Livorno
Livorno
Leghorn | ||
---|---|---|
Comune di Livorno | ||
Coordinates: 43°33′07″N 10°18′30″E / 43.55194°N 10.30833°E | ||
Country | Italy | |
Region | Tuscany | |
Province | Livorno (LI) | |
Frazioni | List
| |
Government | ||
• Mayor | Dialing code 0586 | |
Patron saint | Julia of Corsica | |
Saint day | 22 May | |
Website | Official website |
Livorno (Italian: [liˈvorno] ) is a port city on the Ligurian Sea[2] on the western coast of the Tuscany region, Italy.[3] It is the capital of the Province of Livorno, having a population of 158,493 residents in December 2017. It is traditionally known in English as Leghorn (pronounced /lɛˈɡɔːrn/ leg-ORN,[4][5] /ˈlɛɡhɔːrn/ LEG-horn[6] or /ˈlɛɡərn/ LEG-ərn).[7][8][9]
During the
Livorno is considered to be the most modern among all the Tuscan cities, and is the third most-populous of the region, after Florence and Prato.[12][13]
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2021) |
Origins
The origins of Livorno are controversial, although the place was inhabited since the Neolithic Age. This is documented by the worked bones, and pieces of copper and ceramic found on the Livorno Hills in a cave between Ardenza and Montenero. The Etruscan settlement was called Labro.[14]
The construction of the Via Aurelia coincided with the occupation of the region by the Romans. They are also known for their toponyms and the ruins of towers. The natural cove called Liburna is a reference to the type of ship, the liburna, adopted by Roman navy from the Liburnians. Other ancient toponyms include Salviano (Salvius) and Antignano (Ante ignem), which was the place situated before Ardenza (Ardentia), where beacons directed the ships to Porto Pisano. Cicero mentioned Liburna in a letter to his brother, in which he called it Labrone.[15]
Medieval
Livorna is mentioned for the first time in 1017 as a small coastal village, the port and the remains of a Roman tower under the rule of Lucca. In 1077, a tower was built by Matilda of Tuscany. The Republic of Pisa owned Livorna from 1103 and built a quadrangular fort called Quadratura dei Pisani ("Quarter of the Pisans") to defend the port.[11] Porto Pisano was destroyed after the crushing defeat of the Pisan fleet in the Battle of Meloria in 1284.[16]
In 1399, Pisa sold Livorna to the Visconti of Milan; in 1405 it was sold to the Republic of Genoa; and on 28 August 1421 it was bought by the Republic of Florence.[11] The name 'Leghorn' was derived from the Genoese name Ligorna.[17] Livorno was used certainly in the eighteenth century by Florentines.[17]
Between 1427 and 1429, a census counted 118 families in Livorno, including 423 persons. Monks, Jews, military personnel, and the homeless were not included in the census.[18] The only remainder of medieval Livorno is a fragment of two towers and a wall, located inside the Fortezza Vecchia.
Medicean period (1500–1650)
After the arrival of the Medici, the ruling dynasty of Florence, some modifications were made in the city. Between 1518 and 1534 the Fortezza Vecchia was constructed, and the voluntary resettlement of the population to Livorno was stimulated. Livorno still remained a rather insignificant coastal fortress.[19] By 1551, the population had grown to 1562 residents.[11]
Seat of the crusading and corsairing Order of Saint Stephen after 1561, distinctive for its aggressive approach towards the Muslim world, Livorno became a major Mediterranean slave trade hub in the early modern period, rivalling Malta's.[20] Its share of slave population may have been over a 25% of the population.[21]
During the
In the late 1580s,
In 1593, the Duke's administration established the Leggi Livornine to regulate trade.
Livorno became an enlightened European city and one of the most important ports of the entire Mediterranean Basin. Many European foreigners moved to Livorno. These included Christian Protestant reformers who supported such leaders as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others. French, Dutch, and English arrived, along with Orthodox Greeks. Meanwhile, Jews continued to trade under their previous treaties with the Grand Duke. On 19 March 1606, Ferdinando I de' Medici elevated Livorno to the rank of city; the ceremony was held in the Fortezza Vecchia Chapel of Francis of Assisi.
The Counter-Reformation increased tensions among Christians; dissidents to the Papacy were targeted by various Catholic absolute rulers. Livorno's tolerance declined during the European wars of religion. But, in the preceding period, the merchants of Livorno had developed a series of trading networks with Protestant Europe, and the Dutch, British, and Germans worked to retain these. In 1653 a naval battle, the Battle of Leghorn, was fought near Livorno during the First Anglo-Dutch War.
17th century and later
At the end of the 17th century, Livorno underwent a period of great urban planning and expansion. Near the defensive pile of the Old Fortress, a new fortress was built, together with the town walls and the system of navigable canals through neighbourhoods. After the port of Pisa had silted up in the 13th century, its distance from the sea increased and it lost its dominance in trade. Livorno took over as the main port in Tuscany. By 1745 Livorno's population had risen to 32,534 persons.[11]
The more successful of the European powers re-established trading houses in the region, especially the British with the Levant Company. In turn, the trading networks grew, and with those, Britain's cultural contact with Tuscany. An increasing number of British writers, artists, philosophers, and travellers visited the area and developed the unique historical ties between the two communities. The British referred to the city in English as "Leghorn", derived from the Genoese term. Through the centuries, the city's trade fortunes fell and rose according to the success or failure of the Great Powers. The British and their Protestant allies were important to its trade.
During the Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars of the late eighteenth century, Napoleon's troops occupied Livorno along with the rest of Tuscany. Under the Continental System, the French prohibited trade with Britain, and the economy of Livorno suffered greatly. The French had altogether taken over Tuscany by 1808, incorporating it into the Napoleonic empire. After the Congress of Vienna, Austrian rule replaced the French.
In 1861, Italy succeeded in its wars of unification. At that time the city counted 96,471 inhabitants.[11] Livorno and Tuscany became part of the new Kingdom of Italy and, as part of the Kingdom, the town lost its status as a free port. The city's commercial importance declined.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Livorno had numerous
In the early 19th century, the American Elizabeth Ann Seton converted from Protestantism to Catholicism while visiting Italian friends in Livorno. She later was canonized as the first American-born saint.
During the 1930s, numerous villas were built on the avenue along the sea in Liberty style based on designs by Cioni.[22] These added to the architectural richness of the city.
Livorno suffered extensive damage during World War II. Many historic sites and buildings were destroyed by bombs of the Allies preceding their invasion of Italy, including the cathedral and Synagogue of Livorno.
Since the late 20th century, Livorno's residents have become well known for their left-wing politics. The Italian Communist Party was founded in Livorno in 1921.
Climate
Livorno has a hot-summer
Climate data for Livorno | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 19.6 (67.3) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
25.6 (78.1) |
32.2 (90.0) |
35.4 (95.7) |
37.8 (100.0) |
36.0 (96.8) |
33.6 (92.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
25.0 (77.0) |
21.5 (70.7) |
37.8 (100.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 10.8 (51.4) |
12.0 (53.6) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.2 (63.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
24.9 (76.8) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.5 (81.5) |
24.8 (76.6) |
20.2 (68.4) |
15.3 (59.5) |
11.8 (53.2) |
19.0 (66.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) |
5.4 (41.7) |
7.5 (45.5) |
10.2 (50.4) |
13.7 (56.7) |
17.4 (63.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
13.3 (55.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
6.1 (43.0) |
12.1 (53.7) |
Record low °C (°F) | −7.0 (19.4) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
0.1 (32.2) |
3.0 (37.4) |
7.8 (46.0) |
11.6 (52.9) |
10.8 (51.4) |
5.0 (41.0) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 68 (2.7) |
60 (2.4) |
69 (2.7) |
60 (2.4) |
54 (2.1) |
40 (1.6) |
18 (0.7) |
31 (1.2) |
73 (2.9) |
104 (4.1) |
102 (4.0) |
80 (3.1) |
759 (29.9) |
Average precipitation days | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 84 |
Source: [23] |
Population
Foreigner minorities
Largest resident foreign-born groups as 31 December 2020[24] | |
---|---|
Country of birth | Population |
Romania | 2,163 |
Albania | 1,690 |
Ukraine | 830 |
Peru | 792 |
Senegal | 766 |
Morocco | 685 |
China | 527 |
Philippines | 510 |
Bangladesh | 400 |
Nigeria | 399 |
Tunisia | 334 |
Moldova | 284 |
Pakistan | 227 |
Dominican Republic | 212 |
Poland | 208 |
India | 163 |
Ecuador | 137 |
Brazil | 136 |
Bulgaria | 133 |
Russia | 127 |
Republic of North Macedonia |
107 |
Armenian community
Greek community
The first Greeks who settled in Livorno early in the 16th century were former mercenaries in the fleet of Cosimo de' Medici and their descendants. This community grew and became significant in the 18th and 19th centuries when Livorno became one of the principal hubs of the Mediterranean trade.[27] Most of the new Greek immigrants came from western Greece, Chios, Epirus and Cappadocia.
Based on its status since the late 16th century as a
The Greeks concentrated on the grain market, banking and ship-brokering. Cargoes of wheat from the Black Sea were received at Livorno, before being re-shipped to England. Returning ships carried textiles and other industrial goods, which Greek merchants shipped to Alexandria and other destinations in the Ottoman Empire. Chians controlled much of the trade. In 1839 Livorno had ten major commercial houses, led primarily by ethnic Greeks and Jewish Italians.[28]
The ethnic Greek community (nazione) had a distinctive cultural and social identity based on their common Greek Orthodox religion, language and history. In 1775 they established the Confraternity of Holy Trinity (Confraternita della SS. Trinità) and the Church of the Santissima Trinità, Livorno , the second non-Catholic church in Tuscany. The Armenians had earlier built their own Orthodox church.[29] The community founded a Greek school, awarding scholarships for higher studies to young Greeks from the Peloponnese, Epirus, Chios or Smyrna. The community raised funds to support the Greek War of Independence of 1821, as well as various Greek communities in the Ottoman Empire and in Italy.
It also assisted non-Greeks. The Rodocanachi family financed the "School of Mutual Education" established in Livorno by the pedagogist Enrico Mayer . The community contributed to founding a school for poor Catholic children. The local governing authorities recognized the contributions of distinguished members of the Greek community (e.g. members of the Papoudoff, Maurogordatos, Rodocanachi, Tossizza and other families) and granted them titles of nobility. After unification and the founding of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, the Greek community in Livorno declined, as the privileges of the free port were rescinded.[30]
Jewish community
See the history of the Jews in Livorno.
Dialects
- Vernacolo
Livorno inhabitants speak a variant of the Italian Tuscan dialect, known as a vernacolo. Il Vernacoliere, a satirical comic-style magazine printed chiefly in the Livornese dialect, was founded in 1982 and is now nationally distributed.[31]
- Bagitto
The bagitto was a Judæo-Italian regional dialect once used by the Jewish community in Livorno. It was a language based on Italian, developed with words coming from Tuscan, Spanish, Portuguese, Hebrew and Yiddish; the presence of Portuguese and Spanish words is due to the origin of the first Jews who came to Livorno, having been expelled from the Iberian peninsula in the late 15th century.
Economy
Port of Livorno
The city and its port have continued as an important destination for travelers and tourists attracted to its historic buildings and setting. The port processes thousands of cruise-ship passengers of the following cruise line:
- AIDA Cruises
- Azamara Club Cruises
- Carnival Cruise Lines
- Celebrity Cruises
- Costa Crociere
- Cunard Line
- Holland America Line
- MSC Cruises
- Norwegian Cruise Line
- P&O Cruises
- Princess Cruises
- Pullmantur Cruises
- Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.
- Silversea Cruises
- Thomson Cruises
- Viking Ocean Cruises
many of whom take arranged buses to inland destinations as Florence, Pisa and Siena.[32]
Since 1866 Livorno has been noted for its Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando. Azimut-Benetti acquired the Cantiere navale fratelli Orlando, then of Fincantieri, in 2003.
Eni petrochemical
The
Leonardo Sistemi di Difesa
The former Whitehead Alenia Sistemi Subacquei (WASS) plant, based in Livorno produced heavy and light
Financial district
Another important role is played by the financial service, concentrated above all in via Cairoli, called the small city of Livorno, in which the headquarters of banks, financial institutions and insurance companies are concentrated, as well as the Post Office Building.
Tuaca
Tuaca liqueur was produced in Livorno until 2010; the famous distillery was closed and operations were brought to the United States by the new owners. Galliano is still made here and enjoyed by locals and tourists alike.
Government
Main sights
Acquario comunale "Diacinto Cestoni"
Livorno Aquarium, dedicated to
Museo Civico Giovanni Fattori
Dedicated to painter Giovanni Fattori, the museum mainly featuring contemporary art from the 19th-century was inaugurated in 1994 and is placed inside Villa Mimbelli, an 18th-century construction surrounded by a vast park. The origin of the museum dates back to 1877 when the Comune of Livorno founded a Civic Gallery where to collect all the artistic objects kept in several places around the town; in the same period was written the guideline of the gallery which hosted a collection of paintings of authors by Livorno.[40]
Museo Ebraico "Yeshivà Marini"
The Yeshivà Marini Museum is housed in a neoclassical building already place of worship as Marini Oratory since 1867; once was home of the Confraternity Malbish Arumin which was provided to help the city's poor.
Museo di storia naturale del Mediterraneo
The origins of the museum date back to 1929 and part of the objects went destroyed by World War II. After the war, the museum was reopened inside the Livorno Aquarium and only in 1980 was transferred to Villa Henderson. The museum is divided in several halls regarding the Man, the Man in the Mediterranean context, the Invertebrates, the Sea, the Flight in Nature. Inside the museum is a Planetarium and an Auditorium.
Museo Mascagnano
The Museo Mascagnano houses memorabilia, documents and operas by the great
Orto Botanico del Mediterraneo
The Orto Botanico del Mediterraneo is a botanical garden located on the grounds of the Museo di storia naturale del Mediterraneo.
Points of interest
Civil architecture
Venezia Nuova
The Chiesa di Sant'Anna, dedicated to Saint Anne, was built in 1631 on the ground of the Arch confraternity of the Company of the Nativity;[44] in the same year Giovanni Battista Santi died and the control of the project passed to Giovanni Francesco Cantagallina though the works slowed down due to the lack of funds.[45]
A new impulse to the works was given in 1656 concerning the distribution of the spaces where to build other houses and stores; consequently arose the problem of the diverse oriented road scheme with respect to the axis of Piazza d’Arme, it was resolved by adopting a road plan perpendicular to the Navicelli channel. The paving of the roads and along the canals in Venezia Nuova was provided in 1668,[46] while the Pescheria Nuova (New fish market) was built in 1705 close to the Scali del Pesce where the fish was unloaded.
In the 1700s Venezia Nuova was the district of the Consuls of the Nations and of the most important international retailers who had the warehouses filled with goods from everywhere waiting to be shipped by sea to the most different destinations. The palaces along the canals had the turrets from which to see the ships approaching the port, moreover, they had the stores at the canal level to facilitate the unloading of the goods from the boats.
The Venezia Nuova district retains much of its original town planning and architectural features such as the bridges, narrow lanes, the houses of the nobility, churches as Santa Caterina da Siena and San Ferdinando, and a dense network of canals that once served to link its warehouses to the port.
Monumento dei quattro mori
The
Ferdinando I projected to add four statues of moors prisoners at the pedestal of his monument and gave the task to
During World War II the monument was transferred to a protected place in order to avoid being damaged by allied attacks, the statue of Ferdinando I was hidden in the Pisa Charterhouse and the four moors in the Medici Villa at Poggio a Caiano.[49] The monument has been restored recently in 1990 and 2013.
Acquedotto Leopoldino
The Acquedotto Leopoldino and the neoclassical cisterns of Livorno were part of a sophisticated scheme to provide water to Livorno.
La Gran Conserva
La Gran Conserva, or Il Cisternone, situated on what were the outskirts of 19th-century Livorno, is the largest and best known of the city's covered cisterns.
Cisternino di città
Cisternino di città is an austere neoclassical design which was approved in 1837 and completed in 1848.
Piazza della Repubblica
At the beginning of the 19th century arose the need to connect the Medicean road system of the Pentagono del Buontalenti to the new eastern districts of the town, on the other side of the Fosso Reale, and the requirement to dismantle the city gate Porta a Pisa. The solution adopted in 1844 was that of Luigi Bettarini which considered the coverage of the Fosso Reale with an imposing vault, 240 meters long and 90 meters wide,[50] creating an elliptical paving. The portion of the canal covered by the new structure continued to be navigable.
The new square was commonly called Piazza del
Terrazza Mascagni
The Terrazza Mascagni is a wide sinuous belvedere toward the sea with views to the Livorno hills, the
Palazzo Comunale
Livorno was elevated to the status of
The new neo-renaissance palace, positioned between Palazzo della Dogana and Palazzo Granducale on the north side of Piazza d’Arme, was partially destroyed by the 1742 earthquake. Restored in 1745 by Bernardino Ciurini and Antonio Fabbri a double white marble stairway and a small bell tower on the top of the façade were added. In 1867 the complex was enlarged with the acquisition of three other buildings in the back. With the settlement of the
Religious architecture
Cathedral of Saint Francis of Assisi
The cathedral of the town, commonly called
The church was consecrated on 19 February 1606 by
Since 2006, on the occasion of the bicentennial of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Livorno, the "Christ Crowned with Thorns", by Fra Angelico, was displayed in the Chapel of the Eucharist.
Church of the Madonna
The Church of the Madonna is placed on the street of the same name which connects directly the city centre with the district
The church has a rectangular plan with a single nave and groin vault, on each side, there are the three altars of the foreign Nations. The altar of the French Nation was built in 1613 and the painting, by Matteo Rosselli, represents Saint Louis. The altar of the Corsican Nation, which at the time was under the control of the Republic of Genoa, has a painting representing John the Evangelist. The altar of the Portuguese Nation, built in the 17th century, had a wooden statue of Saint Mary until 1728 when this was positioned near the main altar and replaced by one of Anthony of Padua. The altar of the Dutch-German Nation is dedicated to Andrew the Apostle.[64] Outside the body of the building, separated by a railing, is a Chapel dedicate to the Madonna di Montenero built in 1631.[65] The simple façade was covered in white marble in 1972.
Church of the Most Holy Annunciation
The Church of the Most Holy Annunciation is located in the central street of Via della Madonna, not far from the Armenian community Church of Gregory the Illuminator and the Church of the Madonna. The church is called Unite Greeks too because was the worship place for the Greek community of Byzantine Rite who once lived in Livorno. At the end of the 16th century, numerous Greeks came to Tuscany to take service aboard the galleys of the Order of Saint Stephen. The church was built in 1601 on a project by Alessandro Pieroni, was completed in 1605 and consecrated on 25 March 1606.[66] The baroque façade was built in 1708 presumably on a project by Giovanni Baratta with a triangular pediment and Doric order and was decorated by the statues of Meekness and Innocence by Andrea Vaccà. The interior has a single nave and the ceiling is adorned by a coffer structure with a central painting representing the Annunciation by Giovanni Domenico Ferretti (1750).[67] The precious wooden Iconostasis in Byzantine style date back to 1641 and has three doors painted by Agostino Wanonbrachen in 1751; on the central door is represented the Most Holy Annunciation and Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nazianzus, John Chrysostom and Athanasius of Alexandria; in the right door is painted the Nativity of Jesus and the four Apostles, in the left door is represented the Adoration of the Shepherds.[68] The church was entirely destroyed by the bombings during World War II and the restoration was completed in 1985.
Church of Saint Caterina
The Church of Saint Caterina is a baroque church in the centre of Livorno, in Venezia Nuova district.
Church of Saint Ferdinand
San Ferdinando is a Baroque style, Roman Catholic church located in Venezia Nuova district next to the Piazza del Luogo Pio.
Church of Saint John the Baptist
San Giovanni Battista is a Baroque-Mannerist style, Roman Catholic church located at the crossing of Via San Giovanni and Via Carraia in central Livorno.
Church of Our Lady of the Rescue
Santa Maria del Soccorso is a Neoclassical-style Marian votive church in central Livorno. The tall brick church façade is located scenically at the end of Via Magenta, and has a park surrounding it. In front is a Monument to Fallen Soldiers (caduti) in the first World War.
Old English Cemetery
The
Sanctuary of Montenero
Up in the hills, the
Temple of the Dutch German Congregation
The
The Synagogue
The Synagogue of Livorno is the main Jewish place of worship in Livorno, located in Piazza Elijah Benamozegh.
Military architecture
Fortezza Vecchia
The origin of Fortezza Vecchia takes place not far from what once was Porto Pisano (Pisan Port) where a square tower was built in 1077, on request of Matilda of Tuscany, on the remains of a Roman tower; in 1241 the Pisans built a massive cylindrical tower, 30 meters high erroneously called Mastio di Matilde (Matilda keep).
The works started in 1518 on the order of
Fortezza Nuova
The origin of Fortezza Nuova (New fortress) take place at the end of the 1500s, by the adjustment of Baluardo
The original project was then modified by Don Giovanni de' Medici, Claudio Cogorano and Alessandro Pieroni to allow the construction of Fortezza Nuova in order to strengthen the military apparatus of the town. The works started on 10 January 1590 and ended in 1604, the result is a considerable fortification, in stones and red bricks, with a polygonal plant surrounded by water; the new modification brought to the construction of Forte San Pietro (Saint Peter fort) to defend the Venezia Nuova quarter. [72]
In 1629 part of the fortress was demolished to permit the building of Venezia Nuova and San Marco quarters wanted by
The fortress was heavily damaged during World War II with the destruction of most parts of the buildings, the restoration was completed in 1972 and the superior part is used at present as a public park and centre for events and displays.
Pentagono del Buontalenti
Francesco I de' Medici laid the first stone for the construction of the Baluardo di San Francesco (Saint Francis rampant) of the new town on 28 March 1577; the works went on with several changes compared with the original plan including the construction of the Fortezza Nuova.[77] Livorno became a town, encircled by the navigable Fosso Reale (Royal canal), with numerous palaces, warehouse, garrisons and custom-houses. The central street at that time was Via Ferdinanda extended for 750 meters, later called Via Grande, from Porta Colonnella (Colonella city gate), in the proximity of Vecchia Darsena, to Porta Pisana (Pisan city gate). The Baluardo Sant’Andrea was initiated in 1578 while the Baluardo Santa Giulia started in 1582.[79]
In 1594 it was decided to create a huge square, at halfway of Via Ferdinanda, where to build the church of the new town. The church, which was built in a central position on the south side of Piazza d’Arme, later Piazza Grande, was completed in 1602 under the direction of Antonio Cantagaliina and Alessandro Pieroni. Piazza d’Arme was completed and enlarged with the old Porticciolo dei Genovesi (Port of Genovesi) filled up with earth to make room to the building called Tre Palazzi (Three palaces); the square was adorned with a series of marble arcades attributed to Alessandro Pieroni. [80] The Palazzo del Picchetto was built, on plan by Giovanni Battista Foggini and Giovanni del Fantasia in 1707, at the end of Via Ferdinanda in the proximity of Porta Pisana.
The Italian Naval Academy is a mixed-sex military university in Livorno, which is responsible for the technical training of military officers of the Italian Navy.
Main sight
- Acquario comunale Diacinto Cestoni
- Cathedral of Saint Francis of Assisi
- Cisternone
- Fanale dei Pisani
- Fortezza Vecchia
- Fortezza Nuova
- Fosso Reale
- Museo di storia naturale del Mediterraneo
- Museo Civico Giovanni Fattori
- Old English Cemetery
- Orto Botanico del Mediterraneo
- Porto Mediceo
- Sanctuary of Montenero
- Terrazza Mascagni
- Venezia Nuova
Sport
- U.S. Livorno 1915, a semi-professional football club, currently plays in the Serie D. Its matches are played at the Stadio Armando Picchi.
- Pallacanestro Don Bosco Livorno, founded in 1996, is an amateur basketball club, playing in the Serie C Gold as of April 2017.
Livorno also has its own rugby and American football teams.
Infrastructure
Airport
The nearest airport is the main airport of Tuscany, Pisa International Airport, which is about 20 kilometres (12 mi) away.
Buses
Since 1875 Livorno has ever had a public transport system managed by some companies such as
Port
The Port of Livorno is one of the largest seaports both in Italy and the Mediterranean Sea as a whole. The Port has regular ferry links of the following operators with the following cities:
- Corsica Ferries - Sardinia Ferries to Golfo Aranci and Bastia
- Grimaldi Lines to Barcelona and Tangier
- Moby Lines to Olbia and Bastia
- Toremar to Capraia
Trains
The city is served by Livorno Centrale station.
Education
Schools
Istituto Tecnico Industriale "Galileo Galilei"
The Industrial Technical Institute named to Galileo Galilei was founded in 1825 as a School of Arts and Crafts in order to prepare the youngs to a profession in the sector of the mechanic industry as in the decorative arts. In 1923 the Gentile Reform transformed the school in an Industrial Technical Institute for mechanics and electrical engineering, and in 1947 was added chemistry. In the following years other specialities were added as physics, electronics, biology, nuclear physics and informatics. The institute is structured with 32 laboratories, 8 special school-rooms, library, film library, gymnasiums and machine-shops.[84]
Istituto Nautico "Alfredo Cappellini"
The Nautical Institute Alfredo Cappellini was formed on 13 December 1863, with a Royal Law and it was the first Technical Institute in the Province of Livorno. In 1921 it was transferred under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of the Navy then returned to the Ministry of Education. The school give the professional preparation to form the Merchant navy Officers.
Liceo Classico "Niccolini Palli"
The
Library
Biblioteca Labronica
The
Media
- Il Tirreno
Il Tirreno is a regional newspaper, printed and published in Livorno and distributed in Tuscany. Il Tirreno also features sixteen local editions around the whole region.
- Il Vernacoliere
Il Vernacoliere is a satirical monthly magazine printed in Livorno founded in 1982 and distributed in central Italy.
People
- Luca Agamennoni (born 1980), rower
- Andrea Aghini (born 1963), retired rally driver
- Romano Albani (born 1945), cinematographer
- Massimiliano Allegri (born 1967), former football player, football coach
- Mario Ancona (1860–1931), Jewish opera baritone
- Domenico Angelo (1716–1802), fencing master, author
- Federigo Luigi Appelius (1835–1876), naturalist
- Chaim Joseph David Azulai(1724–1807), prolific Rabbinic scholar
- Angiolo Badaloni (1849–1920), engineer
- Baldo Baldi (1888–1961), fencer
- Andrea Baldini (born 1985), fencer, World Champion
- David Balleri (born 1969), footballer
- Giovanni Bartolena (1866–1942), painter
- Enzo Bartolini (1914–1998), rower
- Piero Barontini (1919–2003), painter[91]
- Leonardo Bellandi (born 2000), Italian footballer
- Rabbi Elijah Benamozegh (1822–1900), rabbi and scholar of Kabbalah
- Malachi ben Jacob
- Bino Bini
- Lidia Biondi, actress[92]
- Giotto Bizzarrini
- Bernardetto Borromei (?–1610), first Gonfaloniere
- Ranieri de' Calzabigi
- Giuseppe Cambini
- Leonetto Cappiello (1875–1942), painter
- Federico Caprilli (1868–1946), cavalry officer, equestrian
- Giorgio Caproni (1912–1990), poet
- Fortunato Cassone (1828–1889), commander of Regia Accademia Navale
- David Castelli (1836–1901), Jewish Biblical scholar
- Diacinto Cestoni (1637–1718), naturalist
- Mario Checcacci
- Pierluigi Chicca
- Giorgio Chiellini (born 1984), football player
- Carlo Azeglio Ciampi (1920–2016), former President of the Republic of Italy
- Piero Ciampi (1934–1980), musician
- Costanzo Ciano
- Gian Galeazzo Ciano (1903–1944), Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Benito Mussolini's son-in-law
- Arduíno Colassanti
- Antonio Corazzi
- Vittorio Matteo Corcos (1859–1933), painter
- Moses Cordovero, leading scholar and Kabbalist
- Giovanni de Gamerra
- Serafino De Tivoli
- Pio Alberto Del Corona (1837–1912), bishop
- Paolo Emilio Demi (1798–1863), sculptor
- Manlio Di Rosa
- Marco Di Viesti, football player
- Dino Diluca
- Giulio Dolci (1883–1965), literate
- Federigo Enriques
- Paolo Enriques (1878–1932), zoologist (genetics)
- Giovanni Fattori (1825–1908), painter
- Bruno Filippi
- Giorgio Fontanelli (1925–1993), professor, poet, essayist
- Voltolino Fontani (1920–1976), painter
- Alberto Fremura (born 1936), artist
- Angelo Froglia (1955–1997), painter and creator of the scandal of the heads of Modigliani
- Vivi Gioi (1914–1975) actress
- Filippo Gragnani (1768–1820), virtuoso guitarist and composer
- Gino Graziani (1893–1976) President of the Chamber of Commerce of Livorno during the reconstruction after the Second World War, Industrialist
- Oreste Grossi
- Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi (1804–1873), writer and politician
- Marzio Innocenti, former captain of Italy national rugby union team
- Abraham Khalfon (1741–1819), Tripoli Jewish community leader, historian, and scholar
- Aurelio Lampredi
- Dario Lari
- Gio Batta Lepori (1911–2002), painter
- Francis Levett, English merchant, the Levant Company
- Augusto Liverani (1858–1929), educator
- Llewelyn Lloyd (1879–1949), painter
- Alessandro Lucarelli (born 1977), football player
- Cristiano Lucarelli (born 1975), football player, top scorer of Serie A in 2004–05
- Mario Magnozzi
- Vincenzo Malenchini (1813–1881), lawyer, patriot
- Giovanni Marradi (1852–1922) poet, writer, patriot and politician
- Pietro Mascagni (1863–1945), opera composer
- Davide Matteini
- Matteo Mazzantini (born 1976), rugby player
- Luca Mazzoni
- Enrico Mayer (1802–1877), pedagogist, writer
- Umberto Melnati
- Guido Menasci
- Carlo Meyer (1837–1897), engineer, patriot
- Amedeo Modigliani (1884–1920), Painter and sculptor, famous for the paintings of long-necked women
- Aldo Montano (born 1978), fencer, Olympic gold medalist
- Moses Haim Montefiore(1784–1885), Jewish financier and philanthropist in Britain
- Rabbi Sabato Morais (1823–1897), rabbi in Philadelphia, USA, and founder of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America in New York City
- Fabrizio Mori
- Alfredo Muller(1869–1940), artist
- Aldo Nadi
- 1920 Olympics
- Renato Natali (1883–1979) Painter, heir to the Macchiaioli and Impressionists, founder of the Grppo Labronico
- Alessandro Neri (1820–1896), patriot
- Adriano Novi Lena (1840–1888), lawyer, Member of Parliament
- Angeliki Palli writer
- Giorgio Pellini
- Armando Picchi (1935–1971), football player and manager
- Enrico Pollastrini
- Oreste Puliti
- Ottorino Quaglierini
- Giulia Quintavalle
- Indy 500winner
- Rolando Rigoli
- Eugenio Sansoni (1828–1906), first mayor from 1865 to 1867
- Giovanni Schmidt
- Dante Secchi
- Percy Bysshe Shelley
- Hezekiah da Silva
- Mauro Simonetti
- Mauro Sordi (1916–1989), biologist, director of Livorno Aquarium
- Athos Tanzini
- Giovanni Targioni-Tozzetti
- Giuseppe Maria Terreni (1739–1811), painter
- Rabbi Elio Toaff (1915–2015), Chief rabbi of Rome
- Ilaria Tocchini
- Angiolo Tommasi (1858–1923), artist
- Dino Urbani
- Samuel Uziel (17th century), rabbi and Talmudist
- Antonio Vinciguerra (born 1937), sculptor, painter, designer
- Paolo Virzì (born 1964), film screenwriter and director
- Filippo Volandri, tennis player
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
- Bat Yam, Israel
- Guadalajara, Spain
- Haiphong, Vietnam
- Novorossiysk, Russia
- Oakland, U.S.
Gallery
-
Fosso Reale
-
View of the western part of Livorno
-
Old Fortress
-
New Fortress
-
Duomo of Livorno
-
The Boccale Castle
-
Monumento dei Quattro Mori
-
Piazza della Repubblica
-
Temple of the Dutch German Congregation
-
The Goldoni Theatre
-
Livorno's synagogue
-
The Terrazza Mascagni
-
Grattacielo
-
Galliano liqueur from Livorno
See also
- Azienda Trasporti Livornese
- Battle of Leghorn
- History of the Jews in Livorno
- Livorno Hills
- Port of Livorno
References
Notes
- ^ "Popolazione residente al 1 Gennaio 2023". Istat. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
- ^ "Mar Ligure". Marina Militare. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
- ISBN 9780470646380.
- ^ Macdonald, A.M., ed. (1972). Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary. Chambers.
- ^ Collins Concise Dictionary (Revised Third ed.). Glasgow: HarperCollins. 1995.
- Oxford Dictionaries Online.
- ^ "Livorno". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ "Leghorn". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 March 2019.
- ^ The name "Leghorn" is not used much to refer to the city in English any more, with "Livorno" being favoured, although the traditional name is used now to refer to a popular breed of chicken.
- ^ Grenet, Mathieu. "Livorno, 1680–1845".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "LIVORNO in "Enciclopedia Italiana"". www.treccani.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ Rivista Geografica Italiana, volume 65 (in Italian). p. 197.
- ^ "Comuni della Toscana per popolazione". Tuttitalia.it (in Italian). Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ^ P. Vigo, Livorno, Bergamo 1915, p. 15-24.
- ^ Cicero, Marcus Tullius (1836). "M. Tullii Ciceronis epistolae ad Atticum: ad Quintum fratrem et quae vulgo ad familiares dicuntur". Retrieved 6 August 2012.
- ^ Vaccari et al, p. 28
- ^ a b Si veda in proposito G. Ciccone, Livorno: il mistero del nome, in "Il Pentagono", n. 11, novembre 2009.
- ^ Vaccari et al, p. 42
- ^ Vaccari et al, p. 48
- ISBN 978-90-04-34654-3.
- ^ Davis 2018, p. 873.
- ^ "Il liberty di Livorno". Comune Notizie online. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
- ^ "Enea.it". Retrieved 30 April 2016.
- ^ "Cittadini stranieri". Demo Istat. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
- ^ Administrator. "Storia in sintesi – Armeni in Italia". www.italiarmenia.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Chiesa armena di San Gregorio Illuminatore". 24 April 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ Vlami Despina (1997) "Commerce and identity in the Greek communities: Livorno in the 18th and 19th centuries. (Identities, Cultures, and Creativity)", Diogenes, 22 March 1997
- ISBN 978-0-415-00018-5., p. 50
- ^ Christopoulos, M.D. "Greek Communities Abroad: Organization and Integration. A Case Study of Trieste" Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Representations, pp. 23–46
- ^ Vlami, D. (undated) "Filopatrides kai filogeneis Hellenes tou Livorno", part of the series The Greece of Benefactors, Hemeresia newspaper, pp. 1–64. In Greek language. Need date of publication.
- ^ "COS'È IL VERNACOLIERE". Mario Cardinali. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011.
- ^ "PortoLivorno2000 – Crociere". www.portolivorno2000.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Eni, Raffineria di Livorno". Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ WASS Company Archived 22 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "InStoria – Lo stabilimento Whitehead di Fiume". www.instoria.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ WASS History Archived 22 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Itinerari scientifici Archived 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Cultura Toscana Archived 26 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Livorno Aquarium, Tuscany's largest aquarium Acquario di Livorno". www.acquariodilivorno.com. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ OriginalITALY. "Il Museo Civico Giovanni Fattori di Livorno :: Gli editoriali di OriginalITALY – OriginalITALY.it – Il meglio in Italia". www.originalitaly.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Museo Ebraico, Museum in Tuscany, Italy". www.summerinitaly.com. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Livorno ebraica » Museo Ebraico". moked.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Il quartiere della Venezia Nuova". Comune Notizie online. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
- ^ Dario Matteoni, Le città nella storia d’Italia Livorno, p.64, Edizioni Laterza e Belforte Editore Livorno
- ^ "Cantagallina, Giovanni Francesco in "Dizionario Biografico"". www.treccani.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ Dario Matteoni, Le città nella storia d’Italia Livorno, p.70, Edizioni Laterza e Belforte Editore Livorno
- ^ a b c "I Quattro Mori". Comune Notizie online. Archived from the original on 26 July 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
- ^ a b c Go, Toscana. "Monumento ai 4 mori". www.toscanago.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Livorno la statua dei Quattro Mori". www.fotolivorno.net. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ a b c "Piazza della Repubblica". Comune Notizie online. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
- ^ "La vecchia Livorno". Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Demi, Paolo Gaspero Scipione in "Dizionario Biografico"". www.treccani.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ Toscana in Tasca Archived 8 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Terrazza Mascagni – Livorno". travelitalia.com. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "La Terrazza Mascagni di Livorno – Italian Ways". www.italianways.com. 13 December 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "La Terrazza Mascagni, una nuova stagione". Comune Notizie online. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
- ^ "Il Palazzo Comunale di Livorno". Comune Notizie online. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
- ^ "The Town Hall". Sito ufficiale del turismo a Livorno. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
- ^ "Duomo di Livorno (Cattedrale di San Francesco) – Livorno". travelitalia.com. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ a b c Livornoyoung
- ^ photolabronico, Pubblicato da. "La Vecchia Livorno, immagini d'epoca in foto e cartoline da collezione della città". Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Duomo o Cattedrale di San Francesco di Livorno – guida e informazioni su: Duomo o Cattedrale di San Francesco". www.geoplan.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ Chiesa della Madonna, Costa degli Etruschi
- ^ "Chiesa della Madonna". Livorno delle Nazioni. 24 April 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ Chiesa della Madonna, Beni ecclesiastici[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 9788883680175. Retrieved 30 March 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Chiesa dei Greci Uniti (della Santissima Annunziata)". 24 April 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Chiesa Santissima Annunziata". Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ a b c "Livornina". Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ Papini, Luca. "La Fortezza Vecchia – Informazioni sui luoghi". www.webalice.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "La Fortezza". Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Comune di Livorno". Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
- ^ Itinerari Scientifici Archived 24 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Fortezza Nuova: guida su cosa vedere e visitare a Livorno". www.geoplan.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ babilonia61 Archived 28 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Buontalenti e l'architettura militare". vasaribuontalenti-memo.blogspot.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ a b "architetto livorno". Archived from the original on 28 May 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ Dario Matteoni, Le città nella storia d’Italia Livorno, p.19, Edizioni Laterza e Belforte Editore Livorno
- ^ Dario Matteoni, Le città nella storia d’Italia Livorno, p.20-21, Edizioni Laterza e Belforte Editore Livorno
- ^ "Granducato.com – IL PENTAGONO". www.granducato.com. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Guida al primo giorno di servizio". Autolinee Toscane. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ "Servizi extraurbani Livorno". Autolinee Toscane. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ^ "Servizi urbani Livorno". Autolinee Toscane. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
- ^ "Storia". www.galileilivorno.gov.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Storia del Liceo". www.associazioneproliceoclassicolivorno.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- R.R. Bowker Co.1916. pp. 475–477.
Leghorn
- ^ "Biblioteca comunale Labronica Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi". Anagrafe delle biblioteche italiane (Registry of Italian Libraries) (in Italian). Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
- ^ "Provincia di Livorno – Biblioteche – Cultura – Cittadini – Regione Toscana". www.regione.toscana.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Villa Fabbricotti – Giardini Livorno – Regione Toscana". www.regione.toscana.it. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ "Biblioteca Labronica F.D.Guerrazzi". Comune di Livorno. Archived from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
- ^ it:Piero Barontini
- ^ "E' morta l'attrice di cinema e tv Lydia Biondi". Il Tirreno. 14 June 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
- ^ "Il canale dei Navicelli, la via d'acqua tra Pisa e Livorno ponte per un gemellaggio?". pressmare.it (in Italian). Press Mare. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
Sources
- Vaccari, Olimpia; Frattarelli Fischer, Lucia; Mangio, Carlo; Panessa, Giangiacomo; Bettini, Maurizio (2006). Storia Illustrata di Livorno. Storie Illustrate (in Italian). Pisa: Pacini Editore. pp. 1–272. ISBN 88-7781-713-5.
- Villani, Stefano, Livorno: Diversis Gentibus Una, Giovanni Tarantino, Paola Von Wyss-Giacosa, eds, Twelve Cities – One Sea Early Modern Mediterranean Port Cities and their Inhabitants, Roma, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, pp. 37-53
External links
- Municipal website (in Italian)
- Port of Livorno website
- Photographic map of Livorno city (in English)
- Ferdinando I De Medici, Document Inviting Jewish Merchants to Settle in Livorno and Pisa, in Italian, Manuscript on Vellum, Florence, Italy, 10 June 1593 (fac-simile)
- Livorno Video Tour
- Livorno Boat Tour along the Medicean canals