Far-right politics in Croatia
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Far-right politics in Croatia (
The common perception is that the far right includes people who were either involved with the
Pro-Ustaša symbols and actions have been restricted by law in Croatia since 2003. The most common venue for expressing these beliefs is graffiti.
Background
The Ustaše was a Croatian right-wing ultranationalist movement founded in 1929 by Ante Pavelić.[2] After the establishment of the 6 January Dictatorship by Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Pavelić fled to Italy where he set up his organization's headquarters.[3] Prior to World War II the Ustaše functioned as a paramilitary and terrorist organization, as it sought the separation of Croatia from Yugoslavia into an independent state through violent means.[4] Notably, it was involved in the assassination of King Alexander in 1934 with the assistance of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO).[3] The Ustaše however lacked broad support due to its radical and violent nature.[5] When Nazi Germany invaded Yugoslavia in 1941, its territories were occupied by German, Italian and Hungarian forces. A German puppet-state, the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) was established and ruled by Pavelić and the Ustaše. During the Second World War, the Ustaše conducted genocide against Serbs, Roma and Jews within their borders. The Jasenovac concentration camp was a notorious death camp where extermination of these groups took place. After the war ended, many of the Ustaše fled to safety abroad in countries like Argentina and Spain. In 1957 Pavelić was wounded after an assassination attempt on him and died two years later from his injuries.[6]
Several far-right political parties in Croatia trace their roots to
Za dom spremni ("Ready for the Homeland") was the WWII fascist salute used by the Ustaše and is considered to be the equivalent of the Nazi German Sieg heil.[10] In some elements of Croatian society there is a narrative that claims the usage of the greeting predates the Ustaše, a claim that is rejected by the scholarly consensus. Since Croatia's independence, the salute has become "re-popularized" through public discourse by the right-wing.[11]
Croatian far right during Yugoslavia
At the end of
In the aftermath of WWII, a guerrilla/terrorist anti-communist and Croatian nationalist insurgency group, the Crusaders, formed, and carried out terrorist acts against the new multi-ethnic communist state. Between 1962 and 1982, Croatian nationalist groups carried out 128 terror attacks against Yugoslav civilian and military targets; notably it bombed a JAT plane killing 27 people in 1972. All of these groups operated outside of Yugoslavia, given the Yugoslav regime's consolidation of power which made it difficult for them to operate inside the country.[12]
Early independent political scene
In the process of the
Nevertheless, the introduction of the
At the time, Croatia was often accused of ignoring the crimes committed by the
In the absence of a specific policy or laws against it, instances of pro-Ustaše sentiment and hate speech were rarely sanctioned, to the dismay of the left-leaning public, as well the Serbs of Croatia who were the most common targets.
Among the organizations formed during wartime which were most commonly associated with neo-Ustashism was the Croatian Defence Forces (Hrvatske obrambene snage, HOS), which emerged as the de facto paramilitary wing of the Croatian Party of Rights. Their symbols included dressing in black, at the time widely perceived to be reminiscent of blackshirts, and using the phrase Za dom spremni. These units, however, quickly fell out of favor with the Croatian authorities and were eliminated through more or less violent means before the end of the first phase of the war in Croatia. In recent years the HOS has gained popularity, their members making appearances during state war commemorations.[15]
The far-right part of the Croatian political scene in the 1990s was fragmented between various right-wing political parties: primarily Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) and Croatian Party of Rights (HSP), as well as other smaller parties such as the Croatian Christian Democratic Union (HKDU), the Croatian Party of Rights 1861 (HSP 1861) and Croatian Pure Party of Rights (HČSP).
Defacement of monuments
From 1991 until 2010,
Political parties
Active
- The Croatian parliament.[7] Since then it has attracted less support. The HSP's military wing, the Croatian Defence Forces (HOS), participated in the Croatian War of Independence and openly displayed Ustaše symbols.[22]
- The Croatian Pure Party of Rights (HČSP), far-right or neo-fascist[23][24] and ultranationalist, founded by Ivan Gabelica and Nedeljko Gabelica.[21] A marginal party with some representation in local municipalities. It holds an annual event on 10 April to celebrate the establishment of the NDH. It also protests the Pride parade and commemorations for Ustaše victims.[25][26]
- The Homeland Movement
The coalition led by the Homeland Movement came third at the
Defunct
- The Croatian Democratic Party of Rights (HDSP), extreme-right or neo-fascist,[24] founded by Krešimir Pavelić that was active during the 1990s.[21][33]
- The National Democratic League (NDL), extreme-right or neo-fascist,[24] led by Ivan Vekić.[33]
- Croatian Block (HB), extreme-right and militant, founded in 2004[9][34] and disbanded in 2009.
Post-war political scene
WWII Genocide Denial
In recent times, mainstream Croatian politicians, such as Stjepan Mesić, brought more focus to anti-fascist stances and veterans groups. Remembrance ceremonies at the site of Jasenovac concentration camp resumed, with support from the highest levels of government, including the right-wing HDZ under Ivo Sanader.[35]
The World War II war crimes committed by the Ustaše had been processed in Yugoslavia, but some cases had protracted long enough to become the responsibility of the modern-day Croatian authorities. In 1999, Croatia extradited Dinko Šakić from Argentina, one of the commanders of the Jasenovac concentration camp, and he was subsequently tried and sentenced to 20 years in prison, at the time the highest penalty under Croatian law.
The conservative parties such as the Croatian Party of Rights (HSP) and the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) permeated in their support for extreme forms of nationalism and far-right ideas.[36] This has been particularly apparent in the latter, which has a large membership and voter base and appeals to a broad spectrum of right-wing voters.
The two-time prime minister
Parties like the
On 11 July 2003 the Ivica Račan coalition government passed amendments to the penal code which outlawed hate speech, in a new section titled Praising fascist, Nazi and other totalitarian states and ideologies or promotion of racism and xenophobia.[41] The law is not perfectly applied, evidenced by the examples of regular public display of Ustasha memorabilia by the group "Hrvatski domobran" from Zadar that only recently started to get sanctioned by the police.[42][43][44]
On 20 June 2006 Croatian prime minister Ivo Sanader issued a message ahead of the Anti-Fascist Struggle Day (an official holiday in Croatia), in which he rejected extremism and radicalism, and said that "antifascism was a commitment weaved into the foundations of independent, democratic Croatia".[45]
Croatia has no laws against historical revisionism or Holocaust denial. This can be attributed to the change of political system, and the change in the entire system of values as the country became independent. Revisionism was not frowned upon because priority was placed on the re-evaluation of history as recorded during the Communist era, which was therefore deemed almost implicitly tainted, because it systematically omitted or misrepresented issues related to what was perceived to be Croatian nationalism. On the other hand, the revision of history books often went too far in making them increasingly focused on Croatian national issues, even with far-right interpretations of various World War II events.[46][47] The re-examination of the number of victims of the Independent State of Croatia, particularly the Jasenovac concentration camp and Genocide of Serbs, was fairly common, as well as fairly controversial. Statistical research such as that by Vladimir Žerjavić indicated serious flaws with Yugoslav data, whose sources had been kept secret until 1989.
Croatia's far-right often advocates the false theory that Jasenovac was a "labour camp" where mass murder did not take place.[48] Among them is the far-right NGO "The Society for Research of the Threefold Jasenovac Camp" which also claims that the camp was used by the Yugoslav authorities following the war to imprison Ustasha members and regular Home Guard army troops until 1948, then alleged Stalinists until 1951.[48] Members of the organization includes public figures such as journalist Igor Vukić, Catholic priest Stjepan Razum and academic Josip Pečarić.[49] The ideas promoted by its members have been amplified by mainstream media interviews and book tours.[49] Vukić's book "The Jasenovac Lie Revealed" prompted the Simon Wiesenthal Center to urge Croatian authorities to ban such works, noting that they "would immediately be banned in Germany and Austria and rightfully so".[50][51] Croatian filmmaker Jakov Sedlar also peddled this theory in his documentary Jasenovac – The Truth, bringing accusations of holocaust and genocide denial from organisations representing the ethnic groups that were the primary victims of the camp.[52]
In November 2016 in Jasenovac, a plaque with the slogan "Za dom spremni" was unveiled.[53]
Graffiti
Far-right extremist graffiti in Croatia often targets ethnic
The conflation of modern and obsolete nationalist themes sometimes produces bizarre inconsistencies, as shown at picture on the right: at the time when the
Names of squares and streets
A square in the central part of Zagreb had been named the "Square of the victims of fascism" (Trg žrtava fašizma) because during World War II, over sixteen thousand people had been deported via the square to concentration camps. In the early 1990s, this square was renamed to "Square of great Croats" (Trg hrvatskih velikana). This decision was later reverted in December 2000 during Milan Bandić's mayoralty of Zagreb.[55]
In several Croatian cities, streets were renamed after Mile Budak, a prominent Ustaša ideologist, on the basis that he was otherwise a writer. The moves to hail Budak this way, were supported by 120 university professors, scholars, and other public figures.[56] Conversely, the leftist newspaper Feral Tribune regularly satirized the Mile Budak streets, and its journalists explicitly criticized this trend.
The renaming of streets and squares after Budak (and other Ustaša-related people) has mostly been reversed by recent governments. In 2003, Ivo Sanader's government decided to finally deal with the issue which resulted in a decision to rename all the streets bearing Budak's name. In 2004, a plaque commemorating Budak's birth in the village of Sveti Rok was removed by the same authorities. Numerous local authorities however refused to follow up with the renames or delayed them.[57][58][59]
On 6 October 2009, the Croatian extreme right-wing
Popular culture
In the world of popular culture, the pop/folk/rock singer Marko Perković (Thompson) caused a scandal when the media obtained a copy song Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara allegedly sung by him. Perković was reportedly not prosecuted for this due to uncertainty as to whether it was really he who sang the song.[61][62] He has appeared on public television, and can still sometimes be seen on it, even though mainstream TV stations do tend to avoid him in order to avoid controversy.[61][62] His concerts regularly attract the far-right crowd.[61][63]
It has been widely alleged that he achieved such large attendances with the support of right-wing political organizations who helped rally people to the concerts. He has been banned from performing in
Thompson himself has denied he has anything to do with Nazism numerous times, and called the campaign against him cheap propaganda, saying he was merely a proud Croatian.[61]
Catholic clergy
A part of the Catholic clergy in Croatia openly praises the Ustaše regime and denies any wrongdoing from the side of Croats and Catholic Church. Praise for the regime is primarily expressed through commemorations for Ante Pavelić on 28 December, the date of his death. Catholic representatives do not attend Holocaust commemorations but they regularly attend
Controversy was caused in June 2008 when Croatian military bishop
Simon Wiesenthal Center director Efraim Zuroff complained to the Croatian president Stjepan Mesić about the funeral of Dinko Šakić, one of the leaders of the army of the Independent State of Croatia, who died in July 2008. At that funeral, Croatian Dominican priest pater Vjekoslav Lasić held a speech in which he said that "the court that indicted Dinko Šakić indicted Croatia and Croatians", and that "every Croat should be proud of Šakić's name".[68]
Sports
Ultranationalist Croats have shouted the slogan "Kill the Serb" during some sporting events.
In January 2006, the Ustasha song "Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara" was played publicly during the interval of an international club volleyball match. Officials later attributed the incident to a single individual, and the police did not intervene.[72]
During a friendly 2006 match between Croatia and Italy in Livorno, a group of some 200 Croatian fans arranged themselves into a "human swastika" formation, with many also performing Nazi salutes, allegedly in response to leftist Italian fans jeering at the Croatian national anthem and waving Yugoslav communist flags.[73][74] UEFA penalized the Croatian Football Federation for the incident.[74]
In 2007, Croatian football fans formed the letter U in a stadium during a match in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[75]
In October 2007, the Croatian newspaper
In November 2007, it was reported that members of the
Also in November 2007, a swastika appeared on
In June 2012, the Croatian and German football federations were fined for singing songs associated with Nazism and wearing Nazi symbols.[81]
In November 2013, after the FIFA World Cup 2014 Qualification match between Croatia and Iceland, the Croatian defender of Australian descent, Josip Šimunić, reportedly celebrated and motivated the crowd with the Ustashe chant "Za dom, Spremni" upon Croatian qualification to the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Simunic was disciplined by FIFA in December with a ten-match suspension and a fine of CHF 30,000.[82]
Croatian Wikipedia
In September 2013 complaints about right-wing bias of administrators and editors on the Croatian Wikipedia arose. Those complaints were already present, but they started receiving media attention after the launch of a Facebook page titled Razotkrivanje sramotne hr.wikipedije whose creators warned the media about the bias. Croatia's Minister of Science, Education and Sports, Željko Jovanović, called for pupils and students in Croatia to avoid using the Croatian Wikipedia. Snježana Koren, a historian at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, has judged the disputed articles as "biased and malicious, partly even illiterate".[83] She further added that "These are the types of articles you can find on the pages of fringe organizations and movements, but there should be no place for that on Wikipedia", expressing doubts on the ability of its authors to distinguish good from evil.[83] Koren concludes that the ulterior motive of such writings is to rehabilitate the Independent State of Croatia, a Nazi Germany puppet state, and that "there is no other way to characterize such efforts than as Ustashe movement".[83]
See also
- Anti-Cyrillic protests in Croatia
- Anti-Serb sentiment
- Far-right politics in Serbia
- Left-wing politics in Croatia
- Liberalism in Croatia
- List of neo-Nazi organizations
- Radical right (Europe)
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Spomenuli ste da je taj pokušaj primjene Banovine na rane devedesete bio zastarjeli koncept. No jedan od glavnih koncepata Tuđmana bio je ono što je on nazivao pomirbom svih Hrvata. Jednom zgodom ste izjavili da time on nije pomirio mrtve, ali je zavadio žive. – Potpisao bih tu izjavu i danas. Faktično nije došlo do pomirenja između partizana i ustaša. Nije bilo ni moguće pomiriti te dvije zavađene koncepcije. Kako pomiriti ustaše koji su se vratili iz inozemstva s bivšim udbašima, u krajnjoj liniji, kakve je on mnogo uzeo u svoju službu. Takva koncepcija je bila osuđena da proizvede nove probleme. Njome je antagonizirao mnoge Hrvate.
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»Osuđujemo i odbacujemo svaki ekstremizam, radikalizam, rasnu, nacionalnu i vjersku mržnju i netoleranciju ma s koje strane dolazile«, rekao je predsjednik Vlade dr. Ivo Sanader odajući počast žrtvama koncentracijskog logora u Jasenovcu. Premijer je u utorak posjetio Spomen-područje Jasenovac u povodu završetka radova na obnovi spomenika Bogdana Bogdanovića »Kameni cvijet«.
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raspravu o školskim udžbenicima, koja se osobito rasplamsala u vezi sa školskim udžbenicima povijesti iz Tuđmanove ere, dakle u vezi sa veoma spornima i osporavanim interpretativnim uzorcima u njima, osobito kada je riječ o suvremenoj povijesti.
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Do 22. srpnja 2010. Mjesni odbor je nosio naziv Hrvatskog književnika Mile Budaka.
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Zakon velikih brojeva i male pameti je nalagao da će na ovom koncertu biti i veći broj ustašoljubaca a prolazak maksimirskim travnjakom ispred pozornice i ikonografija viđena kod više desetaka onih koji misle da je tvornica smrti zvana NDH nešto uzvišeno pokazuju da policija na ulazima zakonske odredbe o sprječavanju poticanja i širenja rasne netrpeljivosti i nije shvaćala odveć ozbiljno.
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- ^ a b c "Hr.wikipedija pod povećalom zbog falsificiranja hrvatske povijesti" [Croatian Wikipedia under a scrutiny for fabricating Croatian history!] (in Croatian). Novi list. Archived from the original on 16 September 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2013.
External links
- (in Croatian) Ustaški pokret