Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | |
---|---|
14th President of the Philippines | |
In office January 20, 2001 – June 30, 2010 | |
Vice President |
|
Preceded by | Rodrigo Roa Duterte |
Preceded by | Pantaleon Alvarez |
Succeeded by | Alan Peter Cayetano |
Secretary of National Defense | |
Officer-In-Charge November 30, 2006 – February 1, 2007 | |
President | Herself |
Preceded by | Avelino Cruz |
Succeeded by | Hermogenes Ebdane |
Acting September 1, 2003 – October 2, 2003 | |
President | Herself |
Preceded by | Angelo Reyes |
Succeeded by | Eduardo Ermita |
21st Secretary of Social Welfare and Development | |
In office June 30, 1998 – October 12, 2000 | |
President | Joseph Estrada |
Preceded by | Lilian Laigo |
Succeeded by | Dulce Saguisag |
Senator of the Philippines | |
In office June 30, 1992 – June 30, 1998[a] | |
Senior Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines | |
In office July 25, 2022 – May 17, 2023 Serving with several others | |
House Speaker | Martin Romualdez |
Succeeded by | Aurelio Gonzales Jr. |
In office August 15, 2016 – March 15, 2017 Serving with several others | |
House Speaker | Pantaleon Alvarez |
Preceded by | Roberto Puno |
Succeeded by | Linabelle Villarica |
Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines | |
In office May 17, 2023 – November 7, 2023 Serving with several others | |
Preceded by | Aurelio Gonzales Jr. |
Succeeded by | Tonypet Albano |
Member of the House of Representatives from Pampanga's 2nd district | |
Assumed office June 30, 2022 | |
Preceded by | Mikey Arroyo |
In office June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2019 | |
Preceded by | Mikey Arroyo |
Succeeded by | Mikey Arroyo |
Presidential Adviser on Clark Flagship Programs and Projects | |
In office November 26, 2020 – October 4, 2021 | |
President | Rodrigo Duterte |
Undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry | |
In office 1987–1992 | |
President | Corazon Aquino |
Chair of the Lakas–CMD | |
In office 2008–2009 | |
Preceded by | Position established |
Succeeded by | Gilbert Teodoro |
Personal details | |
Born | Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal April 5, 1947 (1992–1998) |
Spouse |
Dato |
Parents |
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Alma mater | |
Occupation | Politician |
Profession | Economist College Professor |
Signature | |
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14th President of the Philippines Policies
First term Second term
Senator of the Philippines Vice President of the Philippines
Post-Presidency
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Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal-Arroyo (Tagalog:
The daughter of former president Diosdado Macapagal, she studied economics at Georgetown University in the United States, where she began a lasting friendly relationship with her classmate and future U.S. president Bill Clinton.[5] She then became a professor of economics at Ateneo de Manila University, where her eventual successor, President Benigno Aquino III, was one of her students. She entered government in 1987, serving as the assistant secretary and undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry upon the invitation of President Corazon Aquino, Benigno's mother.
After Estrada was accused of corruption, Arroyo resigned her cabinet position as
On November 18, 2011, Arroyo was arrested and held at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City under charges of electoral sabotage[11][12] but released on bail in July 2012. These charges were later dropped for lack of evidence. She was rearrested in October 2012 on false charges of misuse of $8.8 million in state lottery funds.[13] She was given a hospital arrest due to life-threatening health conditions certified by her doctors.[14] During the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte, the Supreme Court acquitted her by a vote of 11–4.[15] Also, the Supreme Court declared the Department of Justice's 'hold departure orders' unconstitutional.[16][17] Arroyo's lawyers stated afterward that she no longer needed her medical paraphernalia, releasing her from the hospital.[18]
Arroyo is a member of the Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language[19] and supported the teaching of Spanish in the country's education system during her presidency.[20]
On July 23, 2018, Arroyo was elected speaker of the House of Representatives during the Duterte administration, controversially[21] replacing Pantaleon Alvarez.[22] She spearheaded various controversial bills, including a bill that sought to lower the age of criminal liability to 12 years old.[23]
Arroyo is the first president to succeed the presidency as the child of a previous president; her father was Diosdado Macapagal, who served as the country's ninth president between from 1961 to 1965.[24]
Early life
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was born as Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal on April 5, 1947, in
She moved with her family into
Personal life
In 1968, Arroyo married lawyer and businessman
In 1987, she was invited by President Corazon Aquino to join the government as assistant secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry. She was promoted to undersecretary two years later. In her concurrent position as executive director of the Garments and Textile Export Board, Arroyo oversaw the rapid growth of the garment industry in the late 1980s.[citation needed]
Senator (1992–1998)
Arroyo entered politics in the 1992 election, running for senator. At the first general election under the 1987 Constitution, the top twelve vote-getting senatorial candidates would win a six-year term, and the next twelve candidates would win a three-year term.[31] Arroyo ranked 13th in the elections, earning a three-year term. She was re-elected in 1995, topping the senatorial election with nearly 16 million votes.
As a legislator, Arroyo filed over 400 bills and authored or sponsored 55 laws during her tenure as senator, including the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law, the Indigenous People's Rights Law, and the Export Development Act.[3] The 1995 Mining Act, which allows 100% foreign ownership of Philippine mines, has come under fire from left-wing political groups.[citation needed] Arroyo was also openly against the implementation of capital punishment in the country, advocating instead for better criminal rehabilitation during her time as Senator.[8]
Vice presidency (1998–2001)
Arroyo considered a run for the presidency in the
Arroyo began her term as vice president on June 30, 1998, becoming the first female to hold the post. She was appointed by Estrada to a concurrent position in the cabinet as secretary of social welfare and development.[32]
Arroyo resigned from the Cabinet in October 2000, distancing herself from Estrada, who was accused of corruption by a former political supporter, Chavit Singson, Governor of Ilocos Sur.[34] She had initially resisted pressure from allies to speak out against Estrada,[35] but eventually joined calls for Estrada's resignation.[34]
Presidency (2001–2010)
This section of a poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous. )Find sources: "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) |
First term (2001–2004)
Succession
The last quarter of 2000 up to the first week of January 2001 was a period of political and economic uncertainty for the Philippines. On January 16, 2001, the impeachment trial also took a new direction. Private prosecutors walked out of the trial when pro-Estrada senators prevented the opening of an evidence (a brown envelope) containing bank records allegedly owned by President Joseph Estrada. With the walkout, the impeachment trial was not completed and Filipinos eventually took to the streets in masses to continue the clamor for President Estrada's resignation. From January 17 to 20, 2001,
Days after leaving Malacañang Palace, President Estrada's lawyers questioned the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency before the Supreme Court. He reiterated that he had not resigned as president and that at most, Arroyo was just serving in an acting capacity. The high court, however, voted unanimously to uphold the legitimacy of Arroyo's succession. As a consequence, Estrada no longer enjoys immunity from charges being filed against him.
In the last week of April 2001, the Sandiganbayan ordered the arrest of Estrada and his son, then mayor Jinggoy Estrada, for plunder charges. A few days later, Estrada supporters protested his arrest, gathered at the EDSA Shrine, and staged what they called, EDSA III – comparing their actions to the People Power revolution of 1986 and January 2001.[36]
Thousands of protesters demanded the release of Estrada. Eventually, they also called for the ouster of Arroyo and the reinstatement of the former. On May 1, 2001, they marched towards Malacañang to force Arroyo to give in to their demands. Violence erupted when the protesters attempted to storm the presidential palace and the military and police were ordered to use their arms to drive them back. Arroyo declared a state of rebellion because of the violence and prominent political personalities affiliated with Estrada were charged and arrested.[37] The so-called EDSA III was the first serious political challenge to the Arroyo presidency.
Corruption charges and Oakwood Mutiny
The Oakwood mutiny occurred in the Philippines on July 27, 2003. A group of 321 armed soldiers who called themselves "Bagong Katipuneros"
2004 presidential election
Presidential styles of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | ||
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Reference style Her Excellency | | |
Spoken style | Your Excellency | |
Alternative style | Madam President |
Article VII Section 4 of the
In October 2003, Arroyo changed her mind and announced that she would contest the May 2004 presidential elections and seek a direct mandate from the people. She explained, "There is a higher cause — to change society...in a way that flourishes our future".[40] With her decision, the initial criticisms hurled against Arroyo centered on her lack of word of honor.
As predicted by SWS exit polls, Arroyo won the election by a margin of over one million votes against Poe. However, the congressional canvassing was quite contentious as opposition lawmakers in the National Board of Canvassers argued that there were many discrepancies in the election returns and that insinuations of cheating were raised.[41] On June 23, 2004, Congress proclaimed Arroyo and Noli de Castro as president and vice president, respectively.
Second term (2004–2010)
2004 presidential election rigging allegations
On June 30, 2004, in a break with tradition, Arroyo first delivered her inaugural speech at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila.[42] She then departed for Cebu City for her oath taking,[43] the first time that a Philippine president took the oath of office outside of Luzon.
Allegations of cheating against Arroyo gained momentum one year after the May 2004 elections. In a press conference held on June 10, 2005,
The recordings of Ong became known as the Hello Garci controversy and triggered massive protests against Arroyo. Key members of her cabinet resigned from their respective posts and urged Arroyo to do the same. On June 27, 2005, Arroyo admitted to inappropriately speaking to a COMELEC official, claiming it was a "lapse in judgement". She, however, denied influencing the outcome of the elections and declared that she won the elections fairly.[47] Arroyo did not resign despite the pressures coming from various sectors of society.
The Hello Garci controversy became the basis of the impeachment case filed against Arroyo in 2005;
In October 2007, lawyer Alan Paguia filed an impeachment complaint against Arroyo in connection with the issue of bribery. Paguia's complaint was based on the revelation of Pampanga Governor
2006 State of emergency
On February 24, 2006, a plot to take over the government was uncovered by authorities, allegedly headed by Gen. Danilo Lim and other rightist military adventurists. General Lim and some of his men were arrested.[52] To face the threat posed by enemies of the state, Arroyo issued Presidential Proclamation 1017 and used it as basis in declaring a state of emergency throughout the Philippines. According to Arroyo, this declaration was done to quell the military rebellion, stop lawless violence, and promote peace and stability.[53][54] Presidential Proclamation 1017 also empowered the government to enforce warrantless arrests and take over strategic private utilities companies.[citation needed]
The state of emergency existed for about one week with the purpose of curbing further violence, illegal rallies, and public disturbance throughout the Philippines. The police and the military dispersed demonstrators and protesters, especially those along EDSA. Aside from General Lim, prominent personalities were also arrested in connection with their alleged participation in the attempt to overthrow the government.[52][54]
Presidential Proclamation 1017 was lifted on March 3, 2006, but members of the opposition, private lawyers, and concerned citizens challenged its constitutionality before the Supreme Court.[55] On May 4, the high court declared the proclamation constitutional; however, it also ruled it was illegal for the government to implement warrantless arrests and seize private institutions and companies.[56]
Charter change
Arroyo spearheaded a controversial plan for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present unitary and presidential republic with a
Economy
Arroyo, who earned a master's degree and doctorate in economics, made the
A controversial expanded
Early in her presidency, Arroyo implemented a controversial policy of holiday economics, adjusting holidays to form longer weekends with the purpose of boosting domestic tourism and allowing Filipinos more time with their families.
Domestic policies
Foreign policies
Administration and cabinet
Public perception
The Social Weather Stations public opinion group has conducted quarterly surveys tracking the net satisfaction rating ("satisfied" rating minus "dissatisfied" rating") of President Arroyo. She began her presidency in the first quarter of 2001 with a net satisfaction rating of +24. Her rating first dipped into the negative in the first quarter of 2003, making Arroyo the only president to achieve a negative net satisfaction rating in SWS opinion polling. Her rating rebounded well into the positive in 2004, in time for the presidential election where she won election to a new six-year term. However, net satisfaction sunk back into negative territory in the fourth quarter of 2004, and has remained negative since, dipping as low as −38 in the second quarter of 2008. Her net satisfaction rating in the first quarter of 2009 was −32.[65]
Post-presidency (2010–present)
House of Representatives (2010–2019)
In November 2009, Arroyo formally declared her intention to run for a seat in the House of Representatives representing the 2nd district of Pampanga, making her the second Philippine president – after Jose P. Laurel – to pursue a lower office after the expiration of their presidency.[66] A petition seeking to disqualify Arroyo from the race was dismissed by the COMELEC for lack of merit, a decision which was later affirmed by the Supreme Court.[67] With little serious competition, she was elected to Congress in May 2010 with a landslide victory.[68] After receiving final military honors at the inauguration ceremony of incoming President Benigno Aquino III, she headed straight to San Fernando, Pampanga for her own oath-taking as congresswoman.[69]
Despite being considered the strongest contender for
While still confined in the
for her third consecutive term, running unopposed.2011 spinal surgery
In early 2011, Arroyo was diagnosed with cervical spondylosis or cervical
2011 hospital arrest
Arroyo was arrested on November 18, 2011, after a Pasay court issued a warrant of arrest against her, following the filing of a complaint for electoral sabotage by the COMELEC.[76] The arrest warrant was served at the St. Luke's Medical Center in Taguig where Arroyo had been confined.[77][78] Days earlier, the Supreme Court had issued a resolution enjoining attempts by the Department of Justice to prevent her departure from the Philippines to seek medical treatment overseas.[79]
She was transferred to the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City on December 9, 2011.[11][12] Arroyo was released from hospital arrest on bail on July 25, 2012.[80]
On October 29, 2012, she refused to enter any plea on charges she misused $8.8 million in state lottery funds during her term in office.[81] As of December 2013, she was still in custody at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center.[82] On July 19, 2016, the Supreme Court dismissed the corruption charges and ordered her release from the hospital where she had been detained since 2011.[83]
2014 medical problems and reapplication for bail
Arroyo was transported to St. Luke's Medical Center for tests and treatment and returned to confinement at the Veteran's Medical Center after medical incidents in May and June 2014.[84][85][86] In June, after the second of these incidents, her attorneys renewed application for bail.[87] In September, a third medical incident caused her to be again rushed to St. Luke's for treatment and returned to confinement at the Veteran's Medical Center.[88]
2015 United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
In a case filed by human rights lawyer Amal Clooney, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention declared Arroyo's hospital detention arbitrary and violative of the international law on human rights. It recognized that the charges against Arroyo were politically motivated since she was detained as a result of her exercise to take part in government and that the detention was arbitrary and illegal under international law because the Sandiganbayan court failed to take into account her individual circumstances when it repeatedly denied her bail.[89]
2016 Supreme Court acquittal
On July 19, 2016, a few weeks after Duterte was sworn in as president, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the dismissal of plunder case against Arroyo, gathering a vote of 11–4 which was read by spokesperson Theodore Te.[90][91]
Supreme Court decision on Arroyo's motion to dismiss plunder case | |
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In Favor (11) | Opposed (4) |
She would later be assigned by Duterte's party, PDP-Laban, as a high-level member of the House of Representatives[92] after winning her third term as congresswoman in the House. She was given committee chairmanships, among many other roles.[93]
House speakership (2018–2019)
Arroyo was elected as the first female speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines.[94] The election pushed through on July 23, 2018, due to a controversial[95] majority manifesto and vote that ousted Pantaleon Alvarez. In August 2018, amid rumors that she was gunning to become prime minister under a proposed federal government, which she was advocating in the House, Arroyo stated that she will retire from politics and would not pursue any position after the May 2019 elections.[96]
In January 2019, her speakership passed a House bill which lowered the criminal liability to twelve years old.[97][98] She had a net satisfaction rating of −4 in September 2018, which further dropped to −21 in January 2019, becoming one of the most unpopular House speakers in Philippine history.[99] Her leadership also spearheaded the changing of House rules in relation to Statements of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth (SALNs), requiring a ₱300 fee for access, which amounts to ₱87,300 for the SALNs of all 291 members of the House of Representatives, making it difficult for the poor to monitor corruption in the House.[100]
In February 2019, Senator Panfilo Lacson accused Arroyo of adding an additional pork barrel of ₱60–160 million in the national budget.[101]
Political retirement
Arroyo, although not holding any elective position, has been participating as a member of Lakas–CMD. As of June 2019, she is working on a memoir narrating her experiences as president, which she plans on limiting to 200 pages for consumption by the general public.[102]
On November 26, 2020, President Rodrigo Duterte appointed Arroyo as presidential adviser on Clark programs and projects.[103]
House of Representatives (2022–present)
Arroyo came out of retirement to seek a comeback to the House of Representatives in 2022, running unopposed for the 2nd district of Pampanga.[104] Her legal counsel, Peter Paul Magalang, filed the certificate of candidacy on her behalf.[105] She has declared support to the candidacies of Bongbong Marcos for president and new Lakas party-mate Sara Duterte for vice president.[106][107] She also joined the caravans and campaign sorties of their UniTeam Alliance.[108][109]
On May 10, 2022, Arroyo was proclaimed as representative of the 2nd district of Pampanga, succeeding her son Mikey once again for a fourth nonconsecutive term.[110] Although she assumed office on June 30, 2022,[111] she took her oath of office on May 26 in Lubao[112] and on June 13 before outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte at the Malacañang Palace.[113] Arroyo said she will join her fellow representatives in passing the legislative agenda of the administration of President Bongbong Marcos and will continue to push for projects aligned with the Pampanga Megalopolis program.[112] She initially aimed to regain the House speakership in the 19th Congress, soon after Marcos was elected, but later rescinded after realizing that Marcos wanted his cousin and her Lakas partymate, Rep. Martin Romualdez (Leyte–1st), to become the next House Speaker.[114] She instead endorsed the speakership bid of Romualdez.[115]
On July 25, 2022, Arroyo was named as Senior Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives under the new speakership of Martin Romualdez in the 19th Congress.[116]
Arroyo became part of President Bongbong Marcos's delegation member of all his international trips beginning on November 16, 2022, the first day of his working visit to Thailand for the 2022 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit.[117] She has also joined him in his visits to Belgium,[118] China,[119] Davos in Switzerland,[120] Japan,[121] the United States,[122] and Indonesia.[123] Marcos also described her as his "secret weapon."[124]
Her only daughter, Evangelina Lourdes Arroyo-Bernas, was made the country's ambassador to Austria in December 2022. She defended accusations of nepotism noting her daughter's qualifications.[125]
On May 17, 2023, she was demoted by the House leadership from senior deputy speaker to a regular deputy speaker to unburden her heavy workload that came with the title. She switched places with fellow Pampanga Representative Aurelio Gonzales Jr. of the 3rd district.[126] Later on November 7, 2023, she was expelled by the House from her position as a deputy house speaker, after she failed to support a resolution that aimed to uphold the House's "dignity, integrity and independence" and to support the speakership of Martin Romualdez, as she was abroad when it was signed.[127] This followed the criticism from her political ally, former President Rodrigo Duterte, who objected the House's decision to reallocate the confidential funds originally for the offices of his daughter, Vice President and concurrent Education Secretary Sara Duterte. Arroyo was replaced by Representative Tonypet Albano (Isabela–1st).[128]
Scouting
Arroyo was the second chief girl scout of the Girl Scouts of the Philippines.[129][130]
Approval ratings
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In July 2008, the Social Weather Stations (SWS) said that Arroyo registered a net satisfaction rating of minus 38 in a survey conducted in the last week of June, making her the most unpopular president in the country since democracy was restored in 1986.[131]
Date | Rating |
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Mar 2001 | +24 |
Apr 2001 | +17 |
May 2001 | +18 |
Jul 2001 | +16 |
Sep 2001 | +15 |
Nov 2001 | +27 |
Mar 2002 | +16 |
May 2002 | +4 |
Aug 2002 | +28 |
Sep 2002 | +18 |
Nov 2002 | +6 |
Mar 2003 | −14 |
Jun 2003 | +14 |
Sep 2003 | +2 |
Nov 2003 | −3 |
Jan 2004 | +8 |
Feb 2004 | +15 |
Mar 2004 | +30 |
Jun 2004 | +26 |
Aug 2004 | +12 |
Oct 2004 | −6 |
Dec 2004 | −5 |
Mar 2005 | −12 |
May 2005 | −33 |
Aug 2005 | −23 |
Dec 2005 | −30 |
Mar 2006 | −25 |
Jun 2006 | −13 |
Sep 2006 | −11 |
Nov 2006 | −13 |
Feb 2007 | −4 |
Jun 2007 | −3 |
Sep 2007 | −11 |
Dec 2007 | −16 |
Mar 2008 | −26 |
Jun 2008 | −38 |
Jul 2008 | −50 |
Sep 2008 | −27 |
Dec 2008 | −24 |
Feb 2009 | −32 |
Jun 2009 | −34 |
Sep 2009 | −38 |
Dec 2009 | −38 |
Mar 2010 | −53 |
Jun 2010 | −17 |
Average | −7 |
Honors and awards
Foreign honors
- Brunei: Member of the Family Order of Laila Utama[134]
- Dominican Republic: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella[135]
- Equatorial Guinea: Grand Cross of the Order of Independence[136]
- Holy See: Recipient of the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice[137]
- Japan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum[138]
- Romania: Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania[139]
- Spain: Dame of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic[140][141]
Honorary degrees
- Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from La Trobe University in Australia (2000)[142]
- Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan (2002)[143]
- Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Old Dominion University in Virginia, United States (2003)[3]
- Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Fordham University (2003)[144]
- Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from University of San Francisco in California, United States (2004)[145]
- Honorary Mapua Institute of Technology in Manila, Philippines (2004)[3]
- Honorary Pusan, South Korea (2005)[146]
- Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand[147]
Recognitions
- Time magazine's "People Who Mattered" list for 2005[148]
- Forbes magazine's 100 Most Powerful Woman in the World (from 2004 to 2009) – she ranked 4th in the 2005 list[149]
- Member, Council of Women World Leaders[150]
- Teodora Alonzo Award by the Philippine Order of the Knights of Rizal[153]
- Fourth Patron of the Royal Institution Singapore, an unaccredited institution of higher learning[154]
Notes
- ^ Original term until June 30, 2001; resigned on June 30, 1998, to sit as Vice President.
References
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- ^ "Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | Biography, Achievements, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
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- Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. June 30, 2004. Archived from the originalon June 14, 2021. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
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2002: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo becomes the third Philippines President to receive an honorary doctorate.
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External links
- House Of Representatives – The 15th Congress – Member Profile
- President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo official website Archived April 10, 2018, at the Wayback Machine
- Reporter's Notebook: Ang Palasyo Reporter's Notebook Special, December 4, 2007
- Interactive timeline: The life of Gloria Arroyo, by abs-cbnNEWS.com