Sermon
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A sermon is a religious discourse
In
In Islam, sermons are known as khutbah.
Christianity
In Christianity, a sermon is typically identified as an address or discourse delivered to a
The word sermon is used contemporarily to describe many famous moments in Christian (and Jewish) history. The most famous example is the Sermon on the Mount by Jesus of Nazareth. This address was given around 30 AD,[8] and is recounted in the Gospel of Matthew (5:1–7:29, including introductory and concluding material) as being delivered on a mount on the north end of the Sea of Galilee, near Capernaum. It is also contained in some of the other gospel narratives.
During the later
The sermon has been an important part of Christian services since
In most denominations, modern preaching is kept below forty minutes, but historic preachers of all denominations could at times speak for several hours,[11] and use techniques of rhetoric and theatre that are today somewhat out of fashion in mainline churches.
During the Middle Ages, sermons inspired the beginnings of new religious institutes (e.g., Saint Dominic and Francis of Assisi). Pope Urban II began the First Crusade in November 1095 at the Council of Clermont, France, when he exhorted French knights to retake the Holy Land.
The academic study of sermons, the analysis and classification of their preparation, composition and delivery, is called homiletics.
A controversial issue that aroused strong feelings in
Lutheranism and Reformed Christianity
The
In many Protestant churches, the sermon came to replace the
Evangelical Christianity
In the 18th and 19th centuries during the
In
Roman Catholic
Roman Catholic preaching has evolved over time but generally the subject matter is similar. As the famous St.
Among the most famous Catholic sermons are St. Francis of Assisi's Sermon to the Birds, St. Alphonsus Liguori's Italian Sermons for all the Sundays in the year, St. Robert Bellarmine's sermons during the counter-reformation period in Sermons from the Latins, the French The Sermons of the Curé of Ars by St. John Vianney and the Old English sermons of Ælfric of Eynsham.[28]
Islam
Types
There are a number of different types of sermons, that differ both in their subject matter and by their intended audience, and accordingly not every preacher is equally well-versed in every type. The types of sermons are:
- Biographicalsermons – tracing the story of a particular biblical character through a number of parts of the Bible.
- Good News.
- Expository preaching – exegesis, that is sermons that expound and explain a text to the congregation.[34]
- Historical sermons – which seek to portray a biblical story within its non-biblical historical perspective.[35]
- Hortatorysermons (associated with the Greek word didache) – exhort a return to living ethically, in Christianity a return to living on the basis of the gospel.
- Illuminative sermons, also known as proems (petihta) – which connect an apparently unrelated biblical verse or religious question with the current calendrical event or festival.[36]
- Liturgical sermons – sermons that explain the liturgy, why certain things are done during a service, such as why communion is offered and what it means.[37]
- Narrative sermons – which tell a story, often a parable, or a series of stories, to make a moral point.
- Redemptive-historical preaching– sermons that take into consideration the context of any given text within the broader history of salvation as recorded in the canon of the bible.
- Topical sermons – concerned with a particular subject of current concern;
Sermons can be both written and spoken out loud.
Delivery methods
Sermons also differ in the amount of time and effort used to prepare them. Some are scripted while others are not.
With the advent of reception theory, researchers also became aware that how sermons are listened to affects their meaning as much as how they are delivered. The expectations of the congregation, their prior experience of listening to oral texts, their level of scriptural education, and the relative social positions—often reflected in the physical arrangement—of sermon-goers vis-a-vis the preacher are part of the meaning of the sermon.
The preacher begins calmly, speaking in conversational, if oratorical and occasionally grandiloquent, prose; he then gradually begins to speak more rapidly, excitedly, and to chant his words and time to a regular beat; finally, he reaches an emotional peak in which the chanted speech becomes tonal and merges with the singing, clapping, and shouting of the congregation.[38]
Impromptu preaching
Impromptu preaching is a sermon technique where the preacher exhorts the congregation without any previous preparation. It can be aided with a reading of a Bible passage, aleatory opened or not, or even without any scriptural reference.
The Bible says that the Holy Spirit gives disciples the inspiration to speak:
Matthew 10:16-20
16: Behold, I send you forth as sheep in the midst of wolves: be ye therefore wise as serpents, and harmless as doves.
17: But beware of men: for they will deliver you up to the councils, and they will scourge you in their synagogues;
18: And ye shall be brought before governors and kings for my sake, for a testimony against them and the Gentiles.
19: But when they deliver you up, take no thought how or what ye shall speak: for it shall be given you in that same hour what ye shall speak.
20: For it is not ye that speak, but the Spirit of your Father which speaketh in you.
According to some people, when Jesus says "take no thought how or what ye shall speak" he is saying that it is better not to script your speeches or sermons, but to let the Holy Spirit of your Father speak through you. Others see the expression as simply a comforting exhortation not to worry or be anxious, but to rest confident that God is in control (cf. Phil. 2:12-13). In other places the apostle Paul emphatically underscored the importance of diligent work in study and preparation (I Tim. 4:13-16; II Tim. 2:15).
Today impromptu preaching is practiced by unprogrammed
Extemporaneous preaching
Extemporaneous preaching is a style of preaching involving extensive preparation of all the sermon except for the precise wording. The topic, basic structure and scripture to be used are all determined in advance, and the preachers saturate themselves in the details necessary to present their message so thoroughly that they are able to present the message with neither detailed notes nor perhaps even an outline. Consequently, unprepared preachers may find themselves unable to deliver a message with the same precision as people using detailed notes or memorizing detailed aspects of their speech.
While some might say this style is distinct from impromptu preaching, and that the preacher gives no specific preparation to their message, what Charles Spurgeon referred to as "impromptu preaching" he considered to be the same as extemporaneous preaching.[39] He, in his sermon "The Faculty of Impromptu Speech", describes extemporaneous preaching as a process of the preacher immersing himself in the Scriptures and prayer, knowing it so well that he only needs to find the appropriate words in the moment that the sermon is given. He states,
Only thoughtless persons think this to be easy; it is at once the most laborious and the most efficient mode of preaching[.][40]
Henry Ware Jr. states,
The first thing to be observed is, that the student who would acquire facility in this art, should bear it constantly in mind, and have regard to it in all his studies and in his whole mode of study.[This quote needs a citation]
On the other hand, it is distinct from many other forms of memorized preaching. Proponents claim that the importance of preaching demands it be extemporaneous.
A reflecting mind will feel as if it were infinitely out of place to present in the pulpit to immortal souls, hanging upon the verge of everlasting death, such specimens of learning and rhetoric.
— Charles Finney[This quote needs a citation]
The style was popular in the late 19th century among
Secular usage
In informal usage, the word sermon is used in secular terms, usually disapprovingly,[45] to refer to "a long talk in which someone advises other people how they should behave in order to be better people".[46]
See also
Buddhism
- Dharma talk (Dhamma talk)
- Pariyatti
- Agga Maha Pandita
Christianity
- Expository preaching
- Extemporaneous preaching
- Popular Sermon of the Medieval Friar
- Preacher
- List of preachers
- Redemptive-historical preaching
Judaism
- Jewish ethics
- Jewish meditation
- Rabbinical literature
- Midrash
- Musar literature
Islam
- Nahj al Balagha
- Qur'an reading
- The Sermon for Necessities
Notes
- ^ "Definition of SERMON". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
- ^ "Matthew 5-7 – King James Version". Bible Gateway.
- ^ "Acts 2:14-40 – King James Version". Bible Gateway.
- ^ The Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. 1970-1979. The Gale Group, Inc. Free Dictionary website Retrieved 21 Nov. 2018
- ISBN 978-0-87413-677-7.
- ISBN 978-0-567-03078-8.
- ISBN 978-0-521-84182-5.
- ^ Kent, Emerson. Sermon on the Mount. EmersonKent.com. Famous Speeches In History. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
- ISBN 978-0-687-33531-2.
- ISBN 9780684182773.
- ^ Francis, 10
- ^ Francis, 13–14
- ^ Francis, 19–21
- ^ Francis, 14
- ISBN 0-8010-1113-2
- ^ Hans J. Hillerbrand, Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set, Routledge, Abingdon-on-Thames, 2016, p. 1843
- ^ "Jonathan Edwards" – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Bruce E. Shields, David Alan Butzu, Generations of Praise: The History of Worship, College Press, USA, 2006, p. 307-308
- ^ Franklin M. Segler, Randall Bradley, Christian Worship: Its Theology and Practice, B&H Publishing Group, USA, 2006, p. 145
- ^ Pew Research Center, The Digital Pulpit: A Nationwide Analysis of Online Sermons, pewforum.org, USA, December 16, 2019
- ^ Christina L. Baade, James Andrew Deaville, Music and the Broadcast Experience: Performance, Production, and Audience, Oxford University Press, USA, 2016, p. 300
- ^ Susan Cartmell, UnCommon Preaching: An Alternative to the Lectionary, Wipf and Stock Publishers, USA, 2015, p. 27
- ^ Michel Deneken, Francis Messner, Frank Alvarez-Pereyre, La théologie à l'Université: statut, programmes et évolutions, Editions Labor et Fides, França, 2009, p. 61
- ^ Sébastien Fath, Dieu XXL, la révolution des mégachurches, Éditions Autrement, França, 2008, p. 151-153
- ^ Christine Gudorf, Zainal Abidin, Mathen Tahun, "Aspirations for Modernity and Prosperity", Casemate Publishers, USA, 2015, p. 82
- ^ Mark Ward Sr., The Electronic Church in the Digital Age: Cultural Impacts of Evangelical Mass Media , ABC-CLIO, USA, 2015, p. 78
- ^ Liguori, Alphonus (1882). . Sermons for all the Sundays in the year. Dublin.
- ^ "Traditional Catholic Sermons". www.traditionalcatholicsermons.org. Retrieved April 26, 2022.
- ^
Compare: Jackson, Gregory S. (2005). "24: America's First Mass Media: Preaching and the Protestant Sermon Tradition". In Castillo, Susan; Schweitzer, Ivy (eds.). A Companion to the Literatures of Colonial America. Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. p. 402. ISBN 9781405152082. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
Historically, the American sermon has been one of the most vital forms of mass media. Few aspects of society have remained outside its purview and regulation.
- ^
Cooper, John P. D. (2003). "8: Propaganda". Propaganda and the Tudor State: Political Culture in the Westcountry. Oxford historical monographs. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 221. ISBN 9780199263875. Retrieved 2017-02-05.himself, although we cannot be sure. The sermon is proof that Tudor royal propaganda was directed at a mass audience.
[...] the most important of the homilies for our purposes is the tenth, 'An Exhortacion concerning Good Ordre and Obedience to Rulers and Magistrates'. It may have been written by Cranmer
- ^ Bitzel, Alexander (2009). "The theology of the sermon in the 18th century". In van Eijnatten, Joris (ed.). Preaching, Sermon and Cultural Change in the Long Eighteenth Century. A New History of the Sermon. Vol. 4. Leiden: Brill. p. 61. that have to do with preaching spend a great deal of effort on regulation, stipulating where and when preaching has to occur, who is allowed to preach, how the vocation to be a preacher works, and so on. Episcopal oversight over preaching is particularly precisely regulated. Behind this juridicial regulation lies the attempt to avoid, under all circumstances, the penetration of Protestant preachers into Roman Catholic congregations.
- ^
Compare: McCullough, Peter; Adlington, Hugh; Rhatigan, Emma, eds. (2011). The Oxford Handbook of the Early Modern Sermon. Oxford Handbooks of Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. xv. ISBN 9780199237531. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
The volume concludes with three appendixes of primary sources to aid understanding of the theories, reception, and regulation of preaching. The third of these ('Preaching Regulated') assembles in one place for the first time all the official acts and proclamations that governed preaching in England, Scotland and Ireland from the Reformation to the late seventeenth century.
- ^ Ropi, Ismatu (2017). "11: Governmentalization of Religious Policies". Religion and Regulation in Indonesia. Singapore: Springer. p. 146. ,] the first Minister of Religious Affairs to develop the model of religious harmony in practice [...] developed a variety of policies increasingly instrusive in nature. [...] [T]he regime regulated how the kuliah subuh (sermon following the dawn prayer) should be presented through radio broadcasts.[...] It also made rules on the allowable terms, methods and contents of dakwah in sermons to audiences.[...] Moreover, certain technicalities on delivering dakwah or preaching were also tightly regulated. For example, the instructions of the Directorate-General of Islamic Guidance contained guidelines for the use of loudspeakers in mosques, and other smaller Islamic places of worship like mushalla and langgar.
- ^ Perry, Simon. "How Biblical is Expository Preaching?". The Baptist Times. Retrieved April 13, 2011.
- ^ Schüch, Ignaz (1894) A manual of homiletics and catechetics: the priest in the pulpit (Boniface Luebbermann editor and translator) Benziger, New York, p. 169, OCLC 15157571
- ISBN 0-671-45467-6
- ^ Schüch, Ignaz (1894) A manual of homiletics and catechetics: the priest in the pulpit (Boniface Luebbermann editor and translator) Benziger, New York, p. 170, OCLC 15157571
- ^ Albert Raboteau, A Fire in the Bones, Reflections on African-American Religious History (1995), pp. 143–44
- ISBN 978-0-310-32911-4.
- ISBN 978-0-310-32911-4.
- ^ Raymond, Marcius D (1892). Sketch of Rev. Blackleach Burritt and related Stratford families : a paper read before the Fairfield County Historical Society, at Bridgeport, Conn., Friday evening, Feb. 19, 1892. M.D. Raymond.
- ^ Burritt, Alice (1911). The Family of Blackleach Burritt, Jr. Gibson Brothers.
- ^ Dexter, Franklin B (1903). Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College with Annals of the College History. Henry Holt & Company. p. 103.
Sketch of the life of Rev. Blackleach Burritt.
- ISBN 978-0-310-32911-4.
- ^ "sermon noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced American Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com". www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
- ^ "sermon". dictionary.cambridge.org. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
References
- Francis, Keith A., Gibson, William, et al., The Oxford Handbook of the British Sermon 1689-1901, 2012 OUP, ISBN 0199583595, 9780199583591, google books
Further reading
- Corran, Mary Cunningham and Pauline Allen, eds. Preacher and Audience: Studies in Early Christian Homiletics (A New History of the Sermon; Brill, 1998)
- d'Avray, David L. The preaching of the friars (Oxford University Press, 1985)
- DeBona, Guerric, OSB. Fulfilled in Our Hearing: History and Method of Christian Preaching (Paulist Press. 2005) on Catholic preaching
- Donavin, Georgiana, Cary J. Nederman, and Richard Utz, eds. Speculum Sermonis: Interdisciplinary Reflections on the Medieval Sermon. Turnhout: Brepols, 2007.
- Edwards, O. C., Jr. A History of Preaching. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 2004. ISBN 0-687-03864-2
- Larsen, David L. The company of the preachers: A history of biblical preaching from the Old Testament to the modern era (Kregel Publications, 1998)
- Spencer, H. Leith. English Preaching in the Late Middle Ages (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993)
- Sullivan, Ceri, 'The Art of Listening in the Seventeenth Century', Modern Philology 104.1 (2006), pp. 34–71
- Willimon, William H. and ISBN 0-664-21942-X
- Szewczyk, Leszek. The Specific Content of Preaching the Word of God in a Secularized Environment. Bogoslovni vestnik 81, no. 3:721-732.
Primary sources
- Holtz, Sabine, Predigt: Religiöser Transfer über Postillen, Institute of European History, Mainz 2011, retrieved: 25 February 2013.
- Warner, Michael, ed. American Sermons: The Pilgrims to Martin Luther King Jr. (New York: The Library of America, 1999) ISBN 1-883011-65-5
External links
- The dictionary definition of preach at Wiktionary
- Quotations related to Sermon at Wikiquote
- Quotations related to Preaching at Wikiquote
- Media related to Sermons at Wikimedia Commons
- Gosse, Edmund William (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 673–674. .
- www.bibleinterpretation.org Bible Interpretation by Rev. Abraham Mutholath in English.
- www.biblereflection.org Bible Interpretation with reflection by Rev. Abraham Mutholath in English.
- www.christianhomily.com Sunday and Feast Homily Resources in English and Homily Videos in Malayalam by Fr. Abraham Mutholath
- Homily Videos in Malayalam by Rev. Fr. Abraham Mutholath