Saint Dominic

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For the village in Cornwall, see St Dominic, Cornwall. For places named after Saint Dominic, or other saints named Dominic, see St Dominic (disambiguation).

Archdiocese of Fuzhou; astronomy; Dominican Republic; Santo Domingo Pueblo, Valletta, Birgu (Malta), Campana, Calabria, Managua

Saint Dominic,

natural scientists, and he and his order are traditionally credited with spreading and popularizing the rosary
. He is alternatively called Dominic of Osma, Dominic of Caleruega, and Domingo Félix de Guzmán.

Life

Birth and early life

Dominic was born in

Benedictine abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos
lies a few miles north of Caleruega.

In the earliest narrative source, by

de Guzmán, and that his mother belonged to the Aça or Aza family.[6] Dominic's mother, Joan of Aza, was beatified by Pope Leo XII
in 1829.

Education and early career

A picture of St Dominic accompanied by Simon de Montfort raising the crucifix against the Cathars by Daniel van den Dyck

At fourteen years of age, Dominic was sent to the

arts and four to theology.[8] At some point in time he also joined Santa María de La Vid.[7]

In 1191, when Spain was desolated by famine,[8] young Dominic gave away his money and sold his clothes, furniture, and even precious manuscripts to feed the hungry. Dominic reportedly told his astonished fellow students, "Would you have me study off these dead skins when men are dying of hunger?"[9]

At the age of 24, Dominic was ordained as a priest and subsequently joined the

Bishop of Osma, having reformed the chapter, made Dominic the subprior of the chapter.[11]

Cathars, a Christian religious sect with gnostic and dualistic beliefs which the Catholic Church deemed heretical. Dominic and Diego de Acebo attributed the Cistercians' lack of success to their extravagance and pomp compared to the asceticism of the Cathars. They decided to adopt a more ascetic way of life and began a program in the south of France to convert the Cathars.[11]

Prouille

The vision of St. Dominic receiving the rosary from the Virgin by Bernardo Cavallino

In late 1206, Acebo and his group established themselves at the

Rule of St. Augustine
.

Catholic-Cathar debates were held at Verfeil, Pamiers and Montréal.[15] Ordered by the Pope to return to his diocese, Diego de Acebo died at Osma in December 1207, leaving Dominic alone in his mission.[10]

The Vision of Mary and the rosary

According to Dominican tradition, in 1208 Dominic experienced a vision of the

Blessed Virgin Mary in the church at Prouille, during which she gave him a rosary.[16] This gave rise to the title Our Lady of the Rosary.[17]

The spread of the

Dominican Order. Pope Pius XI stated, that the rosary is "the principle and foundation on which the Order of St. Dominic rests for perfecting the lives of its members and obtaining the salvation of others."[18]

Foundation of the Dominicans

Saint Dominic's House in Toulouse

In 1215, Dominic established himself, with six followers, in a house given by Peter Seila, a rich resident of

monastic rules of prayer and penance; Bishop Foulques gave them written authority to preach throughout the territory of Toulouse.[20]

Also in 1215, the year of the

Ordo Praedicatorum ("Order of Preachers").[11]

In the winter of 1216–1217, at the house of

Ugolino de' Conti, Dominic first met William of Montferrat, who joined Dominic as a friar in the Order of Preachers and remained a close friend.[21]

Later life

Cecilia Cesarini, who was received by Dominic into his new order, in her old age described him as "...thin and of middle height. His face was handsome and somewhat fair. He had reddish hair and beard and beautiful eyes ... His hands were long and fine and his voice pleasingly resonant. He never got bald, though he wore the full tonsure, which was mingled with a few grey hairs."[22]

Saint Dominic in prayer by El Greco

Although he traveled extensively to maintain contact with his growing brotherhood of friars,

Latin: Collegium Divi Thomæ), and then in the 20th century into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum sited at the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus
.

Dominic arrived in Bologna on 21 December 1218.[26] A convent was established at the Mascarella church by Reginald of Orleans.[27] Soon afterward they had to move to the church of San Nicolò of the Vineyards[28] Dominic settled in this church and held here the first two General Chapters of the order.(Guiraud 1913, pp. 126, 140)

According to Guiraud, Dominic abstained from meat,[29] "observed stated fasts and periods of silence",[30] "selected the worst accommodations and the meanest clothes", and "never allowed himself the luxury of a bed".[31] "When traveling, he beguiled the journey with spiritual instruction and prayers".[32] Guiraud also states that Dominic frequently traveled barefoot and that "rain and other discomforts elicited from his lips nothing but praises to God".[33]

Dominic died at the age of fifty-one, according to Guiraud "exhausted with the austerities and labors of his career".[34] He had reached the convent of St Nicholas at Bologna, Italy, "weary and sick with a fever".[34] Guiraud states that Dominic "made the monks lay him on some sacking stretched upon the ground"[34] and that "the brief time that remained to him was spent in exhorting his followers to have charity, to guard their humility, and to make their treasure out of poverty".[35] He died at noon on 6 August 1221.[10] His body was moved to a simple sarcophagus in 1233.[36] Under the authority of Pope Gregory IX, Dominic was canonized in 1234. In 1267 Dominic's remains were moved to the shrine, made by Nicola Pisano and his workshop for the Church of St. Dominic in Bologna.[37]

Dominic is honored in the

Episcopal Church on 8 August.[38][39]

Inquisition

Auto da fe, by Pedro Berruguete, c. 1495[40]

Dominic is commonly but apocryphally associated with the Inquisition. Historical sources from Dominic's own time period reveal nothing about his involvement in the Inquisition.[41] Dominic died in 1221, and the office of the Inquisition was not established until 1231 in Lombardy and 1234 in Languedoc.[42]

Canon 27 of the Third Council of the Lateran of 1179 stressed the duty of princes to repress heresy and condemned "the Brabantians, Aragonese, Basques, Navarrese, and others who practice such cruelty toward Christians that they respect neither churches nor monasteries, spare neither widows nor orphans, neither age nor sex, but after the manner of pagans, destroy and lay waste everything".[43] This was followed in 1184 by a decretal of Pope Lucius III, Ad abolendam. This decreed that bishops were to investigate the presence of heresy within their respective dioceses. Practices and procedures of episcopal inquisitions could vary from one diocese to another, depending on the resources available to individual bishops and their relative interest or disinterest. Convinced that Church teaching contained revealed truth, the first recourse of bishops was that of persuasio. Through discourse, debates, and preaching, they sought to present a better explanation of Church teaching. This approach often proved very successful.[44]

In 1231 Pope Gregory IX appointed a number of Papal Inquisitors, mostly

Franciscans, for the various regions of Europe. As mendicants, they were accustomed to travel. Unlike the haphazard episcopal methods, the papal inquisition was thorough and systematic, keeping detailed records. This tribunal or court functioned in France, Italy and parts of Germany and had virtually ceased operation by the early fourteenth century.[45]

In the 15th century, the Spanish Inquisition commissioned the artist

auto da fé. Thus, the Spanish inquisitors promoted a historical legend for the sake of auto-justification.[46] Reacting against the Spanish tribunals, 16th- and 17th-century Protestant polemicists gladly developed and perpetuated the legend of Dominic the Inquisitor.[47] This image gave German Protestant critics of the Catholic Church an argument against the Dominican Order whose preaching had proven to be a formidable opponent in the lands of the Reformation.[48] As Edward Peters notes, "In Protestant historiography of the sixteenth century a kind of anti-cult of St. Dominic grew up."[47]

Cord of Saint Dominic

Cord (belt) of Saint Dominic is a Catholic sacramental, which reminds the wearer of the protection of Saint Dominic.[49] History of the cord is associated with the miraculous image of Saint Dominic in Soriano. The length of its strip suits to the perimeter of the painting.[50] The beginning of the prayer "O wonderful hope" is placed on the cord.[51] According to the tradition, if someone wants to receive grace from Saint Dominic, they should wear it all the time.[52] Infertile couples use this cord to prayer for intercession of Saint Dominic to get the gift of offspring from God.[53]

Toponymy

The country Dominican Republic and its capital Santo Domingo are named after Saint Dominic.

Veneration

The Arca di San Domenico is a shrine containing the remains of Saint Dominic, located in the Basilica of San Domenico in Bologna. The Pattern of Urlaur is an annual festival held on 4 August at Urlaur, Kilmovee, County Mayo since medieval times, to commemmoratere the feast day of Saint Dominic.[54]

The feast of Saint Dominic is celebrated with great pomp and devotion in Malta, in the old city of Birgu and the capital city Valletta. The Dominican order has very strong links with Malta and Pope Pius V, a Dominican friar himself, aided the Knights of St. John to build the city of Valletta.[55]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Saint Dominic", Franciscan Media
  2. ISBN 9780814631867
  3. ^ Libellus de principiis, 4.
  4. ^ Pedro Ferrando, "Legenda Sancti Dominici, 4."
  5. ^ Cerrato, Rodrigo de Vita S. Dominic
  6. ^ Pero Tafur, Andanças e viajes (tr. Malcolm Letts, p. 31). Tafur's book is dedicated to a member of the de Guzmán family.
  7. ^ a b Hook, Walter Farquhar (1848). An ecclesiastical biography, containing the lives of ancient fathers and modern divines, interspersed with notices of heretics and schismatics, forming a brief history of the church in every age. Vol. 4. London: F. and J. Rivington; Parker, Oxford; J. and J. J. Deighton, Cambridge; T. Harrison, Leeds. p. 467.
  8. ^ a b Guiraud 1913, p. 7.
  9. ^ Thomsett, Michael C., The Inquisition: A History,(McFarland, 2010), p. 54
  10. ^ a b c "St. Dominic of Guzmán, priest, Founder of the Order of The Preachers – Information on the Saint of the Day – Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  11. ^ a b c Public Domain O'Connor, John Bonaventure (1913). "St. Dominic". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
  12. ^ Jordan of Saxony, Libellus de principiis pp. 14–20; Gérard de Frachet, Chronica prima [MOPH 1.321].
  13. ^ "Saint Dominic", Lay Dominicans Archived 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ William Westcott Kibler, Medieval France: An Encyclopedia (Routledge 1995), s.v. "Dominican order".
  15. ISBN 2-910352-06-4
    pp. 52-3, 56-7.
  16. ISBN 0-89870-518-5
  17. ISBN 0-9622347-1-0
  18. ^ History of the Dominicans (2014) Dominican Shrine of St. Jude, New Priory Press
  19. ^ Guiraud 1913, pp. 65–66.
  20. ^ French translation of Foulques' 1215 letter Archived 11 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ Guiraud 1913, p. 137.
  22. ^ "Life of St. Dominic", Dominicans of Canada
  23. ^ Guiraud 1913, p. 129.
  24. ^ Guiraud 1913, p. 91.
  25. ^ Pierre Mandonnet, OP (1948) St. Dominic and His Work Archived 18 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Translated by Sister Mary Benedicta Larkin, OP, B. Herder Book Co., St. Louis/London, Chapt. III, note 50: "If the installation at Santa Sabina does not date from 1220, at least it is from 1221. The official grant was made only in June 1222 (Bullarium OP, I, 15). But the terms of the bull show that there had been a concession earlier. Before that concession, the Pope said that the friars had no hospitium in Rome. At that time St. Sixtus was no longer theirs; Conrad of Metz could not have alluded to St. Sixtus, therefore, when he said in 1221: "The Pope has conferred on them a house in Rome" (Laurent no. 136). It is possible that the Pope was waiting for the completion of the building that he was having done at Santa Sabina, before giving the title to the property, on 5 June 1222, to the new Master of the Order, elected not many days before." Accessed 20 May 2012.
  26. ^ Guiraud 1913, p. 112.
  27. ^ Guiraud 1913, pp. 111–113.
  28. ^ Guiraud 1913, p. 115.
  29. ^ Guiraud 1913, p. 156.
  30. ^ Guiraud 1913, p. 116.
  31. ^ Guiraud 1913, pp. 130, 176.
  32. ^ Guiraud 1913, pp. 130–132.
  33. ^ Guiraud 1913, p. 130.
  34. ^ a b c Guiraud 1913, p. 172.
  35. ^ Guiraud 1913, pp. 173–175.
  36. ^ Guiraud 1913, pp. 175, 181.
  37. ^ Guiraud 1913, p. 181.
  38. ^ "The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  39. ISBN 978-1-64065-235-4
    .
  40. Prado Museum
    .
  41. ^ See Bernard Hamilton (1981) The Medieval Inquisition, pp. 36–37, New York: Holmes & Meier; Simon Tugwell [Wikidata] (1982) Early Dominicans: Selected Writings, p. 114, note 90, Ramsey, New Jersey: Paulist Press
  42. ^ Guy Bedouelle (1981) St. Dominic: The Grace of the Word, p. 185, San Francisco: Ignatius Press
  43. ^ Sullivan, Karen. Truth and the heretic: crises of knowledge in medieval French literature, (University of Chicago Press, 2005) p. 120
  44. ISBN 0-520-06630-8
  45. ^ ""Medieval Inquisition", Univ. of St. Thomas". Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 9 May 2020.
  46. ^ Edward Peters (1988) Inquisition, p. 223, New York: The Free Press
  47. ^ a b Peters, Inquisition, p.223
  48. ^ Peters, Inquisition, p. 129
  49. ^ Dominikanie.pl. "O pasku – Mniszki dominikańskie na Gródku" (in Polish). Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  50. ^ "Pasek św. Dominika". Przewodnik Katolicki (in Polish). Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  51. ^ "Contemplata aliis Tradere". Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  52. ^ "Pasek św. Dominika – historia oraz świadectwa szczęśliwych matek". PCH24.pl (in Polish). 21 August 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  53. ^ portalu, Redakcja (8 August 2017). "Dla pragnących potomstwa - Pasek św. Dominika". Stacja7.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  54. ^ "Kilkelly, County Mayo", Mayo Ireland
  55. ^ Robert Feeney. "St. Dominic and the Rosary". Catholic.net. Archived from the original on 8 June 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
  56. ^ a b c d "Dominikus - Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon". www.heiligenlexikon.de (in German). Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  57. ^ a b c "Capilla y Sepulcro". dominicos.org (in Spanish). 13 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  58. ^ a b Zeno. "Lexikoneintrag zu »Dominicus, S. (7)«. Vollständiges Heiligen-Lexikon, Band 1. ..." www.zeno.org (in German). Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  59. ^ a b "San Domenico di Guzman". Santiebeati.it. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  60. ^ "Liturgical Calendar — Australia (2021)". www.gcatholic.org. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  61. ^ "Dominik". DEON.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  62. ^ Provect. "Kalendarz liturgiczny - sierpień - Diecezja Sosnowiecka". Kalendarz liturgiczny - sierpień - Diecezja Sosnowiecka. Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  63. ^ Catholic Church (2004). Martyrologium Romanum (2004).
  64. ^ "Santuario San Domenico in Soriano". it-it.facebook.com (in Italian). Retrieved 6 December 2022.
  65. ISBN 978-88-7094-107-4
    .

Bibliography

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