaya, volume II, pages 140f (PTS pagination)
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External links
- Ajahn Sucitto & Ajahn Candasiri - Buddhist Rituals and Observances
- Chamgon Khentin Tai Situpa - Devotion | SamyeLing.org
- Dalai Lama - Questioning the Advice of the Guru – H.H. the XIV. Dalai Lama
- Lama Yeshe - Chapter 9. The Importance of Guru Devotion
- BBC Documentary about the nature of Buddhist devotion in traditional Buddhist countries, with comments from notable scholars
- Documentary about devotional practices, with special focus on Bodh Gaya
- Morgan, Kenneth W., ed. (1956). The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists. New York: Ronald Press.
- Cyber vihara for daily puja
- Bhavana Vandana, book of devotion PDF
- Vandana – The Album of Pali Devotional Chanting and Hymns PDF
- Welch, Holmes (1967). The Practice of Chinese Buddhism, 1900–1950. Harvard University Press.
- Tsem Tulku RinpochePowerful Pujas