Democratic backsliding in the United States
Democratic backsliding in the United States has been identified as a trend at the state and national levels in various indices and analyses.
The
Jim Crow era
Lead-up to Jim Crow
The first reconstruction started with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863.
By the late 1870s, however, white backlash against the social, economic and political gains of Black people (exemplified by the violence and persecution they faced from terrorist groups like the Ku Klux Klan)[9] contributed to the Compromise of 1877, wherein the Democratic Party (then-dominated by Southern white supremacists)[15] agreed to let Republicans win the 1876 presidential election, in exchange for removing federal troops in the South and, in the words of historian James M. McPherson, "the abandonment of the black man to his fate."[10] Former supporters of Reconstruction era policies began to argue that the government had made "too many changes too fast", and a White conservative movement within the Republican Party also started to gain influence.[16][17]
Jim Crow era
The Jim Crow Era saw an erosion of political and civil rights that would span decades; between the 1890s and 1910s, Southern governments passed Jim Crow laws, which instituted poll taxes, literacy tests and other discriminatory systems, barring many Black and impoverished White Americans from voting. By 1913, this disenfranchisement extended into the federal government, as the Wilson Administration introduced segregation there as well. Jim Crow policies have been described as a democratic breakdown (or backsliding).[18][19][8][20]
Twenty-first century
The twenty-first century saw the erosion of voting rights and the rise of partisan gerrymandering by state legislatures.[22] The presidency of Donald Trump accelerated the undermining of democratic norms.[22][23] A paper published in The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science said, "Trump undermined faith in elections, encouraged political violence, vilified the mainstream media, positioned himself as a law-and-order strongman challenging immigrants and suppressing protests, and refused to denounce support from far-right groups."[22]
In 2019, political scientists Robert R. Kaufman and
Origins
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2023) |
Some have linked the
A resurgence of authoritarian, white-ethnic identity politics has been cited as well.[31]
Inequality and the role of money in politics
Political scientists including
Undemocratic institutions
Huq also cited the inadequate democratization of national institutions since 1787.[31] Levitsky and Ziblatt agree, finding 2016-2021 to be a period of democratic backsliding[35] due largely to the inability to reform minoritarian institutions like the Electoral College and Senate that enabled reactionary xenophobic candidates to win office much more easily than in other democracies that had successfully reformed their institutions in the 20th century to be more representative.[36] Tom Ginsburg and Bridgette Baldwin made similar arguments, citing the Supreme Court's role in shifting political power enough to enable authoritarianism.[37][38]
Levitsky and Ziblatt argue that the US Constitution is the most difficult in the world to amend "by a lot" and that this helps explain why the US still has so many undemocratic institutions that most or all other democracies have reformed.[39]
Gerrymandering
The Republicans took initiative in pushing state redistricting in their favor using the results of the
These new Republican-drawn district maps were met by several lawsuits challenging their validity. The
Supreme Court
Thomas Keck argues that because the Court has historically not served as a strong bulwark for democracy, the Roberts Court has the opportunity to go down in history as a defender of democracy. However, he believes that if the court shields Trump from criminal prosecution (after ensuring his access to the ballot), then the risks that come with an anti-democratic status-quo of the current court will outweigh the dangers that come from court reform (including court packing).
In a July 2022 research paper entitled "The Supreme Court's Role in the Degradation of U.S. Democracy," the Campaign Legal Center, founded by Republican Trevor Potter, concluded that the Roberts Court "has turned on our democracy" and was on an "anti-democratic crusade" that had "accelerated and become increasingly extreme with the arrival" of Trump's three appointees.[46][47][non-primary source needed]
Election subversion
By 2020, most
Leonard Leo is also involved with the
HEP had for years submitted
Restrictions on voting
Despite extensive research over decades finding that voting fraud is extremely rare, many Republicans assert it is widespread and that actions must be taken to prevent it.[56][57] Amid persistent false allegations that widespread fraud had led to Trump's 2020 election loss, in 2021 Republicans in multiple states began taking actions to gain control of state and county election apparatuses, limit ballot access and challenge votes. By June, Republicans had introduced at least 216 bills in 41 states to give legislatures more power over elections officials. Republican lawmakers had stripped authority from secretaries of state, who oversee state elections. In Georgia, Republicans removed Democrats of color from local election boards. In Arkansas, they stripped election control from county authorities.[58]
Wisconsin Republicans, led by senator Ron Johnson, sought to dismantle the bipartisan Wisconsin Elections Commission, which the party had created five years earlier. In Michigan and other swing states, Republicans sought to create an "army" of poll workers and attorneys who could refer what they deemed questionable ballots to a network of friendly district attorneys to challenge. Through May 2022, Republican voters had nominated at least 108 candidates, in some 170 midterm races, who had repeated Trump's stolen election lies; at least 149 had campaigned on tightening voting procedures, despite the lack of evidence of widespread fraud. Dozens of these nominees sought offices to oversee the administration and certification of elections.[58]
Antidemocratic and authoritarian tendencies
Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt in their 2018 book How Democracies Die analyze major modern presidential candidates against four key indicators of authoritarian behavior and found that Richard Nixon met one, George Wallace one, and Donald Trump all four.[59] The four indicators the authors use are 1) rejection of (or weak commitment to) democratic rules of the game, 2) denial of the legitimacy of political opponents, 3) toleration or encouragement of violence, and 4) readiness to curtail civil liberties of opponents (including the media).[59] In their 2023 book, Tyranny of the Minority, Levitsky and Ziblatt argue that the decision by partisans when faced with an authoritarian faction on whether to stay loyal to democracy by breaking with that faction has determined the fate of a number of democracies.[60] They cite the Republican Accountability Project, which in 2021 estimated that 6% of national Republicans politicians consistently stood-up for democracy, with many of those who did losing reelection or retiring.[61]
By 2021, polling and research indicated a significant shift against democracy among Republican voters, both in terms of rhetoric and acceptance of potential political violence. The shift was most pronounced among Republicans who trusted
Robert Jones, CEO of PRRI, said he was deeply concerned about the poll findings and "we really have to take them seriously as a threat to democracy." Political scientist John Pitney, who was previously a domestic policy and legislative aide for congressional Republicans, remarked, "Back in the 1980s, Republicans aspired to be the party of hope and opportunity. Now it is the party of blood and soil. The culture war is front and center, and for many Republicans, it is close to being a literal war, not just a metaphorical one." Political scientist Larry Bartels, a co-director of the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions at Vanderbilt University, wrote in August 2020 that "substantial numbers of Republicans endorse statements contemplating violations of key democratic norms, including respect for the law and for the outcomes of elections and eschewing the use of force in pursuit of political ends." He ascribed the primary cause to "ethnic antagonism" among Republicans toward immigrants and minorities seeking political power and claims on government resources.[62]
A survey between 2017 and 2019 found a third of Americans want a "strong leader who doesn't have to bother with Congress or elections", and one-quarter had a favorable view of military rule.[63] A research study administered in 2019 found Trump supporters were more likely to condone executive aggrandizement, while Republicans were more likely to support a candidate who suspends Congress or ignores court verdicts.[64]
Religious and white nationalism
During the Trump era, a
Researchers have observed that many in the movement seek to reduce or eliminate the separation of church and state found in the Constitution. Some also believe Trump was divinely chosen to save white Christian America. In their 2022 book, The Flag and the Cross: White Christian Nationalism and the Threat to American Democracy, Gorski and co-author Samuel Perry, a professor of religious studies at the University of Oklahoma, wrote that white Christian nationalists share a set of common anti-democratic beliefs and principles that "add up to a political vision that privileges the tribe. And they seek to put other tribes in their proper place." Some believe in a "Warrior Christ" they will follow with the use of righteous violence.[65]
During a
Every Republican voted against a July 2022 House measure requiring Homeland Security, the FBI and the Defense Department to "publish a report that analyzes and sets out strategies to combat white supremacist and neo-Nazi activity" in their ranks. A 2019 survey of active service members found that about one third had "personally witnessed examples of white nationalism or ideological-driven racism within the ranks in recent months." About one fifth of those who were charged for participating in the January 6 attack were veterans, with some on active service.[68][69]
Reactions
In September 2023, thirteen presidential centers dating from Herbert Hoover to Barack Obama released an unprecedented joint message warning of the fragile state of American democracy. The statement called for a recommitment to the rule of law and civility in political discourse, as well as respect for democratic institutions and secure and accessible elections.[72]
President Joe Biden warned of threats to democracy during addresses in 2022 and 2023.
There's something dangerous happening in America now. There's an extremist movement that does not share the basic beliefs of our democracy: The MAGA movement. There's no question that today's Republican Party is driven and intimidated by MAGA Republican extremists. Their extreme agenda, if carried out, would fundamentally alter the institutions of American democracy as we know it.[76][77]
Hillary Clinton, whom Trump defeated in 2016, said in October 2023 that Trump was likely to be the 2024 Republican presidential nominee and if elected "will wreck our democracy," likening his MAGA supporters to a "cult."[78]
Indicators
National indices
As part of their Freedom in the World survey series, Freedom House downgraded the United States's score significantly in their civil rights and political liberties index between 2010 (94) and 2020 (83), citing the need for 3 main reforms: removing barriers to voting, limiting the influence of money in politics, and establishing independent redistricting commissions.[79][80][36]
The Economist Democracy Index started the U.S. at the index's launch in 2006 at an 8.22/10 (full democracy) though the rating started declining in 2010 and dropped to its lowest rating yet of 7.85 in 2021 (flawed democracy[81]).[82] The Economist cited functioning of government and political culture (both related to polarization) as major reasons for the lower score.[83]
The
State Democracy Index
Jacob Grumbach published the State Democracy Index which evaluates states between 2000 and 2018 on the strength of their electoral democracy. While starting in 2002 and accelerating after the 2010 elections and redistricting, Grumbach finds American states under unified Republican Party control began significant backsliding, while Democratic Party-controlled and divided states have become more democratic.[90][91][92] Grumbach found Alabama, Tennessee, Ohio, Wisconsin, and North Carolina were the worst performers (with Wisconsin and North Carolina previously ranking at the top), and suggested a sense of racial threat was one of the main drivers in these states with larger black populations becoming more anti-democratic.[93] Grumbach also cites economic inequality, the nationalization of state politics through declining journalism and an increase in national donors as contributors of backsliding.[86] While he notes it would be difficult to compare across eras, he believes that the slavery and Jim Crow eras in particular had far greater gaps in the quality of democracy between states than the present day gaps he analyzes and notes that the US, in the eyes of some, was not a democracy until 1964.[86]
Public opinion
Bright Line surveys from the University of Chicago have taken frequent measurements on attitudes around democracy in the US from political scientists and a representative sample of the public, and have shown democratic decline consistent with V-Dem and the Economist Democracy Index.[94][86]
A 2022 Quinnipiac University poll found that 69 percent of Democrats and Republicans and 66 percent of Independents think American democracy is "in danger of collapse".[95]
See also
- American decline
- Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution § Convention of States Project[relevant?]
- October surprise
References
Citations
- ^ S2CID 225475139.
- ISBN 978-0-19-023487-4
- S2CID 234870008.
- S2CID 159354232.
- .
- S2CID 228959708.
- ISBN 978-3-030-03125-1.
- ^ .
Backsliding entails a deterioration of qualities associated with democratic governance, within any regime. In democratic regimes, it is a decline in the quality of democracy; in autocracies, it is a decline in democratic qualities of governance.
- ^ a b McPherson 1978, p. 140.
- ^ a b McPherson 1978, p. 135.
- ^ "All Amendments to the United States Constitution". University of Minnesota Human Rights Library. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020.
- ^ "Reconstruction Amendments". Slavery by Another Name. PBS. Retrieved February 22, 2024.
- ^ McPherson 1978, p. 138.
- ISBN 978-0-593-44307-1.
- ^ McPherson 1978, pp. 136–137.
- ^ McPherson 1978, p. 143.
- S2CID 213551748.
- ISSN 0092-5853.
- ISSN 1094-2939.
- ISSN 0003-0554.
- ^ Alizada, Nazifa; Cole, Rowan; Gastaldi, Lisa; Grahn, Sandra; Hellmeier, Sebastian; Kolvani, Palina; Lachapelle, Jean; Lührmann, Anna; Maerz, Seraphine F.; Pillai, Shreeya; Lindberg, Staffan I. (2021). "Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021" (PDF). University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 14, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
- ^ a b c Jardina & Mickey 2022, first section.
- ^ Rowland 2021, p. 158.
- ^ a b Kaufman & Haggard 2019, p. 417.
- ^ Weyland 2020.
- ^ López & Luna 2021, p. 421.
- ^ Gillies 2022.
- ^ Tunney, Catharine (May 19, 2022). "Canada should rethink relationship with U.S. as democratic 'backsliding' worsens: security experts". CBC News. Retrieved May 29, 2022.
- S2CID 258184706.
- ^ Greenberg 2021, pp. 6–7.
- ^ a b c Huq 2022, p. 50.
- ^ Brown 2006, p. 690.
- ISBN 978-1-349-53303-9, retrieved October 28, 2023
- ^ Alikhani 2017, pp. 196–198.
- ISBN 978-0-593-44307-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-593-44307-1.
- ^ Ginsburg, Tom (2018). "Democratic Backsliding and the Rule of Law". Ohio Northern University Law Review. 44: 351–369.
- ^ Baldwin, Bridgette (April 24, 2015). "Backsliding: The United States Supreme Court, Shelby County v. Holder and the Dismantling of Voting Rights Act of 1965". Journal of Race, Gender, and Ethnicity. 7 (1).
- ISBN 978-0-593-44307-1.
- ^ Millhauser, Ian (September 11, 2019). "The cracks in the GOP's gerrymandering firewall". Vox. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
- ^ a b Huq 2022, Enabling Durable Minority Entrenchment.
- ^ Sullivan, Caroline (June 22, 2023). "Two Weeks Later, Allen v. Milligan Has Impacted These States". Democracy Docket. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ Millhiser, Ian (June 27, 2023). "The Supreme Court decides not to destroy democracy in the United States". Vox. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- .
- ^ Huq 2022.
- ^ Tokaji, Dan (July 13, 2022). "CLC on 'The Supreme Court's Role in the Degradation of U.S. Democracy'". Election Law Blog. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ "The Supreme Court's Role in the Degradation of U.S. Democracy" (PDF). Campaign Legal Center. July 13, 2022.
Unfortunately, the Supreme Court's relationship to democracy has shifted dramatically in recent years. Under the leadership of Chief Justice John Roberts, the Supreme Court has spent the last two decades systematically dismantling federal voting rights protections and campaign finance laws while enabling states to restrict the franchise and distort electoral outcomes with remarkable zeal. The pace of this upheaval has accelerated since 2017 with the additions of Justices Gorsuch, Kavanaugh, and Barrett. And in its first term, the Roberts Court's new supermajority has demonstrated a ready willingness to overturn precedent and discard long recognized constitutional rights, so we can expect changes in democracy law to be as extreme as they are quick to come.
- ^ "State Partisan Composition". National Conference of State Legislatures.
- ^ Kim, Ellis (January 28, 2022). "January 6 committee subpoenas 14 individuals who acted as 'alternate electors'". CBS News.
- ^ Cohen, Zachary; Murray, Sara; Polantz, Katelyn; Perez, Evan; Cohen, Marshall (June 23, 2022). "DOJ subpoenas Georgia Republican Party chairman as it expands Trump fake elector probe". CNN.
- ^ OCLC 1330888409.
- ^ a b Liptak, Adam; Corasaniti, Nick (June 30, 2022). "Supreme Court to Hear Case on State Legislatures' Power Over Elections". The New York Times.
- ^ Florido, Adrian; Baldwin, Robert III; Winston, Natalie (June 18, 2022). "Former federal judge warns of danger to American democracy". National Public Radio.
- ^ Luttig, J. Michael (April 27, 2022). "Opinion: The Republican blueprint to steal the 2024 election". CNN.
- ^ Liptak, Adam (June 27, 2023). "Supreme Court Rejects Theory That Would Have Transformed American Elections". The New York Times.
- ^ Sullivan, Andy; Ax, Joseph (September 9, 2020). "Despite Trump claims, voter fraud is extremely rare. Here is how U.S. states keep it that way". Reuters.
- ^ Epstein, Reid J.; Corasaniti, Nick (March 17, 2022). "Republicans Push Crackdown on Crime Wave That Doesn't Exist: Voter Fraud". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ a b Multiple sources:
- Izaguirre, Anthony (March 27, 2021). "GOP lawmakers seek greater control over local elections". Associated Press.
- Vasilogambros, Matt (July 28, 2021). "Republican Legislators Curb Authority of County, State Election Officials". Pew Trusts.
- Scanlan, Quinn (August 16, 2021). "10 new state laws shift power over elections to partisan entities". ABC News.
- Arnsdorf, Isaac; Clark, Doug Bock; Berzon, Alexandra; Damon, Anjeanette (September 2, 2021). "Heeding Steve Bannon's Call, Election Deniers Organize to Seize Control of the GOP — and Reshape America's Elections". Pro Publica.
- Epstein, Reed J. (November 19, 2021). "Wisconsin Republicans Push to Take Over the State's Elections". The New York Times.
- Przybyla, Heidi (June 1, 2022). "'It's going to be an army': Tapes reveal GOP plan to contest elections". Politico.
- Schouten, Fredreka (January 10, 2022). "Pro-Trump Republicans try to rewrite state election laws as a voting rights showdown looms in Congress". CNN.
- Riccardi, Nicholas (December 30, 2021). "'Slow-motion insurrection': How GOP seizes election power". Associated Press.
- Skelley, Geoffrey (May 17, 2021). "How The Republican Push To Restrict Voting Could Affect Our Elections". FiveThirtyEight.
- Amy Gardner; Isaac Arnsdorf (June 14, 2022). "More than 100 GOP primary winners back Trump's false fraud claims". The Washington Post.
- Reid J. Epstein; Nick Corasaniti (June 15, 2022). "Far-Right Republicans Press Closer to Power Over Future Elections". The New York Times.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-5247-6293-3.
- ISBN 978-0-593-44307-1.
- ISBN 978-0-593-44307-1.
- ^ a b Multiple sources:
- Wilson, Reid (November 1, 2021). "Stunning survey gives grim view of flourishing anti-democratic opinions". The Hill. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- "Competing Visions of America: An Evolving Identity or a Culture Under Attack? Findings from the 2021 American Values Survey". Public Religion Research Institute. November 1, 2021.
- Beauchamp, Zack (March 1, 2021). "The Republican revolt against democracy, explained in 13 charts". Vox. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- Scully, Aidan (February 11, 2022). "Point of No Return: The Authoritarian Parties". Harvard Political Review.
- ^ a b Jardina & Mickey 2022, Mass Support for Democracy and Racial Animus.
- ^ Gidengil, Stolle & Bergeron-Boutin 2021, p. 15.
- ^ a b Multiple sources:
- Blake, John (July 24, 2022). "An 'Imposter Christianity' is Threatening American Democracy". CNN.
- Boorstein, Michelle (January 14, 2021). "For some Christians, the Capitol riot doesn't change the prophecy: Trump will be president". The Washington Post.
- Jones, Sarah (June 4, 2022). "White Christian Nationalism 'Is a Fundamental Threat to Democracy'". New York.
- Dias, Elizabeth (July 8, 2022). "The Far-Right Christian Quest for Power: 'We Are Seeing Them Emboldened'". The New York Times.
- Owen, Tess (July 18, 2022). "Christian Nationalism Drove These People Out of Their Churches". Vice.
- ^ Jardina & Mickey 2022, abstract.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Kathleen Ronayne; Michael Kunzelman (September 30, 2020). "Trump to far-right extremists: 'Stand back and stand by'". Associated Press.
- Teaganne Finn; Daniel Barnes (January 13, 2022). "Oath Keepers leader, 10 others charged with 'seditious conspiracy' in Jan. 6 Capitol attack". NBC News.
- Reilly, Ryan J. (June 6, 2022). "Enrique Tarrio, other Proud Boys indicted on seditious conspiracy charges". NBC News.
- Geneva Sands (October 6, 2020). "White supremacists remain deadliest US terror threat, Homeland Security report says". CNN.
- Bump, Philip (March 2, 2021). "FBI Director Wray reconfirms the threat posed by racist extremists". The Washington Post.
- "White supremacists on par with ISIS as 'top threat,' FBI director says at Captiol [sic] riot hearing". The Independent. March 3, 2021.
- "DHS draft document: White supremacists are greatest terror threat". Politico. September 4, 2020.
- Zolan Kanno-Youngs (October 6, 2020). "Delayed Homeland Security Report Warns of 'Lethal' White Supremacy". The New York Times.
- Edmondson, Catie (July 14, 2022). "Republicans Oppose Measure to Root Out White Supremacy in the Military". The New York Times.
- ^ Edmondson, Catie (July 14, 2022). "Republicans Oppose Measure to Root Out White Supremacy in the Military". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ Dreisbach, Tom; Anderson, Meg (January 21, 2021). "Nearly 1 In 5 Defendants In Capitol Riot Cases Served In The Military". National Public Radio. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- Just Security. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ Ottesen, KK (March 8, 2022). "'They are preparing for war': An expert on civil wars discusses where political extremists are taking this country". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ Fields, Gary (September 7, 2023). "Presidential centers from Hoover to Bush and Obama unite to warn of fragile state of US democracy". Associated Press. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ Miller, Zeke; Boak, Josh (September 2, 2023). "Biden sounds newly strong alarm: Trumpism menaces democracy". Associated Press. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- The White House. September 1, 2022. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ Shabad, Rebecca (August 26, 2022). "Biden blasts MAGA philosophy as 'semi-fascism'". NBC News. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ Liptak, Kevin; Lee, MJ; Tausche, Kayla; Saenz, Arlette (September 28, 2023). "Biden previews 2024 message by warning that Trump's movement is a threat to American democracy". CNN. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ Baker, Peter (September 28, 2023). "Biden Issues a Blistering Attack on Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ Hudspeth Blackburn, Piper (October 5, 2023). "Exclusive: Hillary Clinton says Trump is likely GOP 2024 nominee but Biden can still beat him". CNN. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
- ^ Repucci, Sarah (March 2021). "From Crisis to Reform: A Call to Strengthen America's Battered Democracy". Freedom House. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
- ^ Holodny, Elena (January 25, 2017). "The US has been downgraded to a 'flawed democracy'". Business Insider.
- ^ Millson, Alex (February 9, 2022). "'Flawed' U.S. Falls Down List of World's Most Democratic Countries". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
- ^ Meyers, David (February 14, 2022). "U.S. remains a 'flawed democracy' in annual rankings – The Fulcrum". thefulcrum.us. Retrieved October 30, 2023.
- ^ "Country Graph". V-Dem. V-Dem Institute. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
- ^ Lührmann & Lindberg 2019, p. 1097.
- ^ a b c d Grumbach, Jake (December 1, 2022). "Laboratories of Democratic Backsliding". Cambridge University Press.
- ISBN 978-0-593-44307-1.
- ^ Isackson, Amy (December 1, 2021). "Democracy is declining in the U.S. but it's not all bad news, a report finds". NPR.
- ^ "United States Democracy Indices: 1975–present". IDEA International. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
- OCLC 1337137583.
- ^ "Jacob Grumbach Receives the 2023 Merze Tate - Elinor Ostrom Outstanding Book Award -". Political Science Now. August 2, 2023. Retrieved February 27, 2024.
- ^ Gutman, David (August 22, 2022). "UW professor outlines how states went from the laboratories of democracy to working against it". The Seattle Times. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
- ^ Beauchamp, Zack (April 7, 2023). "A study confirms it: Tennessee's democracy really is as bad as the expulsions made you think". Vox. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
- ^ "Who's More Afraid of Democracy: the Center or the Right? – Niskanen Center". Niskanen Center – Improving Policy, Advancing Moderation. June 20, 2018. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
- ^ "Opinion: A majority of Americans think US democracy is broken. Here are 12 ideas for repairing it". CNN. October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
Footnotes
Bibliography
- Alikhani, Behrouz (2017). "Post-Democracy or Processes of De-Democratization? United States Case Study". Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung. 42 (4 (162)): 189–206. ISSN 0172-6404.
- S2CID 145467672.
- S2CID 245159417.
- Gillies, Jamie (2022). "The Authoritarian Elephant Next Door?: A Canadian and Comparative Perspective Amidst American Democratic Backsliding & Uncertainty". American Behavioral Scientist. 67 (5): 598–611. S2CID 248979975.
- ISBN 978-0-691-21656-0.
- S2CID 247499952.
- Jardina, Ashley; Mickey, Robert (2022). "White Racial Solidarity and Opposition to American Democracy". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 699 (1): 79–89. S2CID 247499954.
- Kaufman, Robert R.; Haggard, Stephan (2019). "Democratic Decline in the United States: What Can We Learn from Middle-Income Backsliding?". Perspectives on Politics. 17 (2): 417–432. S2CID 149457724.
- López, Matias; Luna, Juan Pablo (2021). "Assessing the Risk of Democratic Reversal in the United States: A Reply to Kurt Weyland". PS: Political Science & Politics. 54 (3): 421–426. S2CID 235612952.
- S2CID 150992660.
- JSTOR 40255407.
- Nelson, Michael J.; Witko, Christopher (2022). "The Economic Costs of Democratic Backsliding? Backsliding and State Location Preferences of US Job Seekers". The Journal of Politics. 84 (2): 1233–1238. S2CID 236219408.
- ISBN 978-0-7006-3196-4.
- Weyland, Kurt (2020). "Populism's Threat to Democracy: Comparative Lessons for the United States". Perspectives on Politics. 18 (2): 389–406. S2CID 213708401.
Further reading
- Richardson, Heather Cox (2023). Democracy Awakening: Notes on the State of America.
- Grumbach, Jacob (2022). Laboratories Against Democracy: How National Parties Transformed State Politics. Princeton University Press.
- Haggard, Stephan; Kaufman, Robert (2021). Backsliding: Democratic Regress in the Contemporary World. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-95840-0.
- Mettler, Suzanne; ISBN 978-1-250-24442-0.
- Kreml, William P. (2016) [1991]. Losing Balance: De-Democratization of America. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-315-48819-6.