Diosdado Macapagal
KRM | |
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9th President of the Philippines | |
In office December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965 | |
Vice President | Emmanuel Pelaez |
Preceded by | Carlos P. Garcia |
Succeeded by | Ferdinand Marcos |
5th Vice President of the Philippines | |
In office December 30, 1957 – December 30, 1961 | |
President | Carlos P. Garcia |
Preceded by | Carlos P. Garcia |
Succeeded by | Emmanuel Pelaez |
Member of the House of Representatives from Pampanga's 1st district | |
In office December 30, 1949 – December 30, 1957 | |
Preceded by | Amado Yuzon |
Succeeded by | Francisco Nepomuceno |
2nd President of the 1971 Philippine Constitutional Convention | |
In office June 14, 1971 – January 17, 1973 | |
President | Ferdinand Marcos |
Preceded by | Carlos P. Garcia |
Succeeded by | Position abolished |
President of the Liberal Party | |
In office December 30, 1957 – January 21, 1961 | |
Preceded by | Eugenio Pérez |
Succeeded by | Ferdinand Marcos |
Personal details | |
Born | Diosdado Pangan Macapagal September 28, 1910 Lubao, Pampanga, Philippines[a] |
Died | April 21, 1997 Makati, Philippines | (aged 86)
Resting place | Libingan ng mga Bayani, Taguig, Metro Manila, Philippines 14°31′11″N 121°2′39″E / 14.51972°N 121.04417°E |
Political party | Liberal (1949-1997) |
Spouses |
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Children | 4, including Arturo and Gloria |
Alma mater | |
Profession |
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Signature | |
Diosdado Pangan Macapagal GCrM, KGCR (Tagalog: [djosˈdado makapaˈɡal];[1] September 28, 1910 – April 21, 1997) was a Filipino lawyer, poet and politician who served as the ninth President of the Philippines, serving from 1961 to 1965, and the sixth Vice President, serving from 1957 to 1961. He also served as a member of the House of Representatives, and headed the Constitutional Convention of 1970. He was the father of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, who followed his path as President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010.
Known as "the poor boy from Lubao," he was a native of
As president, Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate the growth of the Philippine economy. He introduced the country's first land reform law, placed the peso on the free currency exchange market, and liberalized foreign exchange and import controls. Many of his reforms, however, were crippled by a Congress dominated by the rival Nacionalista Party. He is also known for shifting the country's observance of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12, commemorating the day President Emilio Aguinaldo unilaterally declared the independence of the First Philippine Republic from the Spanish Empire in 1898. He stood for re-election in 1965, and was defeated by Ferdinand Marcos.
Under Marcos, Macapagal was elected president of the 1970 constitutional convention that would later draft what became the
Macapagal was also a poet in the Spanish language, though his poetic oeuvre was eclipsed by his political biography.[citation needed]
Early life
Diosdado Macapagal was born on September 22, 1910 at Barrio San Nicolas, in
Diosdado is a distant descendant of Don
Diosdado's family earned extra income by raising pigs and accommodating boarders in their home.[3] Due to his roots in poverty, Macapagal would later become affectionately known as the "Poor Boy from Lubao".[6] Diosdado was also a reputed poet in the Spanish language although his poetic work was eclipsed by his political career.
Early education
Macapagal excelled in his studies at local public schools, graduating valedictorian from Lubao Elementary School, and salutatorian at Pampanga High School.[7] He finished his pre-law course at the University of the Philippines Manila, then enrolled at Philippine Law School in 1932, studying on a scholarship and supporting himself with a part-time job as an accountant.[3][7] While in law school, he gained prominence as an orator and debater.[7] However, he was forced to quit schooling after two years due to poor health and a lack of money.[3]
Returning to Pampanga, he joined boyhood friend Rogelio de la Rosa in producing and starring in Tagalog operettas patterned after classic Spanish zarzuelas.[3] It was during this period that he married his friend's sister, Purita de la Rosa, in 1938.[3] He had two children with de la Rosa, Cielo and Arturo.[6]
Macapagal raised enough money to continue his studies at the University of Santo Tomas.[3] He also gained the assistance of philanthropist Don Honorio Ventura, the secretary of the interior at the time, who financed his education.[8] He also received financial support from his mother's relatives, notably from the Macaspacs, who owned large tracts of land in barrio Sta. Maria, Lubao, Pampanga. After receiving his Bachelor of Laws degree in 1936, he was admitted to the bar, topping the 1936 bar examination with a score of 89.95%.[7] He later returned to his alma mater to take up graduate studies and earn a Master of Laws degree in 1941, a Doctor of Civil Law degree in 1947, and a PhD in economics in 1957. His dissertation had "Imperatives of Economic Development in the Philippines" as its title.[9]
Early career
After passing the bar examination, Macapagal was invited to join an American law firm as a practicing attorney, a particular honor for a Filipino at the time.
After the war, Macapagal worked as an assistant attorney with one of the largest law firms in the country, Ross, Lawrence, Selph and Carrascoso.
House of Representatives (1949–1957)
On the urging of local political leaders of Pampanga province, President Quirino recalled Macapagal from his position in Washington to run for a seat in the
At the start of the 1950 legislative session, the members of the House of Representatives elected Macapagal as chair of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and was given several foreign assignments.
As a representative, Macapagal authored and sponsored several laws of socio-economic importance, particularly aimed at benefiting rural areas and the poor. Amongst the legislation that Macapagal promoted, was the Minimum Wage Law, Rural Health Law, Rural Bank Law, the Law on Barrio Councils, the Barrio Industrialization Law, and a law nationalizing the rice and corn industries.[7] He was consistently selected by the Congressional Press Club as one of the Ten Outstanding Congressmen during his tenure.[7] In his second term, he was named most outstanding lawmaker of the 3rd Congress .[7]
Vice presidency (1957–1961)
In the
As the first ever Philippine vice president to be elected from a rival party of the president, Macapagal served out his four-year vice presidential term as a leader of the
As president, Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption and to stimulate the Philippine economy.
Presidency (1961–1965)
Presidential styles of Diosdado Macapagal | |
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His Excellency | |
Spoken style | Your Excellency |
Alternative style | Mr. President |
In the 1961 presidential election, Macapagal ran against Garcia's re-election bid, promising an end to corruption and appealing to the electorate as a common man from humble beginnings.[3] He defeated the incumbent president with a 55% to 45% margin.[6] His inauguration as the president of the Philippines took place on December 30, 1961.
Administration and cabinet
Major legislations signed
- Republic Act No. 3512 – An Act Creating A Fisheries Commission Defining Its Powers, Duties and Functions, and Appropriating Funds.
- Republic Act No. 3518 – An Act Creating The Philippine Veterans' Bank, and For Other Purposes.
- Republic Act No. 3844 – An Act To Ordain The Agricultural Land Reform Code and To Institute Land Reforms In The Philippines, Including The Abolition of Tenancy and The Channeling of Capital Into Industry, Provide For The Necessary Implementing Agencies, Appropriate Funds Therefor and For Other Purposes.
- Republic Act No. 4166 – An Act Changing The Date Of Philippine Independence Day From July Four To June Twelve, And Declaring July Four As Philippine Republic Day, Further Amending For The Purpose Section Twenty-Nine Of The Revised Administrative Code.
- Republic Act No. 4180 – An Act Amending Republic Act Numbered Six Hundred Two, Otherwise Known As The Minimum Wage Law, By Raising The Minimum Wage For Certain Workers, And For Other Purposes.
Domestic policies
Population | |
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1962 | 29.20 million |
Gross Domestic Product (1985 constant prices) | |
1962 | ₱234,828 million |
1965 | ₱273,769 million |
Growth rate, 1962–65 | 5.5 % |
Per capita income (1985 constant prices) | |
1962 | ₱8,042 |
1965 | ₱8,617 |
Total exports | |
1962 | ₱46,177 million |
1965 | ₱66,216 million |
Exchange rates | |
1 US$ = ₱3.80 1 Ph₱ = US$0.26 | |
Sources: Philippine Presidency Project Malaya, J. Eduardo; Malaya, Jonathan E. (2004). ...So Help Us God: The Presidents of the Philippines and Their Inaugural Addresses. Manila: Anvil Publishing. |
Economy
In his inaugural address, Macapagal promised a socio-economic program anchored on "a return to free and private enterprise", placing economic development in the hands of private entrepreneurs with minimal interference.[6]
Twenty days after the inauguration, exchange controls were lifted and the Philippine peso was allowed to float on the free currency exchange market. The currency controls were initially adopted by the administration of Elpidio Quirino as a temporary measure, but continued to be adopted by succeeding administrations. The peso devalued from ₱2.64 to the U.S. dollar, and stabilized at ₱3.80 to the dollar, supported by a US$300 million stabilization fund from the International Monetary Fund.[6]
To achieve the national goal of economic and social progress with prosperity reaching down to the masses, there existed a choice of methods. First, there was the choice between the democratic and dictatorial systems, the latter prevailing in communist countries. On this, the choice was easy as Filipinos had long been committed to the democratic method.
Before independence there was free enterprise in the Philippines under Presidents
The first fundamental decision Macapagal had to make was whether to continue the system of exchange controls of Quirino, Magsaysay and Garcia or to return to the free enterprise of Quezon, Osmena and Roxas.[12] It had been his view since he was a congressman for eight years that the suitable economic system for Filipinos was free enterprise. So on January 21, 1962, after working for 20 straight hours he signed a Central Bank decree abolishing exchange controls and returning the country to free enterprise.[12]
During the 20 days available to make a decision on choice between controls and free enterprise, between his inauguration as president and before the opening of
Further reform efforts by Macapagal were blocked by the Nacionalistas, who dominated the House of Representatives and the Senate at that time. Nonetheless, Macapagal was able to achieve steady economic progress, and annual GDP growth averaged at 5.53% for 1962–65.[6]
Socio-economic program
The removal of controls and the restoration of free enterprise was intended to provide only the fundamental setting in which Macapagal could work out economic and social progress.[12] A specific and periodic program for the guidance of both the private sector and the government was an essential instrument to attain the economic and social development that constituted the goal of his labors.[12]
Such a program for his administration was formulated under his authority and direction by a group of able and reputable economic and business leaders the most active and effective of which was Sixto Roxas III. From an examination of the planned targets and requirements of the Five-Year program – formally known as the Five-Year Socio-Economic Integrated Development Program – it could be seen that it aimed at the following objectives.[12]
- immediate restoration of economic stability;
- alleviating the plight of the common man; and
- establishing a dynamic basic for future growth.
Free enterprise was restored with decontrol. The Five-Year Economic Program had been prescribed. Land reform abolishing tenancy had been launched. These were essential foundations for economic and social progress for the greatest number.[12]
The essential foundations having been laid, attention must then be turned to the equally difficult task of building the main
Such role of the government in
Land reform
Like Ramon Magsaysay, President Diosdado Macapagal came from the masses. He savored calling himself the "Poor boy from Lubao".[13] Ironically, he had little popularity among the masses.[13] This could be attributed to an absence any charismatic appeal owing to his stiff personality.[13] But despite this, Macapagal had certain achievements.[13] Foremost of these was the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963 (Republic Act No. 3844) which provided for the purchase of private farmlands with the intention of distributing them in small lots to the landless tenants on easy term of payment.[13] It is a major development in history of land reform in the Philippines,
In comparison with the previous agrarian legislation, the law lowered the retention limit to 75 hectares, whether owned by individuals or corporations. It removed the term "contiguous" and established the
It was viewed that the 75-hectare retention limit was just too high for the growing population density. Moreover, this law merely allowed the transfer of the landlordism from one area to another.[13] This was because landlords were paid in bonds, which he could use to purchase agricultural lands.[13] Likewise, the farmer was free to choose to be excluded from the leasehold arrangements if he volunteered to give up the landholdings to the landlord.[13]
Within two years after the law was implemented, no
Anti-corruption drive
One of Macapagal's major campaign pledges had been to clean out the government corruption that had proliferated under former President Garcia.
Stonehill controversy
The Administration's campaign against corruption was tested by
Independence Day
Macapagal appealed to nationalist sentiments by shifting the commemoration of Philippine independence day. On May 12, 1962, he signed a proclamation which declared Tuesday, June 12, 1962, as a special public holiday in commemoration of the declaration of independence from Spain on that date in 1898.
Foreign policies
North Borneo claim
On September 12, 1962, during President Diosdado Macapagal's administration, the territory of eastern North Borneo (now Sabah), and the full sovereignty,[21][22] title and dominion over the territory were ceded by heirs of the Sultanate of Sulu, Sultan Muhammad Esmail E. Kiram I, to the Republic of the Philippines.[23] The cession effectively gave the Philippine government the full authority to pursue their claim in international courts. The Philippines broke diplomatic relations with Malaysia after the federation had included Sabah in 1963.[24][25] It was revoked in 1989 because succeeding Philippine administrations have placed the claim in the back burner in the interest of pursuing cordial economic and security relations with Kuala Lumpur.[26] To date, Malaysia continues to consistently reject Philippine calls to resolve the matter of Sabah's jurisdiction to the International Court of Justice.[27][unreliable source?] Sabah sees the claim made by the Philippines' Moro leader Nur Misuari to take Sabah to International Court of Justice (ICJ) as a non-issue and thus dismissed the claim.[28]
MAPHILINDO
In July 1963, President Diosdado Macapagal convened a summit meeting in Manila in which a nonpolitical confederation for Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia, Maphilindo, was proposed as a realization of José Rizal's dream of bringing together the Malay peoples, seen as artificially divided by colonial frontiers.[2]
Maphilindo was described as a regional association that would approach issues of common concern in the spirit of consensus. However, it was also perceived as a tactic on the parts of
Vietnam War
Before the end of his term in 1965, President Diosdado Macapagal persuaded Congress to send troops to South Vietnam. However this proposal was blocked by the opposition led by Senate President Ferdinand Marcos who deserted Macapagal's Liberal Party and defected to the Nacionalista Party.[29]
The
1963 midterm election
The senatorial election was held on November 12, 1963. Macapagal's Liberal Party (LP) won four out of the eight seats up for grabs during the election – thereby increasing the LP's senate seats from eight to ten.
1965 presidential campaign
Towards the end of his term, Macapagal decided to seek re-election to continue seeking reforms which he claimed were stifled by a "dominant and uncooperative opposition" in Congress.[6] With Senate President Ferdinand Marcos, a fellow member of the Liberal Party, unable to win his party's nomination due to Macapagal's re-election bid, Marcos switched allegiance to the rival Nacionalista Party to oppose Macapagal.[6]
Among the issues raised against the incumbent administration were graft and corruption, rise in consumer goods, and persisting peace and order issues.[6] Macapagal was defeated by Marcos in the November 1965 polls.
Post-presidency and death (1965–1997)
Macapagal announced his retirement from politics following his 1965 loss to Marcos. In 1971, he was elected president of the
Following the restoration of democracy in 1986, Macapagal took on the role of elder statesman, and was a member of the
In his retirement, Macapagal devoted much of his time to reading and writing.[7] He published his presidential memoir, authored several books about government and economics, and wrote a weekly column for the Manila Bulletin newspaper.
Diosdado Macapagal died of heart failure,
Personal life
First marriage
In 1938, Macapagal married Purita de la Rosa. They had two children, Cielo Macapagal-Salgado (who would later become vice governor of Pampanga) and Arturo Macapagal. Purita died in 1943.
Second marriage
On May 5, 1946, Macapagal married Dr. Evangelina Macaraeg, with whom he had two children, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (who would later become president of the Philippines) and Diosdado Macapagal, Jr.
Legacy
On September 28, 2009, Macapagal's daughter, President
President
He is featured in the 200-peso note of the New Design Series (June 12, 2002–2013) and New Generation Currency (December 16, 2010–present).[citation needed]
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Diosdado Macapagal International Airportin Clark, Pampanga
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Diosdado Macapagal 2010 stamp of the Philippines
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Macapagal monument in Pampanga Capitol
Museum and library
These house the personal books and memorabilia of Macapagal.
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Macapagal Clan
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Façade of the House
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Bust (sculpture) of Macapagal in museum-library
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Museum and library
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Oil portrait of Macapagal
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Second floor of the Museum
Electoral history
Vice presidential election, 1957:[6]
- Diosdado Macapagal (Liberal Party) – 2,189,197 (46.55%)
- Nacionalista Party) – 1,783,012 (37.91%)
- Vicente Araneta (Progressive Party) – 375,090 (7.97%)
- Lorenzo Tañada (Nationalist Citizens' Party) – 344,685 (7.32%)
- Restituto Fresto (Lapiang Malaya) – 10,494 (0.22%)
Presidential election, 1961:[6]
- Diosdado Macapagal (Liberal Party) – 3,554,840 (55%)
- Nacionalista Party) – 2,902,996 (45%)
Presidential election, 1965:[6]
- Nacionalista Party) – 3,861,324 (51.94%)
- Diosdado Macapagal (Liberal Party) – 3,187,752 (42.88%)
- Raul Manglapus (Progressive Party) – 384,564 (5.17%)
Honors
National honours
- Philippines:
- : Grand Cross of the Gawad Mabini (GCrM) – (1994)
- Order of the Knights of Rizal (KGCR). [35]
Foreign honours
- Taiwan:
- Grand Cordon of the Order of Brilliant Jade (May 2, 1960)[36]
- Japan:
- Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum (1962)
- Spain:
- Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (June 30, 1962)
- Italy:
- Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (July 1962)
- Vatican:
- Order of Pius IX(July 9, 1962)
- Pakistan:
- Recipient of the Nishan-e-Pakistan (July 11, 1962)
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta:
- Order pro merito Melitensi
- Thailand:
- Knight of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn (July 9, 1963)
- West Germany:
- Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (November 1963)
Publications
- Speeches of President Diosdado Macapagal. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1961.
- New Hope for the Common Man: Speeches and Statements of President Diosdado Macapagal. Manila: Malacañang Press Office, 1962.
- Five Year Integrated Socio-economic Program for the Philippines. Manila: [s.n.], 1963.
- Fullness of Freedom: Speeches and Statements of President Diosdado Macapagal. Manila: Bureau of Printing, 1965.
- An Asian looks at South America. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1966.
- The Philippines Turns East. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1966.
- A Stone for the Edifice: Memoirs of a President. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1968.
- A New Constitution for the Philippines. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House, 1970.
- Democracy in the Philippines. Manila: [s.n.], 1976.
- Constitutional Democracy in the World. Manila: Santo Tomas University Press, 1993.
- From Nipa Hut to Presidential Palace: Autobiography of President Diosdado P. Macapagal. Quezon City: Philippine Academy for Continuing Education and Research, 2002.
See also
- History of the Philippines (1946–1965)
- History of the Philippines
- Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
- Agricultural Land Reform Code
- MAPHILINDO
Named after Diosdado Macapagal:
- Diosdado Macapagal Boulevard
- Macapagal Bridge
Notes
- ^ The Philippines was a unincorporated territory of the United States known as the Philippine Islands at the time of Macapagal's birth.
References
- ISBN 0-7172-5372-4.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Profile – Autobiography and Biography". macapagal.com. Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Common Man's President". Time. November 24, 1961. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- JSTOR 29791998.
- ^ Blood Relationship between Cecile Licad and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and their Bartolo roots by Louie Aldrin Lacson Bartolo
- ^ ISBN 971-27-1486-1.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Diosdado Macapagal". Malacañang Museum. Office of the President of the Philippines. Archived from the original on June 24, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ^ a b "Diosdado Macapagal". Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Microsoft. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
- ISBN 9786214201457.
- ISBN 0-345-32816-7.
- ^ a b c Macapagal, Diosdado (1966). "About the Author". The Philippines Turns East. Quezon City: Mac Publishing House.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Tributes". macapagal.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Manapat, Carlos L. (2010). Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform. Quezon City: C & E Publishing.
- ^ a b c d "Smoke in Manila". Time. August 10, 1962. Archived from the original on April 28, 2007. Retrieved August 11, 2009.
- ^ a b Philippine Information Agency; Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office (2003). Building a Strong Republic (PDF). Quezon City. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 27, 2007.
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Presidential Proclamation No. 28 (May 12, 1962), "Declaring June 12 as Philippine Independence Day", Supreme Court E-Library
- ^ Republic Act No. 4166 (August 4, 1964). "An Act Changing the Date of Philippine Independence Day From July Four to June Twelve, and Declaring July Four as Philippine Republic Day, Further Amending for the Purpose Section Twenty-nine of the Revised Administrative Code". Supreme Court E-Library.
- ^ Ocampo, Ambeth R. (September 29, 2010). "Macapagal at 100". Looking Back. Philippine Daily Inquirer – via PressReader.
- ^ Satorre, Manuel S. Jr. "President Diosdado Macapagal set RP Independence Day on June 12". Positive News Media. Archived from the original on July 24, 2011. Retrieved December 10, 2008.
- ^ Karnow 1989, p. 365.
- ^ Office of Public Information, United Nations. "Information on Non-Self-Governing Territories Transmitted Under Article 73e of United Nations Charter – The Trusteeship System and Non-Self-Governing Territories". Yearbook of the United Nations 1960 (PDF). New York. pp. 509–510. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2012.
- ^ Office of Public Information, United Nations. "Questions Concerning Asia and the Far East – The Question of Malaysia". Yearbook of the United Nations 1963 (PDF). New York. pp. 41–44. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 11, 2011.
- ^ Cession and Transfer of the Territory of North Borneo by His Highness, Sultan Mohammad Esmail Kiram, Sultan of Sulu, Acting with the Consent and Approval of the Ruma Bechara, in Council Assembled, to the Republic of the Philippines. April 24, 1962. Archived from the original on August 10, 2019. Retrieved September 29, 2016 – via Official Gazette.
- ^ United Nations Treaty Registered No. 8029, Manila Accord between Philippines, Federation of Malaya and Indonesia (31 July 1963) (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 11, 2010. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ United Nations Treaty Series No. 8809, Agreement Relating to the Implementation of the Manila Accord (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ "Come Clean on Sabah, Sulu Sultan Urge Gov't". asianjournal.com. Retrieved March 1, 2008.[dead link]
- ^ "Philippines' Claim to Sabah". Epilipinas. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved February 28, 2008.
- ^ "Call for ICJ Arbitration Dismissed". The Star Online. May 29, 2008. Archived from the original on May 30, 2008.
- ^ a b c Lockwood, Kathleen (June 12, 2006) [Originally published in the June 1999 issue of Vietnam Magazine]. "The Philippines: Allies During the Vietnam War". HistoryNet. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ Montemayor, Jocelyn (August 8, 2022). "FVR state burial set". Malaya. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ PHILIPPINES: MANILA: RESPECTS PAID TO FORMER PRESIDENT MACAPAGAL. APTV. April 27, 1997. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
- ^ Inauguration and Blessing of Pres Diosdado Macapagal Museum and Library Lubao, Pampanga. September 28, 2009. Retrieved September 23, 2011 – via YouTube.
- ^ "PGMA Leads the Inauguration of Diosdado Macapagal Museum and Library". Philippines News Agency. September 28, 2009. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved September 23, 2011 – via HighBeam Research.
- ^ Ocampo, Ambeth (September 28, 2010). "Macapagal at 100". Looking Back. Inquirer.net. Archived from the original on May 7, 2011.
- ^ "Our Story". Knights of Rizal. Archived from the original on June 15, 2021.
- ^ Kai, Jack (1963). "Cementing Philippines Friendship". Taiwan Today. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 12, 2015.