Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam

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The captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam was imposed on the

Malabar alive.[12][13]

North Malabar was divided into the

Cochin.[14]

Nairs under Hyder Ali

The period of

carrying arms, and outlawed them.[15] Furthermore, he offered privileges back to anybody who converted to Islam.[15] This forced some Nairs and many members of the Hindu community to adopt Islam, and resulted in the first appearance of Islam in the Malabar countryside.[16] Humiliated by these perceived slights imposed by the Sultan, the Nairs rose in rebellion.[15] They harassed isolated block-houses set up by Hyder, raided, pillaged, and destroyed stores and munition dumps.[15]

Ayaz Khan was a

Muslim and was enlisted in the Asad-i-Ilahi (new converts) troops. Finding favour with Hyder Ali, in 1779 he became Governor of Chitaldroog and in 1782 of Bednur. The British approached him and he rejected their overtures, but after Hyder's death he agreed to support them and handed over Bednur to them.[18]

Nairs under Tipu Sultan

Related Letters

Tipu Sultan (1750–1799), the architect of the Seringapatam Captivity

In his letter to the Governor of Bekal, Budruz Zaman Khan, in the year 1200 AH (1785 AD), Tipu approved of forced conversions of Nairs:[19]

"Your two letters, with the enclosed memorandums of the Nâimâ (Nair) captives, have been received. You did right in causing a hundred and thirty-five of them to be circumcised, and in putting eleven of the youngest of these into the Usud Ilhye band, and the remaining ninety-four into the Ahmedy troops, consigning the whole, at the same time, to the charge of the

Nugr (Bednore).

[20]

In May of the same year, an order was sent to the Faujdar of Calicut, Arshad Ali Baig, pertaining to the treatment of a Nair dissident:[19]

"Getting possession of the villain, Goorkul, and of his wife and children, you must forcibly make Mussalmans out of them, and then dispatch the whole under a guard to

Seringapatam
."

Proclamation

In 1788, Tipu issued a proclamation to the Nairs of Malabar, wherein he outlined his new scheme of social reform.

His proclamation was met with widespread resentment and consequently, the Hindus of Malabar rose in rebellion.[21] Due to fear 30,000 Brahmins fled to Travancore.[21] The Kottayam and Kadattanand Rajas sought protection from the English East India Company.[21] In November 1788, Tipu's forces attacked Calicut and captured the Karanavappad of Manjeri.[21] Their assaults were met with resistance by the Nairs of Calicut and southern Malabar led by Ravi Varma and other princes of the Padinjare Kovilakam.[21] Tipu set 6,000 troops under his French commander, M. Lally to raise the siege, but failed to defeat Ravi Varma.[21]

Captives

The following year in 1789 Tipu sent Gulam Ali, Gaji Khan and Darvedil Khan with troops into

Malabar region) people joined the Coorgs.[22] Tipu sent Gulam Ali into Malabar but en route Gulam was attacked by the Coorgs.[22] Gulam managed to reach Malabar where he burnt down the Payyavur temple and attacked that region.[22]

That same year (1789), when Tipu was marching against the

Malabar region. There he ordered some of the inhabitants to be converted (made Asadulai), placed Officer Ghafar in command there and had a wooden fort or stockade built.[23]

Tipu had halted in the Malabar to enforce his proclamation.[21] General orders were issued to his army that 'every being in the district without distinction should be burned, that they should be traced to their lurking places, and that all means of truth and falsehood, force or fraud should be employed to effect their universal conversion'.[21] The Raja of Cherkal (Chirakkal, Kannur) fled to Tellicherry but when he was intercepted he killed himself. Then his body was dragged round the camp and hung from a tree.[24] Tipu besieged the Kadattanad Raja's fortified palace at Kuttipuram, and 2,000 Nairs—forced to surrender after a resistance of several days.[21] Several Rajas and wealthy land owners fled to Travancore, where the Dharma Raja helped them to rehabilitate themselves in their new surroundings.[21] On the other hand, Nairs retreated into the jungles where they engaged in guerrilla warfare against the invading Mysorean army.[21] Tipu further organised a regular and systematic hunt for Nairs.[21] He then proceeded to Cannanore and after celebrating the marriage of his son with the daughter of the Ali Raja, marched along the coast of Chowghat.[21] He then made arrangements for the administrative reorganisation of the province, and retired to Coimbatore, leaving a permanent occupying force to frighten and subjugate the local population.[21]

See also

Citations

  1. ISBN 9780230618459
    .
  2. ISBN 978-0-19-758056-1
    .
  3. ^ "OPINION | Khilafat: Scriptural Sanction and Historical Antecedents". www.news18.com. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  4. ^ "Tipu Sultan's relations with the Ottoman Empire – 5-Minute History". fiveminthistory.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  5. ^ "Two-faced Tipu Sultan: Political double trouble | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". Archived from the original on 9 December 2017.
  6. ^ Fernandes 1969, p. 120
  7. ^ Knight 1858, p. 94
  8. ^ Sharma 1991, pp. 34–35
  9. ^ Punganuri 1849, p. 40
  10. ^ Palsokar 1969, pp. 75–79
  11. ^ Craik & MacFarlane 1847, p. 161
  12. ^ a b Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain) 1842, p. 494
  13. ^ Prabhu 1999, p. 250
  14. ISBN 9788187879572
    . Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Fernandes 1969, p. 38
  16. ^ Mathur & Anthropological Survey of India 1977, p. 348
  17. ^ The Proceedings of the Indian History (1945). The Proceedings of the Indian History Congress Ninth Session,annamalai University.
  18. ISBN 9788187879572
    . Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  19. ^ a b Sen 1930, p. 158
  20. ^ Kirkpatrick (2012). Select letters of Tippoo Sultan to various public functionaries. General Books. p. 256. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Menon 1962, pp. 155–156
  22. ^ a b c d e f Moegling, H (1855). Coorg Memoirs: An Account of Coorg and of the Coorg Mission. p. 98. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  23. ^ Punganuri 1849, p. 40.
  24. ^ Moegling, H. (1855). Coorg Memoirs. p. 100. Retrieved 15 February 2014.

References

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