Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Bellinsgauzen" redirects here. For the lunar crater, see Bellinsgauzen (crater).
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Faddeyevich and the family name is Bellingshausen.

Fabian Gottlieb Benjamin von Bellingshausen
Portrait by an unknown artist
Other name(s)Faddey Faddeyevich Bellingshausen;
Thaddeus Gottlieb Thaddevich von Bellingshausen
Born18 August [O.S. 9 August] 1778
Lahhentagge manor, Saaremaa, Governorate of Livonia, Russian Empire
Died25 January [O.S. 13 January] 1852 (aged 73)
Kronstadt, Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire
Allegiance Russia
Service/branch Imperial Russian Navy
Years of service1795–1852
RankAdmiral
Battles/warsRusso-Turkish War (1828–1829)
Awards
Order of Saint George 4th Class
Order of Saint Vladimir
3rd Class

Faddey Faddeyevich Bellingshausen

Baltic German descent, who attained the rank of admiral. He participated in the first Russian circumnavigation of the globe, and subsequently became a leader of another circumnavigation expedition that discovered the continent of Antarctica. Like Otto von Kotzebue and Adam Johann von Krusenstern, Bellingshausen belonged to the cohort of prominent Baltic German navigators who helped Russia launch its naval expeditions.[8]

Bellingshausen was born in the Estonian island of Saaremaa (Ösel), in the eponymous family. He started his service in the Russian Baltic Fleet, and after distinguishing himself joined the first Russian circumnavigation of the Earth in 1803–1806, serving on the merchant ship Nadezhda under the captaincy of Adam Johann von Krusenstern. After the journey, he published a collection of maps of the newly explored areas and islands of the Pacific Ocean. Subsequently, he commanded several ships of the Baltic and Black Sea Fleets.[3]

As a prominent cartographer, Bellingshausen was appointed to command the Russian

Pacific
.

Made captain-commodore [ru] on his return, Bellingshausen participated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829. Promoted to vice admiral, he again served in the Baltic Fleet in the 1830s. From 1839, he was a military governor of Kronstadt, and gained the rank of admiral in 1843. In 1831, he published the book on his Antarctic travels, called Double Investigation of the Southern Polar Ocean and the Voyage Around the World.[d]

Early life and career

Coat of arms of the Bellingshausen family

Bellingshausen was born to a

Baltic German noble Bellingshausen family in the Lahhetagge Manor [et], Ösel County in the Governorate of Livonia of the Russian Empire; now Saare County, Estonia. His paternal family had Holsteinish origins; the surname Bellingshausen was first recorded in Lübeck. He enlisted as a cadet in the Imperial Russian Navy at the age of ten. After graduating from the Kronstadt
naval academy at age eighteen, Bellingshausen rapidly rose to the rank of captain.

First Russian circumnavigation

Main article: First Russian circumnavigation
Nadezdha, on which Bellingshausen served under captain Krusenstern during the first Russian circumnavigation.

A great admirer of Cook's voyages, Bellingshausen served from 1803 in the first Russian circumnavigation of the Earth. He was one of the officers of the vessel Nadezhda ("Hope"), commanded by Adam Johann von Krusenstern.

The mission was completed in 1806. After the journey, Bellingshausen published a collection of maps of the newly explored areas and islands of the Pacific Ocean.

Service as captain

Bellingshausen's career continued with the command of various ships in the Baltic and Black Seas. From 1812 to 1816 he commanded the frigate Minerva and from 1817 to 1819 the frigate Flora, both in the Black Sea Fleet. During 1812 he met on Macquarie Island, half-way between New Zealand and Antarctica, Richard Siddins, the Australian captain of the ship Campbell Macquarie.[10]

First Russian Antarctic expedition

Main article: First Russian Antarctic Expedition
The First Russian Antarctic expedition 1819–1821
Order of St. Vladimir

When

Sir Joseph Banks, the president of the Royal Society. Banks had sailed with Captain James Cook fifty years earlier and supplied the Russians with books and charts for their expedition.[11]

Leaving

Russian Naval Minister on 21 July 1821 and other documents, available in the Russian State Museum of the Arctic and Antarctic in Saint Petersburg, Russia, were carefully compared with the log-books of other claimants by the British polar historian A. G. E. Jones in his 1982 study Antarctica Observed. Jones concluded that Bellingshausen, rather than the Royal Navy's Edward Bransfield on 30 January 1820 or the American Nathaniel Palmer on 17 November 1820, was indeed the discoverer of the sought-after Terra Australis
.

During the voyage Bellingshausen also visited Meretoto / Ship Cove in New Zealand,[12] the South Shetland Islands,[13] and discovered and named Peter I, Zavodovski, Leskov and Visokoi Islands, and a peninsula of the Antarctic mainland that he named the Alexander Coast, but that has more recently borne the designation of Alexander Island.

Mikhail Lazarev, captain of Mirny and second-in-command to Bellingshausen during the Antarctic expedition.

Bellingshausen and Lazarev managed to twice circumnavigate the continent and never lost each other from view. Thus, they disproved

Cook's assertion that it was impossible to find land in the southern ice fields. The expedition also made discoveries and observations in the tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean.[citation needed
]

Admiral

Returning to

St Petersburg, and gained the rank of admiral in 1843. In 1831, he published the book on his Antarctic travel, called Double Investigation of the Southern Polar Ocean and the Voyage Around the World.[e]

Military governor of Kronstadt

In 1839 he became a military governor of

Kronstadt, the main base of Russian Baltic Fleet
, and died there in 1852.

Bank of Russia
dedicated to the first Russian Antarctic expedition

Legacy

Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen is remembered in Russia as one of its greatest admirals and explorers. In the Antarctic, multiple geographical features and locations, named in honor of Bellingshausen, remind of his role in exploration of the southern polar region.

Monuments

There is a memorial stone of Bellingshausen on the previous site (on the ruins) of Lahhentagge/Lahetaguse manor in Ösel/Saaremaa.

There is a monument to Bellingshausen in

Nikolayev, Ukraine
, as well as in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and in Montevideo, Uruguay.

There is a monument to Admiral Bellingshausen in Kronstadt, near Saint Petersburg in Russia.

Monument to Bellingshausen in Kronstadt, Russia

Named in honour

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Russian: Фаддей Фаддеевич Беллинсгаузен, romanized: Faddey Faddeyevich Bellinsgauzen.[1]
    "Bellinsgauzen" is a russified form of "Bellingshausen".
    Alternatives to romanization:
    •  • First name: Faddei, Faddej, Faddeĭ;
    •  • Patronymic: Faddeevich, Faddeyevič, Faddeevič.
    Also in Estonian: Faddei Faddejevitš Bellingshausen.[2]
    Faddei Faddeevich Bellingshausen according to the AuDB.[3]
    Faddey Faddeyevich Bellingshausen in Dictionary.com (one of the possible variants).[4]
  2. baptismal record, there is Thaddeus Gottlieb Thaddevich.[5][6][7] Thaddeus
    is a related name of Faddey.
  3. preposition which approximately means of or from and usually denotes some sort of nobility. While von (always lower case) is part of the family name or territorial designation, not a first or middle name, if the noble is referred to by his last name, use Schiller, Clausewitz or Goethe
    , not von Schiller, etc.
  4. ^ Original title in Russian: Двукратные изыскания в южнополярном океане и плавание вокруг света
  5. ^ Original title in Russian: Двукратные изыскания в южнополярном океане и плавание вокруг света

References

  1. ^ "Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen | Antarctic, Circumnavigation & Discovery | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  2. ^ "TLÜAR rahvusbibliograafia isikud". isik2.tlulib.ee. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  3. ^ a b Hotimsky 1966.
  4. ^ "Dictionary.com | Meanings & Definitions of English Words". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  5. Reval
    : Verlag von Lindfors' Erben. 1868. p. 298.
  6. ^ Oliver 1990.
  7. ^ Savours, 11 January 2024.
  8. ISBN 978-1-78920-028-7
    .
  9. S2CID 129664580
    .
  10. ISBN 978-1597265997
    .
  11. ^ "Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen". 28 August 2010.
  12. ^ A.H. McLintock, ed. (1966). "Ship Cove". An Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage/Te Manatū Taonga, Government of New Zealand. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
  13. ISBN 978-954-07-3939-7
  14. ^ Novitsky et al. 1911.
  15. ISBN 3-540-00238-3
    .

Sources

External links

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