Chinese surname
Chinese surnames are used by
Two distinct types of Chinese surnames existed in ancient China, namely xing (
The most common Chinese surnames were compiled in the Song dynasty work Hundred Family Surnames, which lists over 400 names. The colloquial expressions lǎobǎixìng (老百姓; lit. "old hundred surnames") and bǎixìng (百姓, lit. "hundred surnames") are used in Chinese to mean "ordinary folks", "the people", or "commoners".
History
Chinese surnames have a history of over 3,000 years. Chinese mythology, however, reaches back further to the legendary figure Fuxi (with the surname Feng), who was said to have established the system of Chinese surnames to distinguish different families and prevent marriage of people with the same family names.[8] Prior to the Warring States period (fifth century BC), only the ruling families and the aristocratic elite had surnames. Historically there was a difference between ancestral clan names or xing (姓) and branch lineage names or shi (氏). Xing may be the more ancient surname that referred to the ancestral tribe or clan, while shi denoted a branch of the tribe or clan. For example, the ancestors of the Shang had Zi (子) as xing, but the descendants were subdivided into numerous shi including Yin (殷), Song (宋), Kong (空), Tong (同) and others.[1] The distinction between the two began to be blurred by the Warring States period. During the Qin dynasty, name usage was standardised, commoners started to acquire a surname or xing, and the shi also became xing.[9] By the Han dynasty, families only had xing or xing-shi. The great majority of Han Chinese surnames (now called xing or xingshi) that survive to modern times have their roots in shi rather than the ancient xing.[1]
In modern usage, xing is the surname, but the word shi survives as a word to refer to the clan. The term shi may be appended to the surname of a person; for example, a man with the Zhang surname may be referred to respectfully as Zhang-shi instead of his full name. It is used in particular for the paternal surname of a married woman, therefore in this case shi means
The ancient xing were surnames held by the
Scholars such as
While people of the same xing were not permitted to marry each other, those with the same shi can. By the Han dynasty when everyone had xing and the surname was transmitted paternally, the practice continued, but it had changed to marriage between families of men on the paternal side being prohibited, but not on the maternal side.[1]
Shi
Prior to the Qin dynasty (3rd century BC) China was largely a fengjian (feudal) society. As fiefdoms were divided and subdivided among descendants, so additional sub-surnames known as shi were created to distinguish between noble lineages according to seniority, though in theory they shared the same ancestor. In this way, a nobleman would hold a shi and a xing. Xing, however, was more important than shi.
The difference between xing and shi became blurred in the Spring and Autumn period starting with women. For example: Chunqiu referred to Duke Xuan of Lu's consort Lady Mujiang (穆姜), who bore the clan name (姓, xing) Jiang, as Jiangshi 姜氏, "[lady of the] Jiang shi" (!).[12]
After the states of China were unified by Qin Shi Huang in 221 BC, surnames gradually spread to the lower classes. Most surnames that survive to the present day were originally shi.
Origins of Chinese surnames
According to the chapter on surnames in the Han dynasty work Fengsu Tong – Xingshi Pian (風俗通姓氏篇), there are 9 origins of Chinese surnames: dynasty names, posthumous titles, ranks of nobility, state names, official positions, style names, places of residence, occupations, and events.[1] Modern scholars such as Kiang Kang-Hu proposed that there are 18 sources from which Chinese surnames may be derived,[13] while others suggested at least 24.[14] These may be names associated with a ruling dynasty such as the various titles and names of rulers, nobility and dynasty, or they may be place names of various territories, districts, towns, villages, and specific locations, the title of official posts or occupations, or names of objects, or they may be derived from the names of family members or clans, and in a few cases, names of contempt given by a ruler.[15]
The following are some of the common sources:
- Xing: These were usually reserved for the central lineage of the ancient royal family, with collateral lineages taking their own shi. The traditional description was what were known as the "Eight Great Xings of High Antiquity" (]
- State name: Many nobles and commoners took the name of their state, either to show their continuing allegiance or as a matter of national and ethnic identity. These are some of the most common Chinese surnames in the present day such as Wú (吳, 9th most common), Zhōu (周, 10th most common)
- Name of a fief or place of origin: Fiefdoms were often granted to collateral branches of the aristocracy and it was natural as part of the process of sub-surnaming for their names to be used. An example is Di, Marquis of Ouyang Village, whose descendants took the surname Ouyang (歐陽). There are some two hundred examples of this identified, often of two-character surnames, but few have survived to the present. Some families acquired their surname during the Han dynasty from the Commandery they resided in.[16]
- Names of an ancestor: Like the previous example, this was also a common origin with close to 500 or 600 examples, 200 of which are two-character surnames. Often an ancestor's courtesy name would be used. For example, Yuan Taotu took the second character of his grandfather's courtesy name Boyuan (伯爰) as his surname. Sometimes titles granted to ancestors could also be taken as surnames.
- Seniority within the family: In ancient usage, the characters zhong (仲), shu (叔) and ji (季) were used to denote the second, third and fourth (or last) eldest sons in a family. For the first son meng (孟) was meant for a child born to a secondary wife or a concubine, while bo 伯 indicated a child born to the primary wife. These were sometimes adopted as surnames. Of these, Meng is the best known, being the surname of the philosopher Mencius.
- Official positions, such as );
- General occupations, as with Táo (陶, "potter"), Tú (屠, "butcher"), Bǔ (卜, "diviner"), Jiàng (匠, "craftsman"), Wū (巫, "shaman") and Chú (廚, "cook").
- Titles of nobility, such as , "Duke's grandchild")
- Royal decree by the Emperor, such as better source needed]
- Ethnic and religious groups: Mohammad; it was also fitting for some of those who were caravaneers as the word means "horse".[18]
Many also changed their surnames throughout history for a number of reasons.
- A ruler may bestow his own surname on those he considered to have given outstanding service to him; for example, the surname Liu (劉) was granted by emperors in the Han dynasty, Li (李) during the Tang dynasty, and Zhao (趙) from the Song dynasty.
- Others, however, may avoid using the name of a ruler, for example Shi (師) was changed to Shuai (帥) to avoid conflict with the name of Sima Shi. Others may modify their name in order to escape from their enemies at times of turmoil, for example Duanmu (端木) to Mu (木 and 沐), and Gong (共) to Gong (龔).
- The name may also be changed by simplification of the writing, e.g. Mu (幕) to Mo (莫), or reducing from double or multiple character names to single character names, e.g. Duangan (段干) to Duan (段).
- It may also have occurred through error, or changed due to a dissatisfaction with the name (e.g. Ai 哀, "sorrow", to Zhong 衷, "heartfelt feeling").[19]
Usage
Chinese surnames or family names are written before the first name or
Some Chinese outside of mainland China, particularly those from the Chinese immigrant communities around the world and those who have acquired a Christian or Western first name, have adopted the Western convention when giving their name in English, placing their surname last. Examples of those commonly known in the West include Jackie Chan (Chinese name Chan Kong-sang), Jimmy Choo (Chinese name Choo Yeang Keat), and Yo-Yo Ma. Those with a Western first name can write their name in English in various ways – some may add the Western first name in front and the Chinese given name last (the surname is therefore in the middle), or fully Westernised with both the Western and Chinese given names before the Chinese surname.[21] Examples include Carrie Lam, originally named Cheng Yuet-ngor (Cheng is the surname), but who has acquired her husband's surname Lam and a Western first name as Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor.
Due to the different spelling conventions and dialects as well as the different spelling preferences in the various countries these Chinese find themselves in, many people of the same Chinese surname can appear differently when written in English, for example the Lin surname (林) may also appear as Lam (Cantonese) or Lim (Hokkien). Some Chinese surnames that appear to be the same written in English may also be different in Chinese due to different characters having the same or similar pronunciations, dialectal differences, or non-standard romanizations (see section on variation in romanization below).[22][23]
Distribution of surnames
Regions with high concentration of particular surnames | |
---|---|
Region | Surnames |
Liaoning | Zhang (张/張), Jiang (江) |
Guangdong | Liang/Leung (梁), Luo (罗/羅), Kuang (邝/鄺), Chan/Chen (陈/陳), Huang/Wong (黄/黃) |
Guangxi | Liang (梁), Lu (陆/陸), Zhang/Chong (章), Huang (黄/黃)
|
Fujian | Xǔ (许/許), Xie (谢/謝),
|
Hainan | Fú (符) |
Anhui | Wang (汪) |
Jiangsu | Xú (徐), Zhu (朱)
|
Shanghai | Wang (王), Yang (杨/楊) |
Zhejiang | Shen (沈)
|
Jiangxi | Hu (胡) |
Hubei | Hu (胡) |
Hunan | Tan/Tom (谭/譚), Huang (黄/黃) |
Sichuan | He (何), Deng (邓/鄧) |
Guizhou | Wu (吴/吳) |
Yunnan | Yang (杨/楊) |
Henan | Cheng (程) |
Gansu | Gao (高) |
Ningxia | Wan (万/萬) |
Shaanxi | Xue (薛) |
Qinghai | Bao (鲍/鮑) |
Xinjiang | Ma (马/馬) |
Shandong | Kong (孔) |
Shanxi | Dong (董) and Guo (郭)
|
Inner Mongolia | Pan (潘) |
Northeast China | Yu (于) |
Surnames are not evenly distributed throughout China's geography. In northern China, Wáng (
A 1987 study showed over 450 family names in common use in Beijing, but there were fewer than 300 family names in
A study by geneticist Yuan Yida has found that of all the people with a particular surname, there tends to be a population concentration in a certain province,[25] as tabulated to the right. It does not show, however, the most common surnames in any one province.
The 55th most common family name "Xiào" (
Chén (陈/陳) is perhaps the most common surname in Hong Kong and Macau, where it is romanized as Chan. It is the most common Chinese surname in Singapore, where it is usually romanized as Tan, and is also common in Taiwan, where it is romanized as Chén.
Fāng (方), which is only the 47th most common overall, is much more common in San Francisco's Chinatown in the United States, although the surname is more often than not romanized as Fong, as based on the Yue dialect. As with the concentration of family names, this can also be explained statistically, as a person with an uncommon name moving to an unsettled area and leaving his family name to large number of descendants.[citation needed]
After the
Surnames at present
Of the thousands of surnames which have been identified from historical texts prior to the modern era, most have either been lost (see
While new names have arisen for various reasons, this has been outweighed by old names disappearing. The most significant factor affecting the surname frequency is other ethnic groups identifying as Han and adopting Han names.[28] In recent centuries some two-character surnames have often dropped a character. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, moreover, some surnames have been graphically simplified.
Although there are thousands of Chinese family names, the 100 most common, which together make up less than 5% of those in existence, are shared by 85% of the population. The three most common surnames in Mainland China are Li, Wang and Zhang, which make up 7.9%, 7.4% and 7.1% respectively. Together they number close to 300 million and are easily the most common surnames in the world. In Chinese, the phrase "third son of Zhang, fourth son of Li" (Chinese: 张三李四; pinyin: Zhāng sān Lǐ sì) is used to mean "just anybody".
In a 1990 study, the top 200 family names accounted for over 96% of a random sample of 174,900 persons, with over 500 other names accounting for the remaining 4%. In a different study (1987), which combined data from Taiwan and China (sample size of 570,000 persons), the top 19 names covered 55.6%,[29] and the top 100 names covered 87% of the sample. Other data suggest that the top 50 names comprise 70% of the population.[30]
Most commonly occurring Chinese family names have only one character; however, about twenty
Variations in romanization
Due to the different pronunciations and romanizations, it is sometimes easy to tell whether a Chinese person has origins in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, or Taiwan. Generally, people of Mainland descent will have their surnames and names in
Some people use non-standard romanizations, e.g. the Hong Kong
The use of different systems of romanization based on different Chinese language variants from 1900~1970 also contributed to the variations.
Some examples:
Written form | Pinyin (Mainland China) |
Wade-Giles (Taiwan) |
Teochew / Hakka (Indonesia/Malaysia/Singapore/Philippines) |
Cantonese (Hong Kong/Macau/Singapore/Malaysia) |
Surname meaning / origin (some surnames have multiple origins, provided below are only one of many) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
陈 / 陳 | Chen | Ch'en | Tan / Tan,Tang / Chin | Chan | Vintage, State of Chen
|
关 / 關 | Guan | Kuan | Kwang,Kuang / Kweng,Kueng / Kan | Kwan | gate, gateway, mountain pass, originated as a title for guards in mountain passes |
何 | He | Ho | Ho,Hoe,Hoh /Ho / Ho | Ho | carry; what; how; why; which, Jianghuai Dialect
|
黄 / 黃 | Huang | Huang | Ng,Uy,Ooi,Oei,Wee / Ng,Uy,Ooi,Oei,Wee / Wong,Bong | Wong | Yellow, State of Huang
|
简 / 簡 | Jian | Chien | Kan / Kam,Kang / Kan | Kan/Gan | Simple, descendants of State of Jin doctor Xu Jianbo (续简伯) |
金 | Jin | Chin | Kim / Kim / Kim | Kam | Gold, one of the five phases (metal) in Wuxing Philosophy |
林 | Lin | Lin | Lim / Lim / Lim | Lam | Forest, Quan, son of Bi Gan was born in the woods during his family's exile, thus bestowed
by Wu of Zhou with the surname Lin |
王 | Wang | Wang | Ong / Heng / Wung / Wong | Wong | King or Prince, Used mainly by descendants of royalties |
吴 / 吳 | Wu | Wu | Goh,Go / Goh / Ng | Ng | State of Wu
|
许 / 許 | Xu | Hsü | Koh,Kho,Ko,Khaw,Khor / Koh,Kho,Ko,Khaw,Khor / Hee,See | Hui/Hua | To allow, State of Xu |
张 / 張 | Zhang | Chang/Zhang | Teo,Teow,Teoh,Tieu,Tiew / Teo,Teow,Teoh / Chong | Cheung/Cheong | Verb, to draw a bow, surname bestowed upon fletchers by the Yellow Emperor
|
赵 / 趙 | Zhao | Chao | Teow,Teo / Teh,Tay,Tey / Chao | Chiu/Chiew | State of Zhao[32]
|
Malaysia/Singapore/Indonesia/Philippines: various spellings are used depending on name origin.
See List of common Chinese surnames for the different spellings and more examples.
Sociological use of surnames
Throughout most of Chinese history, surnames have served sociological functions. Because of their association with the aristocratic elite in their early developments, surnames were often used as symbols of nobility. Thus nobles would use their surnames to be able to trace their ancestry and compete for seniority in terms of hereditary rank. Examples of early genealogies among the royalty can be found in Sima Qian's Historical Records, which contain tables recording the descent lines of noble houses called shibiao (Chinese: 世表; pinyin: shìbiǎo).
Later, during the Han dynasty, these tables were used by prominent families to glorify themselves and sometimes even to legitimize their political power. For example, Cao Pi, who forced the abdication of the last Han emperor in his favor, claimed descent from the Yellow Emperor. Chinese emperors sometimes passed their own surnames to subjects as honors. Unlike European practice in which some surnames are obviously noble, Chinese emperors and members of the royal family had regular surnames except in cases where they came from non-Han ethnic groups. This was a result of Chinese imperial theory in which a commoner could receive the Mandate of Heaven and become emperor. Upon becoming emperor, the emperor would retain his original surname. Also as a consequence, many people also had the same surname as the emperor, but had no direct relation to the royal family.
The Tang dynasty was the last period when the great aristocratic families, mostly descended from the nobility of pre-Qin states, held significant centralized and regional power. The surname was used as a source of prestige and common allegiance. During the period many genealogical records called pudie (simplified Chinese: 谱牒; traditional Chinese: 譜牒; pinyin: pǔdié) were compiled to trace the complex descent lines of families or clans and their marriage ties to other families or clans. Many of these were collected by Ouyang Xiu in his New History of Tang. To differentiate between different surnames, the Tang also choronyms before stating beforehand, for example Lǒngxī Lǐshì 隴西李氏, meaning Li of Longxi. These were generally the names of commanderies used prior to the reorganization during the Tang, so that they became exclusively associated to clans as their common use had died out. Cadet branches were also listed for further differentiation, such as Gūzāng Fáng 姑臧房, meaning Clan Li of Guzang.
During the Song dynasty, ordinary clans began to organize themselves into corporate units and produce genealogies. This trend was led by the poet Su Shi and his father. As competition for resources and positions in the bureaucracy intensified, individuals used their common ancestry and surname to promote solidarity. They established schools to educate their sons and held common lands to aid disadvantaged families. Ancestral temples were also erected to promote surname identity. Clan cohesion was usually encouraged by successive imperial governments since it aided in social stability. During the Qing dynasty surname associations often undertook extrajudicial roles, providing primitive legal and social security functions. They played important roles in the Chinese diaspora to South-East Asia and elsewhere, providing the infrastructure for the establishment of trading networks. In southern China, however, clans sometimes engaged in armed conflict in competition for land. Clans continued the tradition of tracing their ancestry to the distant past as a matter of prestige. Most of these origin myths, though well established, are spurious.
As a result of the importance of surnames, rules and traditions regarding family and marriage grew increasingly complex. For example, in Taiwan, there is a clan with the so-called "double Liao" surname. The story is that "Chang Yuan-zih of Liao's in Siluo married the only daughter of Liao San-Jiou-Lang who had no son, and he took the oath that he should be in the name of Liao when alive and should be in the name of Chang after death."[33] In some places, there are additional taboos against marriage between people of the same surname, considered to be closely related. Conversely, in some areas, there are different clans with the same surname which are not considered to be related, but even in these cases surname exogamy is generally practiced.
Surname identity and solidarity has declined markedly since the 1930s with the decline of Confucianism and later, the rise of Communism in Mainland China. During the Cultural Revolution, surname culture was actively persecuted by the government with the destruction of ancestral temples and genealogies. Moreover, the influx of Western culture and forces of globalization have also contributed to erode the previous sociological uses of the Chinese surnames.
Common Chinese surnames
Mainland China
According to a comprehensive survey of
The 2019 report by Chinese Ministry of Public Security gives the surnames Wang and Li as the most common ones, with each shared by over 100 million people in China. Each of the most common 23 surnames in China has more than 10 million users.[3]
A commonly cited fact from the 1990 edition of the
Taiwan
Names in Taiwan – both among the immigrant
(楊).Taiwanese surnames include some local variants like Tu (塗), which do not even appear among the Hundred Family Surnames, as well as a number of relatively recently created names like Changchien (張簡) and Chiangfan (姜范). However, names in Taiwan show less diversity than China as a whole: the top ten comprise 52.63% of the Taiwanese population and the top hundred 96.11%.[41] There were also only 1,989 surnames recorded by the Ministry's survey,[41] against China's four or five thousand.
As is typical of China as a whole, these surnames conflate many different lineages and origins, although tradition may bind them to the same
See also
- Art name
- Chinese clan
- Chinese compound surname
- Chinese given name
- Chinese name
- Courtesy name
- Exogamy
- Generation name
- Hundred Family Surnames
- Japanese name
- Korean name
- List of common Chinese surnames
- Naming laws in the People's Republic of China
- Onomastics
- Vietnamese name
References
Citations
- ^ JSTOR 23767123.
- ISBN 978-0786438778.
- ^ a b c d Butcher, Asa (31 January 2019). "Wang is the most common surname in China". GBTimes. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ Ministry of Public Security Household Registration Administration Research Centre (公安部户政管理研究中心) (8 February 2021). 石璐言 (ed.). 《二〇二〇年全国姓名报告》发布 ["2020 national report on personal names" published] (in Chinese). gov.cn. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
- ^ Ebrey, Patricia (1996). "Surnames and Han Chinese Identity". In Melissa Brown (ed.). Negotiating Ethnicities in China and Taiwan (PDF). pp. 11–36.
- ^ Chinese Society in Singapore, The Study of Chinese Society: Essays, Maurice Freedman, George William Skinner, Stanford University Press, 1979, pp. 133
- ^ The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art, Volume 38; Volume 101, Harry Houdini Collection, John Davis Batchelder Collection, Leavitt, Trow, & Company, 1883 p. 852
- ISBN 978-0806349466.
- ^ ISBN 978-0786438778.
- ^ Wee Kek Koon (18 November 2016). "The complex origins of Chinese names demystified". South China Morning Post.
- ISBN 978-1606932476.
- ^ S2CID 162159081.
- ^ Kiang Kang-Hu (1934). On Chinese Studies. pp. 127–8.
- ISBN 978-0806349466.
- ISBN 978-9679786194.
- ISBN 9780806349466.
- ^ 褚興英, ed. (21 August 2021). 百家姓中為何沒有"鄺"?鄺姓源出何處?. 文康网. Archived from the original on 25 July 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
- ISBN 9781136818578. Archivedfrom the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
- ISBN 978-0806349466.
- ^ Wei, Shao (24 September 2018). "A basic guide to Chinese names". Asia Media Centre.
- ^ a b "A guide to names and naming practices" (PDF). FBIIC. March 2006. pp. 58–62.
- ISBN 978-0786438778.
- ^ ISBN 978-0199677764.
- PMID 22460442.
- PMID 31140593.
- ^ The Economist 1995
- ^ a b "电脑打不出来 山东200村民被迫改姓". Retrieved 1 September 2010.
- ^ Du et al. 1992
- ^ Sun Bin (19 December 2005). "Sun Bin: Chinese and Korean Family Names". Archived from the original on 2 March 2006.
- ^ "Cultural Diversity" (PDF). HM Land Registry. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 January 2006.
- ^ "中國最奇怪複姓「第五」 最長複姓17個字". 東方日報. 東網. 5 April 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
- ^ "ㄓㄠˋ [zhao4] ". Humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk. Retrieved 11 November 2017.
- ^ "Siluo Liao's Family Temple (3rd grade relic)". Yunlin County Government.
- ^ Xinhua News. 24 April 2007. "中国姓氏排行". "天下第一大姓——王." 14 November 2007. Accessed 26 March 2012.
- ^ a b "公安部统计:'王'成中国第一大姓 有9288万人 Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine." 24 April 2007. Accessed 27 March 2012.(in Chinese)
- National Citizen Identity Information Center
- ^ People's Daily Online. "China issues first set of stamps of Chinese family names". 19 November 2004. Accessed 28 March 2012.
- ^ 挑灯看剑 踏雪寻梅. "新'百家姓'图腾,快来看看您的尊姓啥模样 Archived 22 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine [The New Hundred Family Surnames's Totems: Quick, Come Look at Your Honorable Surname's Picture]". 12 December 2011. Accessed 28 March 2012. (in Chinese)
- ^ Badan Pusat Statistik. "Population of Indonesia by Province 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995 , 2000 and 2010 Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine". 2009. Accessed 29 March 2012.
- ISBN 189205101X.
- ^ a b c 中华百家姓-千字文-国学经典-文化经典. "中国台湾姓氏排行 Archived 16 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine [China (Taiwanese) Surname Ranking]." 8 June 2010. Accessed 31 March 2012. (in Chinese)
Sources
- Du, Ruofu; Yida, Yuan; Hwang, Juliana; Mountain, Joanna L.; Cavalli-Sforza, L. Luca (1992), Chinese Surnames and the Genetic Differences between North and South China (PDF), Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series, pp. 18–22 (History of Chinese surnames and sources of data for the present research), archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2012
- "O rare John Smith", The Economist, p. 32, 3 June 1995,
Only 3,100 surnames are now in use in China [...] compared with nearly 12,000 in the past. An 'evolutionary dwindling' of surnames is common to all societies. [...] [B]ut in China, [Du] says, where surnames have been in use far longer than in most other places, the paucity has become acute.
- Cook, Steven (6 March 1997), "China's Identity Crisis: Many People, Few Names", The Christian Science Monitor,
Why the lack of surnames, then? The reason, according to Du Ruofu of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is that all societies experience an 'evolutionary dwindling' of family names as less-common ones die out. Because the Chinese have used surnames for thousands of years (compared to just a few centuries in many parts of Europe), this effect has become particularly significant.
External links
- Chinese Surnames (Simplified), with sound
- Chinese-sounding surnames in the 1990 US census
- Chinese family name information from the US National Archives
- Meaning Behind 19 Most Common Chinese Surnames
- The Ten-Thousand Families of Surnames from Netor (NETOR纪念:万家姓氏) (in simplified Chinese only)
- Top 10 Chinese Surnames in 2019