Digression
Digression (parékbasis in
In classical rhetoric since Corax of Syracuse, especially in Institutio Oratoria of Quintilian, the digression was a regular part of any oration or composition. After setting out the topic of a work and establishing the need for attention to be given, the speaker or author would digress to a seemingly disconnected subject before returning to a development of the composition's theme, a proof of its validity, and a conclusion. A schizothemia is a digression by means of a long reminiscence.
Cicero was a master of digression, particularly in his ability to shift from the specific question or issue at hand (the hypothesis) to the more general issue or question that it depended upon (the thesis). As was the case with most ancient orators, Cicero's apparent digression always turned out to bear directly upon the issue at hand. During the Second Sophistic (in Imperial Rome), the ability to guide a speech away from a stated theme and then back again with grace and skill came to be a mark of true eloquence.
Etymology
The term "digression" comes from the Latin word digressio: "a going away, departing," noun of action from past participle stem of digredi "to deviate", from dis- "apart, aside" + gradi "to step, go".[1]
Literary use
Digressions in a literary text serve a diverse array of functions, such as a means to provide background information, a way to illustrate or emphasize a point through example or anecdote, and even a channel through which to satirize a subject.
800–500 BCE
In 800-500 BCE, Homer relies upon digression in his composition of
For example, in Book Eleven, Homer employs a mini-digression when Agamemnon comes upon brothers Peisandros and Hippolokhos in battle. After they come to Agamemnon as suppliants, he remembers that their father was one who denied Menelaos’ emissaries and “held out for killing [them] then and there”.[2] This short interlude from the action provides the audience with a critical fact about the beginning of the war and the nature of the opposing parties.
18th and 19th centuries
In 18th-century literature, the digression (not to be confused with
The digression was also used for non-satiric purposes in fiction. In
are also full of digressions.20th century
In late twentieth-century literature (in postmodern fiction), authors began to use digressions as a way of distancing the reader from the fiction and for creating a greater sense of play. John Fowles's The French Lieutenant's Woman and Lawrence Norfolk's Lemprière's Dictionary both employ digressions to offer scholarly background to the fiction, while others, like Gilbert Sorrentino in Mulligan Stew, use digression to prevent the functioning of the fiction's illusions.
Real-life examples
Digression as a rhetorical device can also be found in present-day sermons: after introducing the topic, the speaker will introduce a story that seems to be unrelated, return to the original topic, and then use the story to illustrate the speaker's point.
Unintentional digressions in informal conversation and discussion are common. Speakers commonly use the phrase "But I digress..." after a digression to express the shift back to the main topic. Many examples of this use can already be found in 19th-century publications. Unless the speaker ties the "digression" back into the subject at hand, that shift in subject does not strictly constitute a rhetorical digression.
See also
References
- Notes
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "digression". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ Homer. The Iliad. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2004.
- ^ "Tristram Shandy." The Electronic Labrynth. Christopher Keep, Tim McLaughlin, Robin Parmar, n.d. Web. 2 October 2013.
- Citations
- Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria, vol IV.
- Ross Chambers, Literature. University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
- Maurice Laugaa, 'le théâtre de la digression dans le discours classique' in Semiotica IV, 1971.
- Randa Sabry, Stratégies discursives, Editions de E.H.E.S.S., Paris, 1992. (known as the best historical and theorical study on the digression in literature and rhetoric. Written in French but still unavailable in English)
- Christine Montalbetti & Nathalie Piegay-Gros, la digression dans le récit, Bertrand-Lacoste, Paris, 1994. (summary book for students)
- Pierre Bayard, Hors-sujet : Proust et la digression, Editions de Minuit, Paris, 1996.