Communist Party of Thailand
Communist Party of Thailand พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์แห่งประเทศไทย | |
---|---|
Abbreviation | CPT |
Founded | 1942 |
Dissolved | Last active in the 1990s |
Split from | South Seas Communist Party |
Newspaper | Mahachon |
Militant wing | People's Liberation Army of Thailand |
Radio | Voice of the People of Thailand |
Ideology | Communism Marxism–Leninism Stalinism Maoism |
Political position | Far-left |
Anthem | Phuphan Partiwat
(The Revolutionary Mountain) |
Party flag | |
The Communist Party of Thailand (Abrv: CPT; Thai: พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์แห่งประเทศไทย, RTGS: phak khommiwnit haeng prathet thai) was a communist party in Thailand active from 1942 until the 1990s.
Initially known as the Communist Party of Siam, the party was founded officially on 1 December 1942, although communist activism in the country began as early as 1927. In the 1960s, the CPT grew in membership and support and by the early 1970s was the second largest communist movement in mainland Southeast Asia (after Vietnam). The party launched a guerrilla war against the Thai government in 1965. Even though the CPT suffered internal divisions, at its political peak the party effectively acted as a state within the state. Its rural support is estimated to have been at least four million people; its military arm consisted of 10–14,000 armed fighters.[1] Its influence was concentrated in the northeastern, northern and southern Thailand.[2] Following a series of internal party disputes, changes in international communist alliances, successful counter-insurgency policies of Thailand's government including a widely accepted offer of amnesty for party cadres, and the Cold War coming to its conclusion, the party disappeared from the political scene in the early-1990s.
1920s–1930s
The origins of the communist movement in Thailand begin with the founding of the Siam Special Committee of the South Seas Communist Party between 1926 and 1927.[3] An infusion of leftists fleeing China for Thailand in the late 1920s following the Nationalist-Communist split of 1927 also increased support for activities. Accounts vary, but sometime between late 1929 and early 1930 the Communist Party of Siam was inaugurated.[3][4]
1940s–1950s: Party creation
During its initial phase of existence, the Communist Party of Siam remained a small party. It mainly comprised intellectuals in Bangkok. By early-1948, British intelligence sources deemed reports that the party had 3,000 members nationwide as "exaggerated".[5] The party enjoyed a brief period of legality from 1946 to 1948.[6] The secret party headquarters were in a wooden building on Si Phraya Road, Bangkok.[7]
A CPT delegation attended the second national congress of the
The CPT held its second party congress in 1952.[9]
1960s: The People's War
In 1960, the party attended the International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties held in Moscow.[10]
The CPT held its third party congress in September 1961.
The Voice of the People of Thailand (VOPT), a CPT radio station, was established in Yunnan, southern China in March 1962.[2][12]
The party launched the Thai Patriotic Front (TPF) on 1 January 1965. The TPF had a six-point programme for peace and neutrality. The Front called for the formation of a patriotic and democratic government, and opposed the Thai government and US troop presence in Thailand. The TPF was poised to fill the role of the united front in the triangular setting of the people's war strategy (party-army-front).[6][11]
Low intensity armed struggle began in August 1965 when the party declared through VOPT that "an era of armed struggle had begun". Concomitantly, the party began armed actions in the
Opposition to US military presence in Thailand was a key element of the CPT during the Vietnam War. The CPT alleged that Thailand was a neocolonial country under US control. Emphasis was thus given to the struggle for national independence.[11] As of 1968, the theory of neocolonialism was rejected by large sections of the party, who were inspired by Maoist positions arguing that Thailand was a semi-colonial country.[9]
As of 1968, the CPT guerrilla network consisted of less than 4,000 armed fighters, scattered across the northern mountains and other periphery regions. The CPT guerrilla had limited links to outside support.[13]
In 1969, the Supreme Command of the
In July 1969, nine CPT members were arrested, including a high-ranking
1970s: Peak
From 1970 on, the People's Liberation Army of Thailand (PLAT) received significant logistical support from China and Vietnam. PLAT forces intensified their operations, including attacks on
When Thailand and the People's Republic of China established diplomatic relations in 1975, an announcement on VOPT hailed this development.[2]
In the aftermath of the
In many cases, students accustomed to urban life had difficulties adapting to the harsh realities of guerrilla struggle, and thus the party decided to place many of them in villages rather deep in the jungle. The new student recruits were divided into groups of five to ten, which were distributed along the approximately 250 "liberated villages" of the country.[15]
By 1977, the party had an estimated 6,000 to 8,000 armed fighters, and about a million sympathizers. Half of the provinces of the country were declared "communist infiltrated" by official Thai sources at the time.[6]
The entry of leftist intellectuals to the party strengthened its capability to pursue united front policies. Following the expansion of its membership, the CPT began to stretch out a hand to wider sections of Thai society for forming a broad democratic front. On 7 May 1977, the Socialist Party of Thailand (SPT) declared that it would cooperate in armed struggle with the CPT. On 2 July, the two parties declared the formation of a united front.
On 4 October, VOPT declared the formation of the Committee for Coordination of Patriotic and Democratic Forces on 28 September. The nine-member coordination committee consisted of
- Chairman: Udom Srisuwan (CPT Central Committee Member)
- Vice Chairman: Boonyen Wothong (SPT)
- Committee Member: Monkon Na Nakhon (CPT)
- Committee Member: Therdphum Chaidee
- Committee Member: Sithon Yotkantha (farmers movement)
- Committee Member: Samak Chalikun (Socialist United Front Party)
- Committee Member: Chamni Sakdiset
- Spokesman and Committee Member: Sri Inthapathi (formerly working for the Public Relations Department of the government)
- Secretary:
Aligned with the CPT at the time were also the Thai Moslem People's Liberation Armed Forces and the National Student Center of Thailand.[2]
Shifting alliances
The military and political growth of the party would however be hampered by developments wider afield. The party depended on support from states and communist parties in neighbouring countries, and as international alliances shifted the CPT found itself vulnerable.
In late 1978, the Sino-Soviet split developed into armed hostilities in Southeast Asia as war broke out between Vietnam and Kampuchea, two countries that supported the CPT. Laos, a country which hosted many PLAT bases, sided with Vietnam in the dispute. In January 1979, the CPT and PLAT were expelled from Laos by the government, a military setback for the party. Bunyen Worthong and a small section of other ex-student leaders and intellectuals broke with the party leadership and on 22 October 1979, they formed the Thai Isan Liberation Party (generally called Pak Mai, the 'New Party') in Vientiane. Pak Mai was a communist party that supported Vietnamese-Laotian positions and was based in Laos.[2][16][17]
Initially, the CPT adopted a neutral stance in the conflict between Vietnam and Kampuchea, causing relations to deteriorate with both the Chinese and the Vietnamese parties. However, as Vietnam intervened militarily in Kampuchea, the CPT condemned the Vietnamese action in a statement issued on 7 June 1979.[2]
As diplomatic and trade relations between Thailand and China improved, and Thai and Chinese governments found a common enemy in pro-Soviet Vietnam, moral and logistical support for the CPT by the Chinese declined sharply. The Communist Party of China began advising the CPT to tone down their revolutionary discourse against the Thai government in their radio broadcasts and to support
1980s: Decline
In 1980, the Thai government adopted a government order, "66/2523", encouraging CPT cadres to defect.[18] Communist cadres were eventually granted amnesty.
In March 1981, the Socialist Party of Thailand broke off relations with the CPT, claiming that CPT was controlled by foreign influences.[2]
In April 1981, the CPT leadership sought talks with the Thai government. The government responded that CPT fighters had to demobilize before any talks could be initiated.[2] In a declaration on 25 October 1981, Major General Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, the director of the Thai Army Operations Department, said that the war against CPT armed forces was approaching its end as all major bases of the PLAT in the north and northeast had been destroyed.[16]
In 1982, the government, under Prime Minister General Prem Tinsulanonda, issued another executive order, 65/2525, offering amnesty to CPT-PLAT fighters.[19]
In 1982–1983, CPT experienced mass defections of its cadres, and its military potential was severely reduced.[18] Many of those who defected in the early 1980s were the students and intellectuals who had joined CPT after the 1976 massacre. The defectors generally rejected the Maoist ideological positions of the CPT, arguing that Thailand was emerging as an industrial nation and the peasant war strategy had to be abandoned.[16]
Damri Ruangsutham, an influential politburo member, and Surachai Sae Dan, a leading figure of the party in southern Thailand, were captured by state forces at that time.[16]
There have been no reports of CPT activity since the beginning of the 1990s. The exact fate of the party is not known, and it remains banned to this day.[20]
Party organization
As of the 1970s, the party was led by a seven-member
Information on the leadership of the CPT is scarce. The CPT itself was always secretive about the identity of its leaders. According to a 1977 Kampuchean document, it was claimed that the General Secretary of the CPT was Khamtan (
Ethnic composition
Prior to the formation of the Communist Party of Siam, the
See also
References
- ^ Battersby, Paul. "Border Politics and the Broader Politics of Thailand's International Relations in the 1990s: From Communism to Capitalism". Pacific Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 4. (Winter, 1998–1999), pp. 473–488.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Heaton, William R. "China and Southeast Asian Communist Movements: The Decline of Dual Track Diplomacy". Asian Survey, Vol. 22, No. 8. (August 1982), pp. 779–800.
- ^ ISBN 0520023935.
- ISBN 0415318629.
- ^ a b "Report 12 of 1948 by the Joint Intelligence Committee (Far East)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Stuart-Fox, Martin. "Factors Influencing Relations between the Communist Parties of Thailand and Laos", Asian Survey, Vol. 19, No. 4 (April 1979), pp. 333–352.
- ^ "Book Review: From Decorated Hero to Public Enemy No. 1". Asia Pacific Media Service
- ^ Nhân Dân: CPV led the resistance war, while continuing nation building Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c "An internal history of the Communist Party of Thailand". Journal Magazine[full citation needed]
- ^ Communist Parties of the World[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c d e Alpern, Stephen I. "Insurgency in Northeast Thailand: A New Cause for Alarm", Asian Survey, Vol. 15, No. 8. (August 1975), pp. 684–692.
- ^ a b c d Sison, Jose Maria. "Notes on People's War in Southeast Asia" Archived 18 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 0-300-13059-7.
- ^ Neher, Clark D. "Thailand: Toward fundamental change". Asian Survey, Vol. 11, No. 2 (February 1971), pp. 131–138
- ^ a b c d Morell, David; Samudavanija, Chai-anan. "Thailand's Revolutionary Insurgency: Changes in Leadership Potential". Asian Survey, Vol. 19, No. 4. (April 1979), pp. 315–332.
- ^ a b c d Sirkrai, Surachai. "General Prem Survives on a Conservative Line". Asian Survey, Vol. 22, No. 11. (November 1982), pp. 1093–1104.
- ^ a b Marks, Thomas A. "Thailand: Anatomy of a Counterinsurgency Victory" Archived 21 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Military Review, January–February 2007
- ^ a b Punyaratabandhu-Bhakdi, Suchitra. "Thailand in 1983: Democracy, Thai Style". Asian Survey, Vol. 24, No. 2, A Survey of Asia in 1983: Part II. (February 1984), pp. 187–194.
- ^ "It Was Like Suddenly My Son No Longer Existed" Human Rights Watch, Volume 19, No. 5(C), March 2007
- ^ "U.S. Department of State Background Note: Thailand"[full citation needed]
- ^ Frings, K. Viviane, "Rewriting Cambodian History to 'Adapt' It to a New Political Context: The Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party's Historiography (1979–1991)" in Modern Asian Studies, vol. 31, No. 4. (October 1997), pp. 807–846.
- ^ Kaufmann, Chaim. "Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars" in International Security, vol. 20, No. 4. (Spring, 1996), pp. 136–175.