Charles I of Hungary

Charles I, also known as Charles Robert (

Charles won his first decisive victory in the Battle of Rozgony (at present-day Rozhanovce in Slovakia) on 15 June 1312. After that, his troops seized most fortresses of the powerful Aba family. During the next decade, Charles restored royal power primarily with the assistance of the prelates and lesser noblemen in most regions of the kingdom. After the death of the most powerful oligarch, Matthew Csák, in 1321, Charles became the undisputed ruler of the whole kingdom, with the exception of Croatia where local noblemen were able to preserve their autonomous status. He was not able to hinder the development of Wallachia into an independent principality after his defeat in the Battle of Posada in 1330. Charles's contemporaries described his defeat in that battle as a punishment from God for his cruel revenge against the family of Felician Záh who had attempted to slaughter the royal family.

Charles rarely made perpetual land grants, instead introduced a system of "office fiefs", whereby his officials enjoyed significant revenues, but only for the time they held a royal office, which ensured their loyalty. In the second half of his reign, Charles did not hold

Andrew III of Hungary made his maternal uncle,

Pope Clement V sent a new papal legate, Gentile Portino da Montefiore, to Hungary.^[41][43] Montefiore arrived in the summer of 1308.^[41] In the next few months, he persuaded the most powerful lords one by one to accept Charles's rule.^[41] At the Diet, which was held in the Dominican monastery in Pest, Charles was unanimously proclaimed king on 27 November 1308.^[43][44] The delegates sent by Matthew Csák and Ladislaus Kán were also present at the assembly.^[44]

Reign

Wars against the oligarchs (1308–1323)

The papal legate convoked the synod of the Hungarian prelates, who declared the monarch inviolable in December 1308.[43]^[44] They also urged Ladislaus Kán to hand over the Holy Crown to Charles.^[44] After Kán refused to do so, the legate consecrated a new crown for Charles.^[43] Thomas II, Archbishop of Esztergom crowned Charles king with the new crown in the Church of Our Lady in Buda on 15 or 16 June 1309.^[43][45] However, most Hungarians regarded his second coronation invalid.^[41] The papal legate excommunicated Ladislaus Kán, who finally agreed to give the Holy Crown to Charles.^[43] On 27 August 1310, Archbishop Thomas of Esztergom put the Holy Crown on Charles's head in Székesfehérvár; thus, Charles's third coronation was performed in full accordance with customary law.^[41][46][45] However, his rule remained nominal in most parts of his kingdom.^[41]

Matthew Csák laid siege Buda in June 1311, and Ladislaus Kán declined to assist the king.

Charles transferred his residence from Buda to Temesvár in early 1315.[55]^[49] Ladislaus Kán died in 1315, but his sons did not yield to Charles.^[56][47] Charles launched a campaign against the Kőszegis in Transdanubia and Slavonia in the first half of 1316.^[57][58] Local noblemen joined the royal troops, which contributed to the quick collapse of the Kőszegis' rule in southern parts of their domains.^[57] Meanwhile, James Borsa made an alliance against Charles with Ladislaus Kán's sons and other lords, including Mojs Ákos and Peter, son of Petenye.^[47] They offered the crown to Andrew of Galicia.^[47][57] Charles's troops, which were under the command of a former supporter of the Borsas, Dózsa Debreceni, defeated the rebels' united troops at Debrecen at the end of June.^[58][59] In the next two months, many fortresses of Borsa and his allies fell to the royal troops in Bihar, Szolnok, Borsod and Kolozs counties.^[58] No primary source has made reference to Charles's bravery or heroic acts, suggesting that he rarely fought in person in the battles and sieges.^[55] However, he had excellent strategic skills: it was always Charles who appointed the fortresses to be besieged.^[55]

After Charles neglected to reclaim Church property that Matthew Csák had seized by force, the prelates of the realm made an alliance in early 1318 against all who would jeopardize their interests.[65] Upon their demand, Charles held a Diet in summer, but refused to confirm the Golden Bull of 1222.^[66][58] Before the end of the year, the prelates made a complaint against Charles because he had taken possession of Church property.^[58] In 1319, Charles fell so seriously ill that the pope authorized Charles's confessor to absolve him from his all sins before he died, but Charles recovered.^[67] In the same year, Dózsa Debreceni, whom Charles had made voivode of Transylvania, launched successful expeditions against Ladislaus Kán's sons and their allies, and Charles's future Judge royal, Alexander Köcski, seized the Kőszegis' six fortresses.^[68] In summer, Charles launched an expedition against Stefan Uroš II Milutin, during which he retook Belgrade and restored the Banate of Macsó.^[61] The last Diet during Charles's reign was held in 1320; following that, he failed to convoke the yearly public judicial sessions, contravening the provisions of the Golden Bull.^[69]

Matthew Csák died on 18 March 1321.

In January 1322, two Dalmatian towns, Šibenik and Trogir, rebelled against Mladen II Šubić, who was a son of Charles's one-time leading partisan, Paul Šubić.^[73] The two towns also accepted the suzerainty of the Republic of Venice although Charles had urged Venice not to intervene in the conflict between his subjects.^[71] Many Croatian lords (including his own brother, Paul II Šubić) also turned against Mladen, and their coalition defeated him at Klis.^[74] In September, Charles marched to Croatia where all the Croatian lords who were opposed to Mladen Šubić yielded to him in Knin.^[74] Mladen Šubić also visited Charles, but the king had the powerful lord imprisoned.^[74]

Consolidation and reforms (1323–1330)

As one of his charters concluded, Charles had taken "full possession" of his kingdom by 1323.

In September 1330, Charles launched a military expedition against Basarab I of Wallachia who had attempted to get rid of his suzerainty.^[111][81] After seizing the fortress of Severin (present-day Drobeta-Turnu Severin in Romania), he refused to make peace with Basarab and marched towards Curtea de Argeș, which was Basarab's seat.^[111] The Wallachians applied scorched earth tactics, compelling Charles to make a truce with Basarab and withdraw his troops from Wallachia.^[111] While the royal troops were marching through a narrow pass across the Southern Carpathians on 9 November, the Wallachians ambushed them.^[112] During the next four days, the royal army was decimated; Charles could only escape from the battlefield after changing his clothes with one of his knights, Desiderius Hédervári, who sacrificed his life to enable the king's escape.^[112][77] Charles did not attempt a new invasion of Wallachia, which subsequently developed into an independent principality.^[112][77]

In September 1331, Charles made an alliance with Otto the Merry, Duke of Austria, against Bohemia.

The Babonići and the Kőszegis made an alliance with the Dukes of Austria in January 1336.^[101][124] John of Bohemia, who claimed Carinthia from the Habsburgs, invaded Austria in February.^[124][125] Casimir III of Poland came to Austria to assist him in late June.^[125] Charles soon joined them at Marchegg.^[125] The dukes sought reconciliation and signed a peace treaty with John of Bohemia in July.^[124] Charles signed a truce with them on 13 December, and launched a new expedition against Austria early the next year.^[126] He forced the Babonići and the Kőszegis to yield, and the latter were also compelled to hand over to him their fortresses along the frontier in exchange for faraway castles.^[101][127] Charles's peace treaty with Albert and Otto of Austria, which was signed on 11 September 1337, forbade both the dukes and Charles to give shelter to the other party's rebellious subjects.^[127]

Charles continued the reform of coinage in the late 1330s.

Last years (1339–1342)

Charles obliged the Kőszegis to renounce their last fortresses along the western borders of the kingdom in 1339 or 1340.

The Illuminated Chronicle stated that Charles's "first consort, Maria ... was of the Polish nation" and she was "the daughter of

King of Poland,^[154] was born around 1306.^[154] Their marriage took place on 6 July 1320.^[154]

Most 14th-century Hungarian chroniclers write that Charles and Elisabeth of Poland had five sons.

Stephen, who were born in 1327 and 1332, respectively, also survived Charles.^[159]

Although no contemporaneous or nearly contemporaneous sources made mention of any further children, Charles may have fathered two daughters, according to historians Zsuzsa Teke and Gyula Kristó.[159]^[160] Zsuzsa Teke writes that they were born to Mary of Bytom, but the nearly contemporaneous Peter of Zittau wrote that she had died childless.^[160][158] Gyula Kristó proposes that a miniature in the Illuminated Chronicle, which depicts Elisabeth of Poland and five children, implies that she gave birth to Charles's two daughters, because Kristó identifies two of the three children standing on her right as daughters.^[155] The elder of Charles's two possible daughters, Catherine, who was born in the early 1320s, was the wife of Henry II, Duke of Świdnica.^[155] Their only daughter, Anne, grew up in the Hungarian royal court after her parents' death, implying that Charles and Elisabeth of Poland were her grandparents.^[161] Historian Kazimierz Jasiński says that Elisabeth, the wife of Boleslaus II of Troppau, was also Charles's daughter.^[158] If she was actually Charles's daughter, she must have been born in about 1330, according to Kristó.^[158]

Charles also fathered an illegitimate son,

Bishop of Győr in 1336.^[163]

• 
  The betrothal of Charles to Elisabeth of Poland depicted in Illuminated Chronicle
• 
  Charles's wife, Elisabeth of Poland and her five children depicted in Illuminated Chronicle

Legacy

Heroes' Square in Budapest: the king holds his coat-of-arms which units the Árpád stripes with the Capetians' fleurs-de-lis

Charles often declared that his principal aim was the "restoration of the ancient good conditions" of the kingdom.[164] On his coat-of-arms, he united the "Árpád stripes" with the motifs of the coat-of-arms of his paternal family, which emphasized his kinship with the first royal house of Hungary.^[164] During his reign, Charles reunited Hungary and introduced administrative and fiscal reforms.^[108] He bequeathed to his son, Louis the Great, a "bulging exchequer and an effective system of taxation", according to scholar Bryan Cartledge.^[134] Nevertheless, Louis the Great's achievements overshadowed Charles's reputation.^[108]

The only contemporaneous record of Charles's deeds were made by a Franciscan friar who was hostile towards the monarch.^[108] Instead of emphasizing Charles's achievements in the reunification of the country, the friar described in detail the negative episodes of Charles's reign.^[108] In particular, the unusual cruelty that the king showed after Felician Záh's assassination attempt on the royal family contributed to the negative picture of Charles's personality.^[108] The Franciscan friar attributed Charles's defeat by Basarab of Wallachia as a punishment from God for the king's revenge.^[108]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Kristó 2002, p. 24.
2. ^ ^{a b} Csukovits 2012a, p. 112.
3. ^ ^{a b} Dümmerth 1982, p. 220.
4. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 110, 383.
5. ^ ^{a b} Cartledge 2011, p. 33.
6. ^ ^{a b} Engel 2001, p. 110.
7. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 98, 110.
8. ^ Bartl et al. 2002, p. 34.
9. ^ ^{a b c} Kristó 2002, p. 25.
10. ^ Magaš 2007, p. 59.
11. ^ Fine 1994, p. 207.
12. ^ ^{a b} Kelly 2003, p. 8.
13. ^ Dümmerth 1982, pp. 222–223.
14. ^ ^{a b} Dümmerth 1982, p. 224.
15. ^ The Divine Comedy, Dante Alighieri (Paradise, 9.3.), p. 667.
16. ^ ^{a b c} Kelly 2003, p. 276.
17. ^ Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, pp. 188–189.
18. ^ ^{a b} Fine 1994, p. 208.
19. ^ Dümmerth 1982, p. 228.
20. ^ Engel 2001, p. 144.
21. ^ Engel 2001, p. 111.
22. ^ ^{a b} Kristó 2002, pp. 25–26.
23. ^ Dümmerth 1982, p. 229.
24. ^ ^{a b} Engel 2001, p. 128.
25. ^ ^{a b c} Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 188.
26. ^ ^{a b} Kristó 2002, p. 26.
27. ^ Engel 2001, p. 124.
28. ^ Kontler 1999, p. 84.
29. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 125–126.
30. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 128–129.
31. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Engel 2001, p. 129.
32. ^ Zsoldos 2013, p. 212.
33. ^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: (ch. 188.133), p. 143.
34. ^ Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 189.
35. ^ Dümmerth 1982, pp. 232–234.
36. ^ Dümmerth 1982, p. 233.
37. ^ Kristó 2002, p. 27.
38. ^ ^{a b c d} Kristó 2002, p. 28.
39. ^ ^{a b c} Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 190.
40. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 129–130.
41. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Engel 2001, p. 130.
42. ^ ^{a b} Pop 2005, p. 251.
43. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 191.
44. ^ ^{a b c d} Kristó 2002, p. 29.
45. ^ ^{a b c} Bartl et al. 2002, p. 37.
46. ^ ^{a b} Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 192.
47. ^ ^{a b c d e} Pop 2005, p. 252.
48. ^ Kristó 2002, p. 32.
49. ^ ^{a b c d} Engel 2001, p. 131.
50. ^ Zsoldos 2013, p. 222.
51. ^ ^{a b} Zsoldos 2013, p. 221.
52. ^ Zsoldos 2013, p. 229.
53. ^ Zsoldos 2013, p. 236.
54. ^ Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 193.
55. ^ ^{a b c} Kristó 2002, p. 35.
56. ^ Kontler 1999, p. 88.
57. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Engel 2001, p. 132.
58. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 194.
59. ^ Zsoldos 2013, p. 235.
60. ^ Fine 1994, p. 260.
61. ^ ^{a b} Fine 1994, p. 261.
62. ^ ^{a b} Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 195.
63. ^ Kristó 2002, p. 41.
64. ^ Dümmerth 1982, p. 353.
65. ^ Engel 2001, p. 142.
66. ^ Engel 2001, p. 141.
67. ^ Kristó 2002, p. 36.
68. ^ Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 196.
69. ^ ^{a b} Engel 2001, p. 140.
70. ^ ^{a b} Bartl et al. 2002, p. 38.
71. ^ ^{a b c d} Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 197.
72. ^ ^{a b} Engel 2001, p. 133.
73. ^ Fine 1994, pp. 210–211.
74. ^ ^{a b c} Fine 1994, p. 212.
75. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 144, 391.
76. ^ Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 198.
77. ^ ^{a b c d e} Engel 2001, p. 136.
78. ^ ^{a b} Sălăgean 2005, p. 149.
79. ^ ^{a b c d} Fine 1994, p. 213.
80. ^ ^{a b} Engel 2001, p. 145.
81. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Engel 2001, p. 135.
82. ^ Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 199.
83. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 149–150.
84. ^ ^{a b c} Engel 2001, p. 150.
85. ^ Engel 2001, p. 149.
86. ^ ^{a b} Kontler 1999, p. 89.
87. ^ ^{a b} Cartledge 2011, p. 34.
88. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 140, 178.
89. ^ ^{a b c} Engel 2001, p. 143.
90. ^ ^{a b c} Boulton 2000, p. 29.
91. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 146–147.
92. ^ Boulton 2000, p. 27.
93. ^ Cartledge 2011, p. 35.
94. ^ Engel 2001, p. 147.
95. ^ ^{a b} Kontler 1999, p. 90.
96. ^ Engel 2001, p. 154.
97. ^ ^{a b c} Engel 2001, p. 156.
98. ^ ^{a b c d} Engel 2001, p. 155.
99. ^ Kontler 1999, p. 91.
100. ^ Kontler 1999, p. 92.
101. ^ ^{a b c} Engel 2001, p. 134.
102. ^ Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 200.
103. ^ Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 201.
104. ^ Knoll 1972, pp. 51, 54.
105. ^ Knoll 1972, p. 54.
106. ^ Dümmerth 1982, p. 341.
107. ^ ^{a b} Engel 2001, p. 139.
108. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Engel 2001, p. 138.
109. ^ Kristó 2002, p. 40.
110. ^ Kristó 2002, pp. 40–41.
111. ^ ^{a b c} Sălăgean 2005, p. 194.
112. ^ ^{a b c} Sălăgean 2005, p. 195.
113. ^ ^{a b} Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 202.
114. ^ Knoll 1972, p. 58.
115. ^ Knoll 1972, p. 61.
116. ^ Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, pp. 202–203.
117. ^ ^{a b} Dümmerth 1982, p. 352.
118. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 137–138.
119. ^ Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 203.
120. ^ ^{a b} Knoll 1972, p. 73.
121. ^ ^{a b c} Engel 2001, p. 137.
122. ^ Knoll 1972, pp. 74–75.
123. ^ ^{a b} Knoll 1972, p. 75.
124. ^ ^{a b c} Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 204.
125. ^ ^{a b c} Knoll 1972, p. 86.
126. ^ Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, pp. 204–205.
127. ^ ^{a b} Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 205.
128. ^ Kontler 1999, pp. 91–92.
129. ^ Knoll 1972, p. 95.
130. ^ ^{a b} Knoll 1972, pp. 95–96.
131. ^ ^{a b} Knoll 1972, p. 96.
132. ^ ^{a b} Solymosi & Körmendi 1981, p. 206.
133. ^ Engel 2001, pp. 145, 150.
134. ^ ^{a b} Cartledge 2011, p. 36.
135. ^ Csukovits 2012a, p. 115.
136. ^ ^{a b c} Kristó 2002, p. 43.
137. ^ Teke 1994, p. 48.
138. ^ Dümmerth 1982, pp. 62–63, Appendix.
139. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 271, Appendix 5.
140. ^ Franzl 2002, pp. 279–280.
141. ^ ^{a b} Kristó 2005, p. 15.
142. ^ ^{a b} Sroka 1992, p. 261.
143. ^ Kristó 2005, p. 16.
144. ^ Kristó 2005, p. 17.
145. ^ Kristó 2005, pp. 17–18.
146. ^ Csukovits 2012a, p. 114.
147. ^ Sroka 1992, p. 262.
148. ^ Sroka 1992, p. 263.
149. ^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle: (ch. 197.139), p. 145.
150. ^ ^{a b} Sroka 1992, p. 265.
151. ^ Kristó 2005, p. 19.
152. ^ ^{a b} Kristó 2005, pp. 19–20.
153. ^ ^{a b} Kristó 2005, p. 22.
154. ^ ^{a b c} Knoll 1972, p. 42.
155. ^ ^{a b c} Kristó 2005, pp. 25–26.
156. ^ Kristó 2005, p. 23.
157. ^ Kristó 2005, pp. 23–24.
158. ^ ^{a b c d} Kristó 2005, p. 26.
159. ^ ^{a b c d} Kristó 2005, p. 27.
160. ^ ^{a b} Teke 1994, p. 49.
161. ^ Kristó 2005, p. 25.
162. ^ ^{a b} Szovák 1994, p. 316.
163. ^ Szovák 1994, p. 317.
164. ^ ^{a b} Kontler 1999, pp. 88–89.

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Further reading

• Krstić, Aleksandar R. (2016). "The Rival and the Vassal of Charles Robert of Anjou: King Vladislav II Nemanjić". Banatica. 26 (2): 33–51.
• Lucherini, Vinni (2013). "The Journey of Charles I, King of Hungary, from Visegrád to Naples (1333): Its Political Implications and Artistic Consequences". Hungarian Historical Review. 2 (2): 341–362.
• Michaud, Claude (2000). "The kingdoms of Central Europe in the fourteenth century". In Jones, Michael (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume VI: c. 1300-c. 1415. Cambridge University Press. pp. 735–763.
  ISBN 0-521-36290-3
  .
• Rácz, György (2013). "The Congress of Visegrád in 1335: Diplomacy and Representation". Hungarian Historical Review. 2 (2): 261–287.
• Skorka, Renáta (2013). "With a Little Help from the Cousins: Charles I and the Habsburg Dukes of Austria during the Interregnum". Hungarian Historical Review. 2 (2): 243–260.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charles I of Hungary.

• Bain, Robert Nisbet (1911). "Charles I. (King of Hungary)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). pp. 922–923.
• His picture on the Hungarian 200 forint banknote
• Armorial of the House Anjou-Sicily (in French)
• House of Anjou-Sicily (in French)

Charles I of Hungary Capetian House of Anjou Cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty Born: 1288 Died: 16 July 1342
Regnal titles
Preceded by Andrew III or Otto	Croatia 1301 or 1308–1342 with Wenceslaus (1301–1305) Otto (1305–1307) (as contenders)	Succeeded by Louis I