Charles Rangel
Charlie Rangel | |
---|---|
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York | |
In office January 3, 1971 – January 3, 2017 | |
Preceded by | Adam Clayton Powell Jr. |
Succeeded by | Adriano Espaillat |
Constituency |
|
Chair of the House Ways and Means Committee | |
In office January 3, 2007 – March 3, 2010 | |
Preceded by | Bill Thomas |
Succeeded by | Sander Levin |
Member of the New York State Assembly from the 72nd district | |
In office January 1, 1967 – December 31, 1970 | |
Preceded by | Bill Green |
Succeeded by | George Miller |
Personal details | |
Born | Charles Bernard Rangel June 11, 1930 New York City, U.S. |
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse |
Alma Carter (m. 1964) |
Education | |
Signature | |
Military service | |
Allegiance | United States |
Branch/service | United States Army |
Years of service | 1948–1952 |
Rank | Staff Sergeant |
Unit | 503rd Artillery Battalion, 2nd Infantry Division |
Battles/wars | Korean War • Battle of Kunu-ri (WIA) |
Awards |
|
Charles Bernard Rangel (/ˈræŋɡəl/, RANG-gəl;[1] born June 11, 1930) is an American politician who was a U.S. representative for districts in New York City from 1971 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, he was the second-longest serving incumbent member of the House of Representatives at the time of his retirement, having served continuously since 1971. As its most senior member, he was also the Dean of New York's congressional delegation. Rangel was the first African American chair of the influential House Ways and Means Committee. He was also a founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus.
Rangel was born in
Rangel rose rapidly in the Democratic ranks in the House, combining solidly
during the 2000s.Beginning in 2008, Rangel faced a series of personal legal issues focusing on ethics violations and allegations of failures to abide by tax laws. The
Early life, military service, and education
Rangel was born in Harlem in New York City on June 11, 1930.[2] His father, Ralph Rangel, was from Puerto Rico and came to New York in 1914, while his African American mother, Blanche Mary Wharton Rangel, was from New York City and had family roots in Virginia.[3][nb 1] Charles was the second of three children,[2] with an older brother Ralph Jr. and a younger sister Frances.[3] Ralph Rangel sometimes worked as a laborer in a garage,[3] but he was mostly a frequently absent, unemployed man who was abusive to his wife and who left the family when Charles was six years old.[2][4] Charles was raised by his mother, who worked as a maid and as a seamstress in a factory in New York's Garment District, and by his maternal grandfather.[4][5] Many summers were spent in Accomac, Virginia where his maternal family had roots.[6] Charles was brought up as a Catholic.[7]
Rangel did well in elementary and middle school,
Rangel then enlisted in the
In late November 1950, after the Chinese intervention into the war his unit was caught in heavy fighting in North Korea as part of the
On the night of November 30, Rangel was part of a retreating vehicle column that was trapped and attacked by Chinese forces.[10][17] In the subzero cold Rangel was hit in the back by shrapnel from a Chinese shell.[18] He later wrote that the blast threw him into a ditch, causing him to pray fervently to Jesus.[17] Up and down the line of the retreat, unit cohesion disappeared under attack and officers lost contact with their men.[19] There was screaming and moaning around him and some U.S. soldiers were being taken prisoner,[9] but despite feeling overwhelming fear Rangel resolved to try to escape over an imposing mountain: "From the rim of that gully it just looked like everything had to be better on the other side of that damn mountain."[17]
Others nearby looked to Rangel, who though only a private first class had a reputation for leadership in the unit and had gained the nickname "Sarge".[17] Rangel led some 40 men from his unit over the mountain during the night and out of the Chinese encirclement.[9] Other groups were trying to do the same, but some men dropped from the severe conditions or got lost and were never heard from again.[20][21] By midday on December 1, U.S. aircraft were dropping supplies and directions to Rangel's group and others, and had a raft ready to take them across the Taedong River; groups from the 503rd Artillery reached Sunchon that afternoon.[20][22] Overall, no part of the 2nd Infantry suffered as many casualties as the artillery;[23] it tried to save, but eventually lost, all its guns,[24] and nearly half of the battalion was killed in the overall battle.[25]
Rangel was treated first at a field hospital, then moved to a general hospital well behind the lines in South Korea where he recuperated.[26] He eventually returned to regular duty, then was rotated back to the U.S. in July 1951.[26]
Rangel was awarded a
Since Kunu Ri – and I mean it with all my heart, I have never, never had a bad day.[10]
After an honorable discharge from the Army in 1952 with the rank of
Rangel finished high school, completing two years of studies in one year.[nb 3] Benefiting from the G.I. Bill[31] Rangel received a Bachelor of Science degree from the New York University School of Commerce in 1957, where he made the dean's list.[9] On full scholarship, he obtained his law degree from the St. John's University School of Law in 1960.[32]
Rangel is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. He is also a member of the fraternity's World Policy Council, a think tank whose purpose is to expand Alpha Phi Alpha's involvement in politics and social and current policy to encompass international concerns.[33]
Early career
Legal
After finishing law school Rangel passed the state
Next Rangel was legal counsel to the
Rangel met Alma Carter, a social worker, in the mid-late-1950s while on the dance floor of the Savoy Ballroom in Harlem.[4] They married on July 26, 1964.[39] They have two children, Steven and Alicia, and three grandsons.[39]
Political
He ran for party district leader and lost during an intense Democratic factional dispute in Harlem in 1963.[40] In 1964, Rangel and the man who would become his political mentor, Assemblyman Percy Sutton, merged clubs as part of forming the John F. Kennedy Democratic Club in Harlem (which later became part of the Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. Democratic Club).[5][35][41]
Rangel participated in the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches, marching for four days even though he had planned only a brief appearance.[9] He developed what The New York Times would label his irrepressible energy and joking style of self-mockery during this time.[9]
Rangel was selected in September 1966 by Harlem Democrats to run in the 72nd District for the
Rangel supported legalization of the
In 1969, Rangel ran for the Democratic nomination for
In 1970, Rangel ran for election to the
U.S. House of Representatives
Districts, terms, and committees
Initially the strongest electoral challenge to Rangel came during his first re-election bid, in 1972, when he faced a Democratic primary challenge from
Rangel won re-election every two years until his retirement, usually with over 90 percent of the vote and often with more than 95 percent.[48][49][50] In a number of elections Rangel received the backing of the Democratic Party, the Republican Party, and the Liberal Party of New York.[47] Rangel's consistent appeal to his constituents has been due to the perception of him as a champion for justice not just in Harlem but elsewhere in the world.[51] He did face a mid-career primary challenge in 1994 when two-term New York City Councilman Adam Clayton Powell IV was his opponent and held Rangel to 58 percent of the vote.[52] Rangel then faced strong primary challenges from 2010 on during and after his ethics troubles.
His district was numbered the Eighteenth District from 1971 to 1973; the Nineteenth District from 1973 to 1983; the Sixteenth District from 1983 to 1993; and the Fifteenth from 1993 to 2013. Early 1970s' reapportionment led to the area that Rangel represented being only 65 percent black,
Rangel was an original member when the Congressional Black Caucus was formed in 1971.[56] In 1974, he was elected its chairman[2][47] and he served in that role until 1976.[57] He remained a member of the caucus for the duration of his time in office.
- Committee assignments
- Committee on Ways and Means (1975–2017; Ranking member 1996–2006; Chair 2007–2010 [leave of absence for part of 2010])
- Joint Committee on Taxation(Chair 2007, 2009; Vice Chair 2008, 2010 [until left Ways and Means chair])
- Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control (1976–1993; Chair 1983–1993)
- Select Committee on Crime (1971–1973)
- Committee on the Judiciary (1971–1974)
- Caucus memberships
- Congressional Black Caucus
- Congressional Progressive Caucus[58]
- Congressional Arts Caucus[59]
- House Democratic Caucus
- International Conservation Caucus
1970s: Rapid rise
As a freshman representative Rangel focused on the issue of drugs and was a member of the
On April 14, 1972, Rangel and Louis Farrakhan interfered in the investigation of the murder of New York Police Department patrolman Philip Cardillo, who was fatally shot in a Harlem Nation of Islam mosque where Malcolm X used to preach. Before a suspect could be taken into custody, Farrakhan and Rangel arrived at the scene, saying a riot would likely occur if the suspect and others were not released.[60] Some police department officials also limited the investigation, including deputy commissioner for public affairs Benjamin Ward, who had ordered all white officers away from the scene in acquiescing to the demands of Farrakhan and Rangel.[60]
Despite an initial impression that Rangel was mostly concerned with the "ghetto problems" of drugs and welfare, Rangel focused on many other issues.
In Congress one of Rangel's first committee assignments was on the
Rangel rose rapidly in the House, due to his political skills, hard work, knowledge of legislative matters, and genial manner.
Besides his increasing influence in Washington, by the late 1970s Rangel was New York City's leading black political figure.[53] After initially endorsing Percy Sutton in the 1977 mayoral election, he endorsed Ed Koch over Mario Cuomo in the Democratic primary run-off.[63] He attempted to mediate between Mayor Koch and some minority groups who thought the Koch administration racially insensitive. As Koch related, "He has told some blacks angry with me: 'You say Ed Koch is nasty to you? I want you to know he's nasty to everybody.' I thought that was rather nice."[53]
1980s: Influential figure
In 1981, Rangel became chairman of the
By that time Rangel was known as one of the
Rangel endorsed Koch for re-election in 1981; by 1983 his relationship with the mayor had fallen apart:
In 1983, Rangel became chair of the Select Committee on Narcotics solidifying his position as a leading strategist on an issue perennially important to him.
Rangel was part of the House–Senate joint conference that worked on the Tax Reform Act of 1986, a simplifying overhaul that constituted the most sweeping reform of the U.S. tax code in 50 years.[64] In the negotiations Rangel successfully argued for dropping more lower-income people from the tax rolls;[64] the elimination of six million households from federal income taxation was hailed as a wise policy by both liberal and conservative groups.[74] Rangel authored the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit portion of the bill, which increased affordable housing in the U.S.[39] He also played a key role in preserving the deductibility of state and local income taxes.[54] He asserted that while beneficiaries of tax reform were not well organized, business interests opposed to it were. When the conference threatened to break down, he stressed it was vital to reach an agreement.[75]
By late 1985 Rangel was in a six-person race to become the next
In December 1984, Rangel was arrested for participating in an anti-apartheid rally in front of the South African Consulate in New York.[80] Rangel successfully pushed to have foreign tax credits removed for corporations doing business in that country, a 1987 act that became known as the "Rangel Amendment".[39][81][82] A number of companies left South Africa as a result, and the amendment proved to be one of the more effective anti-apartheid sanctions.[54][82] The bill won praise from Nelson Mandela and Rangel later said was one of his actions that he was most proud of.[81]
1990s: Support and opposition
During the 1991
Rangel's dream of becoming chairman of Ways and Means took a tumble with the
Opening up economic opportunities for minorities and the poor was a focus of Rangel's during the 1990s.[39] His 1993 legislation created "empowerment zones", which provided tax incentives for investment and job creation in inner urban areas;[39] it would eventually account for $5 billion in federal spending across the nation's cities.[51][67] Rangel played a specific role in the creation of the 1995 Upper Manhattan Empowerment Zone Development Corporation, which led to a $500 million spending of public and private monies towards changing the face of Harlem, including gentrification effects.[52] Rangel served on the corporation's board, and the effort was credited with helping the resurgence of Harlem that took place during the 1990s.[50][67]
During the late 1990s, Rangel led an outreach effort on behalf of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee that sought to gain African American votes for white candidates in key swing districts.[85] The project may have helped gain or keep several seats during the 1998 mid-term House elections.[85]
In late 1998, when long-time Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan of New York announced his retirement, Rangel was one of the first to advocate that First Lady Hillary Clinton move to New York and run for the seat.[86] She did so successfully.
On March 15, 1999, the congressman was arrested along with two other prominent African American leaders (civil rights activist
In October 1998,
2000–2007: Protest and power
During the early 2000s Rangel advocated continued funding of anti-poverty efforts, including
Rangel sponsored the African Growth and Opportunity Act, passed in 2000, despite the opposition of labor unions, the textile industry, and the Congressional Black Caucus.[83] For the first time incentives were provided for U.S. trade with sub-Saharan Africa.[39] Indeed, Rangel became known for support of free trade agreements, in contrast to many House Democrats.[48][83]
Following the September 11 attacks, Rangel helped secure an extension to unemployment benefits. His intent was to help those in New York industries affected by the events.[39]
Motivated by seeing few African American diplomats on his trips abroad,
In July 2004, Rangel was the first of three sitting U.S. House members to be arrested on
Rangel was an adamant opponent of the
Rangel has been long been opposed to the all-volunteer army and repeatedly called for the government to bring back the draft (military conscription).[52] In 2003, Rangel said that "A disproportionate number of the poor and members of minority groups make up the enlisted ranks of the military, while the most privileged Americans are underrepresented or absent," and that a draft would make the military more representative of the American public at large.[95] While some observers saw the logic in what Rangel was saying, his proposals attracted little organized support from either party or from antiwar organizations.[96] During 2006 Rangel said that no soldier would be fighting in Iraq if they had decent career possibilities[97] and stating:
There's no question in my mind that this president and this administration would never have invaded Iraq, especially on the flimsy evidence that was presented to the Congress, if indeed we had a draft and members of Congress and the administration thought that their kids from their communities would be placed in harm's way.[98]
Rangel introduced versions of his Universal National Service Act in the House in 2003, 2006, 2007, and 2010.[95][99][100] Polls showed 70 percent of Americans opposed a reinstatement of the draft.[98] Rangel emphasized that people could fulfill their draft obligations through non-military services, such as port and airline security.[98] The one time the act came up for a vote in the full House, in 2004, it was defeated 2–402, with Rangel voting against his own bill in protest at the procedural handling of it.[52][101]
In June 2006, the
In August 2006, Rangel said he would resign his seat if the Democrats did not take the House that November,[106] a statement that had real intent behind it, as at age 76 Rangel was feeling "the claustrophobia" of time.[52]
The Democrats did take control and in January 2007, Rangel's long wait to head the Ways and Means Committee was over.[51] Not only was he the first African American to do so, but he was also the first New Yorker to chair the committee since Fernando Wood in the 1870s.[54] As holder of one of the most powerful posts in Congress,[107] he said the chairmanship "couldn't have come any later for me".[52] Age was not otherwise a factor with Rangel, who worked a scheduled 16 hours a day and looked a good deal younger than he was.[52] Ebony magazine termed Rangel's ascent to the chairmanship "a watershed moment for African-Americans, who historically have been shut out when it comes to deciding how to divvy up the trillions of dollars in the federal government's budget".[51] Rangel was able to establish an effective working relationship with ranking member Jim McCrery.[106]
In April 2007, Rangel published his autobiography, ... And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since: From the Streets of Harlem to the Halls of Congress, whose title reflected his experience in Korea. The New York Times gave it a favorable reviewing, saying it was "mercifully short on laundry lists [that some other political memoirs have], but long on sass and spirit".[107]
Rangel was an early and strong supporter of
2008–2010: Ethics issues and censure
Letterhead use and Rangel Center fundraising
In July 2008,
Rangel denied any wrongdoing and asked the
Renting Harlem apartments at below-market rates
Congressional ethics experts said the difference in rent between what Rangel was paying and market rates, an estimated $30,000 per year, could be construed as a gift, exceeding the $100 House of Representatives gift limit.[67] In late July, the House voted 254–138 to table a resolution by Republican Minority Leader John Boehner that would have censured Rangel for having "dishonored himself and brought discredit to the House", by occupying the four apartments.[115]
House parking garage
A September 2008
Taxes on Dominican villa rental income
Rangel was accused of failing to report income from his rental of a beachside villa he owns in Punta Cana in the Dominican Republic. A three-bedroom, three-bath unit, it has rented out for as much as $1,100 per night in the busiest tourist season.[118]
Labor lawyer
In September 2008, Rangel's attorney,
A September 14, 2008, New York Times editorial called for Rangel to step down temporarily from his chairmanship of the Ways and Means Committee while his ethical problems were investigated.[122]
On September 24, 2008, the House Ethics Committee announced that it would investigate whether Rangel had violated its
Defense of tax shelter
In November 2008, following reports by The New York Times, Republican Congressmen asked the House Ethics Committee to look into Rangel's defense of a tax shelter approved by his Ways and Means Committee. One of the four companies that benefited from the loophole was Nabors Industries, which opened headquarters in Bermuda as a foreign corporation.[126] Under the loophole Nabors received tens of millions of dollars in tax breaks. In 2004, Rangel had led opposition to the tax breaks.[126] Nabors donated $1 million in 2006, and $100,000 later, to the City College of New York school named after Rangel.
Its CEO said the donations were unrelated to Rangel's February 2007 promise to oppose closing the loophole.[126] He denied there was any quid pro quo, and called the article about it "malarkey".[127] Rangel said The New York Times had ignored facts and explanations, and denied the charges.[126][128][129] The House Ethics Committee voted in December 2008, to expand its investigation of Rangel to the matter.[130] Eventually the Ethics Committee would not make a specific charge over this matter but did include it in the supporting documentation for the overall charge that Rangel had solicited Rangel Center donations from those with business before his committee.[131]
Unreported assets and income
On September 15, 2008, it was disclosed that: (a) Rangel had omitted from his financial reports details regarding his sale of a Washington, DC home; (b) discrepancies existed in the values he listed for a property he owns in
In August 2009, Rangel amended his 2007 financial disclosure form to report more than $500,000 in previously unreported assets and income. That doubled his reported
The ethics issues led by December 2008 to some loss of standing for Rangel, to Republicans trying to tie him to all Democrats, and to some Democrats privately saying it would be best if Rangel stepped down from his Ways and Means post.[133] In late 2008 and again in September 2009, the government
Caribbean trips
In May 2009, the non-profit
On February 26, 2010, the Ethics Committee issued its report.[138] It determined that Rangel had violated House gift rules, by accepting reimbursement for his travel to the conferences.[139] The committee found that he had not known of the contributions, but concluded that he was still responsible for them and was required to repay their cost.[139] Five other members were cleared of having violated rules, but were also required to repay their trips.[139] Rangel disagreed with the committee's finding, saying:
Because they were my staff members who knew, one of whom has been discharged, [the committee has decided] that I should have known. Common sense dictates that members of Congress should not be held responsible for what could be the wrongdoing, or mistakes, or errors of staff.[136]
Pelosi said she would not take any action against Rangel pending further committee findings, as his staff had been more at fault and he had not broken any law.[136] The Ethics Committee continued to investigate the charges against Rangel relating to obtaining rent-stabilized apartments, fundraising, and failure to disclose rental income from his Dominican villa.[136]
Stepping aside as House Ways and Means Chair
After a February 2010 House Ethics Committee report criticizing him for taking sponsored Caribbean trips, the White House backed off its prior support of Rangel somewhat, and within days 14 Democratic members of Congress publicly called on Rangel to step aside as Ways and Means chair.[140][141] Other Democrats were concerned that Rangel would impede Democrats' efforts to maintain their majority in the 2010 House elections, but did not say anything publicly out of respect and personal affection for Rangel.[140] Momentum quickly built against Rangel, with 30 or more Democrats planning to oppose his continued chairmanship of the Ways and Means Committee, in a full House vote being pushed by Republicans.[142][143] Democrat Paul Hodes of New Hampshire noted:
I think we're in a zero-tolerance atmosphere, and I think... Washington should be held to the highest ethical standards. I have the greatest admiration for Mr. Rangel's service to this country. He's been a great public servant. This is very, very unfortunate, but I think it's necessary.[142]
On March 3, 2010, Rangel said he would take a
House ethics committee charges
On July 22, 2010, a bipartisan, four-member investigative subcommittee of the House Ethics Committee indicated it had "substantial reason to believe" that Rangel had violated a range of ethics rules relating to the other charges.[147] The matter was referred to another, newly created, special subcommittee to rule on the findings.[147][148] Majority Leader Steny Hoyer said the action indicated the "process is working as it should, while Minority Leader John Boehner called the announcement "a sad reminder" of Speaker Nancy Pelosi's "most glaring broken promise: to 'drain the swamp' in Washington".[149]
Rangel negotiated with the Ethics Committee. But participants in the talks characterized him as unwilling to admit wrongdoing in connection with several of the charges, and anxious about preserving his legacy. No settlement was reached.[150]
On July 29, 2010, Rangel was charged by the committee with 13 counts of violating House rules and federal laws.[151] Rangel's lawyers continued to insist that he had not intentionally violated any law or regulation, had not handed out political favors, and had not misused his office for personal financial gain.[151] Rangel somberly only said this on the day the charges were announced:
Sixty years ago, I survived a Chinese attack in North Korea. And as a result I wrote a book that, having survived that, that I haven't had a bad day since. Today I have to reassess that.[152]
Re-election campaign of 2010
Rangel suggested that
Rangel faced several Democratic primary challengers for his seat in 2010: Vincent Morgan, whose grassroots campaign bore many resemblances to Rangel's own against the scandal-plagued Adam Clayton Powell Jr., in 1970;[157] Adam Clayton Powell IV, who had previously challenged Rangel in 1994; labor activist and past primary candidate for statewide office Jonathan Tasini; and former Obama campaign official Joyce Johnson.[49][147] While Rangel's fund-raising was down from previous years, and he had paid nearly $2 million in legal fees, he still had far more cash available for the campaign than any of his challengers.[49][147]
On September 14, 2010, Rangel prevailed in the primary election, gaining 51 percent of the vote against Powell's 23 percent and lesser amounts for the other contenders.[158] He then won the November 2, 2010, general election easily, garnering 80 percent of the vote against Republican Michel Faulkner's 10 percent and smaller amounts for third-party candidates.[159]
House ethics trial and censure
On November 15, 2010, Rangel's formal ethics trial began.[160] He walked out of the hearing at the start, saying that he was unable to afford representation after having paid his previous lawyers over $2 million, and arguing unsuccessfully that the proceeding should be delayed until he could arrange for a legal defense fund.[160]
On November 16, 2010, Rangel was found guilty on 11 of the 12 standing charges against him by the adjudicatory subcommittee of the House Ethics Committee.[161][162] Two of the charges were focused on his actions with regards to soliciting funds and donations for the Rangel Center from those with business before the Ways and Means Committee; four were for improper use of Congressional letterhead and other House resources in those solicitations; one was for submitting incomplete and inaccurate financial disclosure statements; one was for using one of his Harlem apartments as an office when he had Congressional dealings with the landlord; one was for failing to pay taxes on his Dominican villa; and two reiterated these charges in describing general violations of House rules.[163]
Two days later, a near-tears Rangel pleaded for "fairness and mercy"[164] and he had support from fellow Representative John Lewis.[165] But it was to no avail;[164] the full Committee voted 9–1 to recommend that the full House approve a sanction of censure upon Rangel.[165] The committee stated: "Public office is a public trust [and Rangel] violated that trust."[164] Censure is the strongest penalty the House can impose short of outright expulsion from Congress. The committee also said that Rangel should make restitution for any unpaid taxes.[165]
Supporters of Rangel argued that by comparison with previous cases, a reprimand would be a more fitting punishment for Rangel's trangressions than censure.
2011–2017: Final years in Congress
Republicans took over control of the House as the
He was the first elected politician to use the now-defunct Visible Vote mobile app to interact directly with his constituents.[173]
During 2011 Rangel became the first member of Congress to declare support for the
In early 2012, Rangel was beset by a back injury and a serious viral infection; he was away from Congress for three months.
In April 2013, Rangel filed a lawsuit in the
Rangel ran again in 2014, facing Espaillat once more in the Democratic primary as well as Reverend Michael Walrond from the
After being strongly opposed to
Due to a large personal loan he made and his continuing struggles with fundraising,
As he had vowed two years earlier,[184] Rangel did not run for re-election in the 2016 election.[191] In the June 2016 Democratic primary election to effectively pick his successor, Rangel supported State Assemblyman Keith L. T. Wright expressing the hope that an African American would continue to represent the district.[192] However Espaillat won a close victory over Wright in a large field of candidates.[191][192] Underlining the demographic changes that had been taking place, after winning the general election in November Espaillat became the first non-African American to represent Harlem in the House since a series of Harlem-focused congressional districts were formed beginning in the 1940s.[192] Rangel left office at the expiration of his term on January 3, 2017.[191]
Later years
After his retirement, Rangel has been occasionally active in public life. He gave reflective interviews that also commented on the future course of Harlem.
When asked in 2019 whether he had ever witnessed any racist comments made by Donald Trump prior to his presidency, Rangel said he had not, but added: "I don't remember any remarks he ever made that was not sharing with me how much he thought about himself. It was always the same story."[196]
Rangel served as grand marshal of Harlem's African American Day Parade in 2019.[197] He rode in the parade again in 2022, at age 92, when it resumed following COVID-19 cancellations.[198]
Political positions
Various advocacy groups have given Rangel scores or grades as to how well his votes align with the positions of each group.[nb 4] Overall as of 2003, Rangel had an average lifetime 91 percent "liberal quotient" from Americans for Democratic Action. In contrast, the American Conservative Union assessed to Rangel a lifetime rating of less than 4 percent through 2009.[199] National Journal rates congressional votes as liberal or conservative on the political spectrum, in three policy areas: economic, social, and foreign. For 2005–2006, Rangel's averages were as follows: economic rating 91 percent liberal and 6 percent conservative, social rating 94 percent liberal and 5 percent conservative, and foreign rating 84 percent liberal and 14 percent conservative.[200]
Political image
Rangel is known as an energetic, genial, and sociable politician, one who is able to gain friendship and influence by means of charm, humor, and candor.[2][47][64] He was called "Charlie" by everyone in Congress from the highest-ranking members to the custodial employees.[64] Of his political skills, 1980s Ways and Means chair Dan Rostenkowski said, "Charlie has the gifted knack of getting you to change your position, and you actually enjoy doing it. Compromising isn't so unusual in Congress. Enjoying it is."[64] The New York congressman's ability to use humor to catch others off guard before making a political point has been called "Rangeling" by lobbyists and others on Capitol Hill.[64] Many of his closest friends and allies in Congress have not been other African Americans, but white representatives from working class or rural districts. O'Neill aide Chris Matthews said these members were "tied emotionally and culturally to the people they represent".[64]
Rangel has been described as having a meticulous appearance.[81] Long-time mentor Percy Sutton recalled, "In the beginning I called him Pretty Boy Rangel, to denigrate him, because he was one of those handsome types, hair pushed down and that mustache. But he had a way about him, with that great humor, an ability to influence people."[52] Later The New York Times described him thusly: "After three decades in public life, the portly, gravel-voiced Mr. Rangel, who is very much the Old World-style gentleman yet sprinkles his sentences with mild profanity, still takes politics personally."[4] In contrast, Rangel and his office have long been disorganized, with criticism even from supporters for taking on more things than he can keep track of.[64] The congressman's life has been dominated by politics with no hobbies and few friendships outside of it.[4] Loyalties to Rangel were severely tested when he was being investigated for possible ethics violations and a number of political figures bailed out on a lavish 80th birthday gala planned for Rangel at New York's Plaza Hotel.[202]
Rangel has been known for his blunt speaking and candor.[47][81] When asked how he would like to be remembered, he paraphrased Rhett Butler in Gone with the Wind: "Well, ... if I'm gone, quite frankly, I don't give a damn."[81] In any case he has often made controversial remarks.
Some have been linked to his caustic criticism of George W. Bush's administration. Speaking at a Congressional Black Caucus town meeting in September 2005, his frustration over the slow federal response to Hurricane Katrina led him to compare Bush to the Southern Democrat Bull Connor, a 1960s symbol of white opposition to the civil rights movement, saying: "George Bush is our Bull Connor."[203][204] A few days later he said both figures had become focal points for American blacks to rally against.[205] His first remark led to a public exchange with Vice President Dick Cheney[106] who said, "I'm frankly surprised at his comments. It almost struck me — they were so out of line, it almost struck me that... Charlie was having some problem. Charlie is losing it, I guess."[204] Rangel responded by saying, "The fact that he would make a crack at my age, he ought to be ashamed of himself... He should look so good at seventy-five."[206] Rangel again expressed his displeasure with the vice president in October 2006 – after Cheney had said that "Charlie doesn't understand how the economy works" – by opining that Cheney is "a real son of a bitch" who "enjoys a confrontation" and suggesting that Cheney required professional treatment for mental defects.[207][208] The White House said that the vice president did not take Rangel's comments personally and had a "big hearty laugh" over them.[208]
Rangel sometimes seems to find the other side; following the
Other remarks of Rangel's have revolved around Rangel's feelings about his home state and city, such as disparaging the state of Mississippi[nb 5] or suggesting that President Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama might be unsafe if they visited New York.[nb 6] In both cases apologies from the congressman followed. In certain instances, his remarks only exacerbated his existing problems. When his ethics issues were made public, Rangel remarked that Governor of Alaska and Republican vice presidential nominee Sarah Palin was "disabled".[nb 7] In 2013, he compared the Tea Party movement to segregationists who opposed the Civil Rights Movement and said they could be defeated the same way: "It is the same group we faced in the South with those white crackers and the dogs and the police. They didn't care about how they looked. It was just fierce indifference to human life that caused America to say enough is enough."[210]
Electoral history
After defeating Adam Clayton Powell Jr. in the Democratic primary in 1970, Rangel won re-election to represent New York's 18th, 19th, 16th, 15th, 13th districts at different times.
Awards and honors
In 1986, the
Rangel was given the Jackie Robinson Foundation's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005.[213] In 2006, he received the Distinguished Service Award from the Washington International Trade Association.[48]
Rangel has received a number of honorary degrees, including ones from Hofstra University (1989),[214] Syracuse University (2001),[215] Suffolk University Law School (2002),[216] and Bard College (2008).[217] In 2006 he received a Presidential Medal from Baruch College.[218]
See also
- List of African-American United States representatives
- List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded
- List of federal political scandals in the United States
Explanatory notes
- ISBN 0-520-24093-6. Rangel's purported partial Puerto Rican heritage was alluded to by Herman Badillo during multi-way ethnic mudslinging among New York politicos late in the 1993 mayoral election. See Mitchell, Alison (October 6, 1993). "Giuliani Ads Accuse Dinkins of Using Race Issue". The New York Times. By 2012, however, Rangel and his wife were acknowledging that his father was from Puerto Rico, although he declined to speak much about his father due to a lifelong hatred.[3]
- ^ Unit citations are given to the entire membership of the unit, not just one person, and are required to be worn by soldiers that subsequently serve in that unit.
- ^ What high school this was that Rangel graduated from by completing two years of study in one is unclear; Rangel's memoir implies that it was not DeWitt Clinton[29] while some other sources state he got a GED.[30] What year this occurred in is also uncertain; multiple sources state that Rangel got his high school degree in 1953,[5] but his memoir implies that he started the process in 1953 and ended it in 1954, since it states that he went through New York University in three years not the usual four.[29]
- ^ Mayer, William. "Kerry's Record Rings a Bell", The Washington Post March 28, 2004. "The question of how to measure a senator's or representative's ideology is one that political scientists regularly need to answer. For more than 30 years, the standard method for gauging ideology has been to use the annual ratings of lawmakers' votes by various interest groups, notably the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the American Conservative Union (ACU)."
- ^ In November 2006, Rangel, in announcing some of his plans as new chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, said he planned to push more funds into his home state of New York. He added to this, "Mississippi gets more than their fair share back in federal money, but who the hell wants to live in Mississippi?" Mississippi Representative Chip Pickering demanded an apology and Rangel issued a statement declaring: "I certainly don't mean to offend anyone. I just love New York so much that I can't understand why everyone wouldn't want to live here." See Pettus, Emily Wagster (November 10, 2006). "Miss. Congressman Wants Rangel Apology". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018.
- WNBC-TV. June 1, 2009. Rangel soon apologized for the comment, saying, "It was entirely inappropriate to bring the President and his wife into this discussion during their visit to New York and I hope my off-the-cuff comment did not cause embarrassment to anyone." See Yaniv, Oren (June 1, 2009). "Charlie Rangel says he's sorry for involving the Obamas in controversial racism joke". New York Daily News.
- The Politico to declare that "Rangel's off the rails." See Sisk, Richard; Saltonstall, David (September 20, 2008). "Charlie Rangel on hot seat for labeling Sarah Palin 'disabled'". New York Daily News. and Thrush, Glenn (September 19, 2008). "In odd rant, Charlie calls Palin "disabled"". The Politico.
Citations
- ^ "Black Lawmakers in Congress". Ebony. February 1, 1971. p. 122.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Van Gelder, Lawrence (December 12, 1974). "New York Congressman on the Move: Charles Bernard Rangel" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 38.
- ^ a b c d Eligon, John (May 22, 2012). "Even When His Latino Roots Might Help Politically, Rangel Keeps Them Buried". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Henneberger, Melinda (May 16, 1995). "Rangel's Voice: Stronger Than Ever". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Current Biography Yearbook 1984, p. 338.
- ^ Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, pp. 1–2.
- ^ Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, pp. 11–13.
- ^ Moothart, Allegra J. "Rep. Charles Rangel (New York)–Ways and Means Committee" Archived November 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Charlton, Linda (June 25, 1970). "Productive Politician: Charles Bernard Rangel" (PDF). The New York Times.
- ^ a b c "Honoring Black Korean War Troops". CBS News. September 8, 2000.
- ^ a b Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, pp. 62–63.
- ^ Appleman, Disaster in Korea, p. 236.
- ^ "Integrating the Armed Forces". Digital History. University of Houston. February 11, 2007. Archived from the original on August 21, 2003. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
- ^ Fehrenbach, This Kind of War, pp. 200–201.
- ^ Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, p. 64.
- ^ Appleman, Disaster in Korea, pp. 237–238.
- ^ a b c d Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, pp. 66–67.
- ^ Sisk, Richard (July 27, 1995). "Rangel Still Chilled By Korean War". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on August 13, 2010.
- ^ Fehrenbach, This Kind of War, pp. 225–226.
- ^ a b Appleman, Disaster in Korea, pp. 277–278.
- ^ Fehrenbach, This Kind of War, p. 234.
- ^ Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, pp. 68–69.
- ^ Appleman, Disaster in Korea, p. 237.
- ^ Fehrenbach, This Kind of War, p. 232.
- ^ Hudson, Audrey (October 3, 2002). "Veterans on Hill support Iraq hit". The Washington Times. p. 1. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved December 22, 2010.
- ^ a b Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, pp. 69, 73–75.
- ^ ISBN 0-87289-055-4. p. 88.
- The New York Post.
- ^ a b Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, p. 98.
- NY1 News.
- ^ Kane, Paul (June 26, 2016). "Charlie Rangel on the end of his era: 'This guy from Lenox Avenue is retiring with dignity'". The Washington Post.
- ^ HometoHarlem.com: "Charles Rangel / Politician, social activist." Archived September 28, 2007, at archive.today. Retrieved March 16, 2007.
- ^ "The Centenary Report Of The Alpha Phi Alpha World Policy Council" (PDF). Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity. July 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
- ^ Pogrebin, Robin (June 11, 1995). "Saying Farewell to Roy Wingate". The New York Times.
- ^ ISBN 0-465-00071-1. p. 1588.
- U.S. House of Representatives. November 10, 2003.
- Project Vote Smart. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
- ^ a b c d Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1989, pp. 121–122.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Black Americans in Congress 1870–2007, pp. 728–729 Archived November 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Robinson, Layhmond (August 14, 1963). "Harlem Democrats Dig Up Hatchets Buried in '59" (PDF). The New York Times.
- ^ Rangel, And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since, pp. 126–127.
- ^ "Democrats Name Harlem Lawyer" (PDF). The New York Times. September 18, 1966.
- ^ Lissner, Will (July 17, 1969). "Drug Ultimatum to Mideast Urged" (PDF). The New York Times.
- ^ a b Shipler, David K. (November 2, 1970). "Rangel Is Confident in Harlem" (PDF). The New York Times.
- ^ Roberts, Sam (November 18, 2007). "Mailer's Nonfiction Legacy: His 1969 Race for Mayor". The New York Times.
- ^ Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486 (1969) Archived October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine (opinion full text)
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Current Biography Yearbook 1984, p. 339.
- ^ a b c Currie, Duncan (November 30, 2006). "Harlem Globetrotter: Will Charlie Rangel help salvage a free trade agenda?". The Weekly Standard.
- ^ a b c Barbaro, Michael (June 7, 2010). "In Harlem, the End for Rangel Appears Greatly Exaggerated". The New York Times. p. A1.
- ^ a b Barone and Cohen, The Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 1169.
- ^ a b c d e Chappell, Kevin (July 2007). "Mr. Chairman!". Ebony. pp. 96–98.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Jacobson, Mark (January 15, 2007). "Chairman of the Money". New York.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Rule, Sheila (November 12, 1979). "Rangel Emerges as a Key Figure in City Politics; 'Koch Is Nasty to Everybody'" (fee required). The New York Times. p. B1.
- ^ a b c d e f Barone and Cohen, The Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 1170.
- ^ a b Weiner, Rachel (May 11, 2012). "Charles Rangel more vulnerable than ever". The Washington Post.
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- ^ Delaney, Paul (May 20, 1972). "Black Convention Eases Busing and Israeli Stands" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 14.
- ^ Montgomery, Paul L. (April 14, 1975). "Blacks and Jews Viewed As Drawing Closer Again" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 1.
- ^ a b c d Current Biography Yearbook 1984, p. 340.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Fein, Esther B. (August 18, 1986). "Rangel's Charm an Ally in Race for House Whip". The New York Times.
- ^ Martin, Douglas (December 27, 2009). "Percy E. Sutton, Political Trailblazer, Dies at 89". The New York Times.
- ^ a b c Altman, Alex (March 5, 2010). "Rangel, Paterson and the Fall of a Harlem Dynasty". Time. Archived from the original on March 7, 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f Kocieniewski, David. "For Rangel, Four Rent-Stabilized Apartments", The New York Times, July 11, 2008.
- ^ Lombardi, Frank (July 24, 1983). "Waking Up The Black Vote". New York Daily News – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Current Biography Yearbook 1984, p. 337.
- ^ a b Black Americans in Congress 1870–2007, pp. 780–781.
- ^ a b Randolph, Laura B. (December 1989). "Top of Capitol Hill". Ebony. pp. 144–148.
- ^ a b c Norment, Lynn (March 1989). "Charles Rangel: The Front-Line General in the War on Drugs". Ebony. pp. 128–134.
- Ellensburg Daily Record. United Press International. March 1, 1988. p. 6.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Toner, Robin (August 22, 1986). "Major Help Found in Tax Bill for Low-Income Households". The New York Times.
- ^ Toner, Robin (August 16, 1986). "Behind the Scenes in Tax Bill Drama". The New York Times.
- ^ a b Oreskes, Michael (December 4, 1985). "Rangel Running Hard to Be Democratic House Whip". The New York Times.
- ^ King, Wayne; Weaver, Warren (October 3, 1986). "Race for House Whip". The New York Times.
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- ^ a b McGrane, Victoria (April 23, 2008). "George Dalley: Rep. Charles B. Rangel's chief of staff savors third tour". The Politico.
- ^ a b c d e f Barone and Cohen, The Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 1171.
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- ^ Salon.
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- ^ Sockwell, Ikimulisa (March 16, 1999). "Dinkins, Rangel busted at Diallo protest". New York Post. p. 4.
- ^ Pristin, Terry (March 10, 1999). "State Officials Urge Spitzer to Pursue Apollo Lawsuit More Aggressively". The New York Times.
- ^ a b "Charles Rangel and Percy Sutton Cleared of Wrongdoing in Apollo Theater Business Case". Jet. Johnson Publishing Company. September 27, 1999. p. 25.
- ^ a b c Pristin, Terry (October 29, 1999). "Spitzer Asks Court to End Suit Against Apollo Theater". The New York Times.
- ^ "About Us: Charles B. Rangel International Affairs Program". Howard University. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved March 13, 2010.
- ^ a b Barrett, Devlin (July 13, 2004). "Rep. Rangel arrested in protest outside Sudanese embassy". Associated Press.
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- ^ a b Rangel, Charles B. (December 31, 2002). "Bring Back the Draft". The New York Times. p. A19.
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- ^ Gerstein, Josh (November 27, 2006). "Rangel Adopts the Logic of Kerry's 'Joke'". The New York Sun.
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- ^ a b c Barone and Cohen, The Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 1172.
- ^ a b Alterman, Eric (April 22, 2007). "Lives of the Democrats". The New York Times.
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- ^ "Rangel Apologizes for Giuliani Comments" (Press release). U.S. House of Representatives. October 22, 2007.
- ^ Hernandez, Raymond (January 22, 2008). "Rangel Remains in Clinton's Camp in Her Battle With Obama". The New York Times.
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- ^ a b c Lee, Christopher (July 15, 2008). "Rangel's Pet Cause Bears His Own Name". The Washington Post.
- ^ Chan, Sewell. "House Tables Censure Resolution on Rangel", The New York Times, August 1, 2008.
- ^ Retter, Daphne (September 18, 2008). "Big Wheel Benz The Rules". New York Post.
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- ^ Vincent, Isabel; Edelman, Susan. "Tricky Charlie's Carib 'Hideaway': Shady Filings on Beach-Villa Rental Income", New York Post, August 31, 2008.
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- ^ Kocieniewski, David. "Rangel Owes U.S. Back Taxes, Lawyer Says", The New York Times, September 9, 2008.
- ^ a b Congressman Pays Back Tax on Dominican Republic Villa The New York Times, Published: September 19, 2008
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- ^ By LENA WILLIAMS, Special to the New York Times. (October 6, 1986, Monday, Late City Final Edition). CONGRESSIONAL BLACK CAUCUS REJOICES IN GROWING STRENGTH. The New York Times. https://advance.lexis.com/api/document?collection=news&id=urn:contentItem:3S8G-92M0-0007-H3N1-00000-00&context=1516831.
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- ^ "Rep. Charles Rangel Honored by Jackie Robinson Foundation". Jet. April 11, 2005. pp. 21–23.
- ^ "News and Events – Honorary Degrees". Hofstra University. Archived from the original on March 20, 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
- ^ "Syracuse University Awards and Honors – Recipient of Honorary Degrees". Syracuse University. Archived from the original on July 30, 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
- ^ "Suffolk University to Award Nine Honorary Degrees at May 19, 2002 Commencement" (Press release). Suffolk University. May 17, 2002. Archived from the original on December 21, 2010.
- ^ "Congressman Charles B. Rangel To Deliver Commencement Address at Bard College's 148th Commencement On Saturday, May 24" (Press release). Bard College. April 24, 2008.
- ^ "Baruch College Commencement (2006): Charles Rangel". Baruch College. Retrieved November 20, 2010.
Cited bibliography
- Appleman, Roy (1989). Disaster in Korea: The Chinese Confront MacArthur. College Station, Texas: ISBN 0-89096-344-4.
- ISBN 978-0-89234-117-7.
- ISBN 1-57488-334-8.
- Moritz, Charles, ed. (1984). Current Biography Yearbook 1984. New York: H. W. Wilson Company.
- Ragsdale, Bruce A.; Treese, Joel D. (1990). Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1989. Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives. House Document No. 101–117.
- Black Americans in Congress 1870–2007. Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives. 2008. House Document No. 108–224. Archived from the originalon January 13, 2012.
- Rangel, Charles B.; Wynter, Leon (2007). And I Haven't Had a Bad Day Since: From the Streets of Harlem to the Halls of Congress. New York: ISBN 978-0-312-38213-1.
Further reading
- John C. Walker, The Harlem Fox: J. Raymond Jones and Tammany, 1920–1970, New York: State University New York Press, 1989.
- David N. Dinkins, A Mayor's Life: Governing New York's Gorgeous Mosaic, New York, PublicAffairs Books, 2013.
- David Paterson, Black, Blind, & In Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity, New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2020.
External links
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Charles Rangel at Curlie
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
- Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress
- Profile at Vote Smart
- Charlie Rangel's oral history video excerpts at The National Visionary Leadership Project
- Congressman Charles B. Rangel Archive at the City College of New York