Glossary of fuel cell terms
Appearance
The Glossary of fuel cell terms lists the definitions of many terms used within the fuel cell industry. The terms in this fuel cell glossary may be used by fuel cell industry associations, in education material and fuel cell codes and standards to name but a few.
A
- Activation loss
- See overpotential
- Adsorption
- adsorbate).
- Alkali
- In .
- Alkali anion exchange membrane
- An .
- Alkaline fuel cell
- Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) also known as the Bacon fuel cell.
- Alloy
- An properties.
- Alternator
- An electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to alternating currentelectrical energy.
- Alternating current
- An alternating current (AC) is an electric current which reverses direction cyclically, as opposed to direct current, the direction of which remains constant.
- Ambient Air
- The airsurrounding a given object or system.
- Ambient temperature
- Ambient temperature is the temperaturewithin enclosed space.
- Ampere
- The ampere, in practice often shortened to amp, (symbol: A) is a unit of electric current, or amount of electric charge per second.
- Anion
- A negatively charged ion; an ion that is attracted to the anode.
- Anode
- An anode is an electrode through which electric current flows into a polarized electrical device.
- Aqueous phase reforming
- APR is the production of hydrogen from biomass-derived oxygenated compounds (such as glycerol, sugars and sugar alcohols).
- Artificial membrane
- An artificial membrane, also called a synthetic membrane, is a membrane prepared for separation tasks in laboratoryand industry.
- Atmospheric pressure
- Earth's atmosphere.
- Atom
- The .
- Autothermal reforming
- Autothermal reforming (ATR) uses oxygen and carbon dioxide or steam in a reaction with methane to form syngas.
- Auxiliary power unit
- An auxiliary power unit (APU) is a device on a vehicle whose purpose is to provide energy for functions other than propulsion.
- Availability factor
- The power plantis the amount of time that it is able to produce electricity over a certain period, divided by the amount of the time in the period.
B
- Back pressure
- Back pressure is the pressure exerted on a moving fluid by obstructions or tight bends in the confinement vessel along which it is moving, such as piping or air vents, against its direction of flow.
- Baffle
- A device or construction used to restrain or regulate, e.g. gas, or a fluid.
- Balance of plant
- Balance of plant (BOP) is the infrastructure of a fuel cell, not including the fuel cells. (See also Mechanical Balance of Plant MBOP and Electrical Balance of Plant EBOP).
- Battery
- In electronics, a battery is a combination of two or more electrochemical cellswhich store chemical energy and make it available as electrical energy.
- Biofuel
- Biofuel is defined as solid, liquid or gas fuel derived from recently dead biological material and is distinguished from fossil fuels, which are derived from long dead biological material.
- Biogas
- Biogas is a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen. Biogas originates from biogenic material and is a type of biofuel.
- Bioreactor
- A bioreactor is any device or system that supports a biologically active environment
- Biosensor
- A biosensor is a device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector component.
- Bipolar plate
- Bipolar plate, conductive plate in a fuel cell stack that acts as an anode for one cell and a cathode for the adjacent cell. The plate may be made of metal or a conductive polymer (which may be a carbon-filled composite). The plate usually incorporates flow channels for the fluid feeds and may also contain conduits for heat transfer. See also MEA.
- Black start
- A black start is the process of restoring a power station to operation without relying on external energy sources.
- Beta-alumina solid electrolyte
- fast ion conductor material used as a membrane in several types of molten salt electrochemical cell.
- Boiling point
- The boiling point of a liquid is the water temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid.
- Borax
- Borax, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric acid.
- British thermal unit
- The mean British thermal unit (BTU) is 1/180 of the heat required to raise the temperature of one pound (454 g) of water from 32°F to 212°F (0°C to 100°C) at a constant atmospheric pressure. It is about equal to the quantity of heat required to raise one pound of water 1°F (5⁄9°C).
- Busbar
- In electrical power distribution, a busbar is the strips of copper or aluminium that conduct electricity within a switchboard, fuel cell, distribution board, substation, or other electrical apparatus.
C
- Capacity
- Capacity is the ability to hold, receive or absorb, or a measure thereof, similar to the concept of volume.
- Capacity factor
- The net nameplate capacitythe entire time.
- Capital cost
- Capital cost are costs incurred on the purchase of fuel cells, buildings, construction and equipment to be used in the use of fuel cells or the rendering of it.
- Carbon
- Carbon (C), an atom and primary constituent of hydrocarbon fuels. Carbon is routinely left as a black deposit on engine parts, such as pistons, rings, and valves, by the combustion of fuel.
- Carbon black
- Carbon black is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as FCC tar, coal tar, ethylene cracking tar, and a small amount from vegetable oil.
- Carbon dioxide
- Carbon dioxide (chemical formula: CO2) is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a single carbon atom.
- Carbon dioxide sensor
- A NDIR) and chemical gas sensors.
- Carbon monoxide
- Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, tasteless yet highly toxic gas.
- Carbon monoxide detector
- A toxic gas carbon monoxide(CO), a colorless and odorless compound produced by incomplete combustion and lethal at high levels.
- Carbon paper
- Carbon paper (originally carbonic paper) is paper coated on one side with a layer of a loosely bound dry ink or pigmented coating, usually bound with wax.
- Carnot cycle
- The Carnot cycle is a particular thermodynamic cycle, modeled on the hypothetical Carnot heat engine.
- Catalysis
- Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a chemical reaction is increased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst.
- Catalyst
- A catalystis a chemical substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed; after the reaction it can potentially be recovered from the reaction mixture chemically unchanged.
- Catalyst poisoning
- bonds chemically (similar to an inhibitor) but does not release, or chemically alters the catalyst.
- Catalytic partial oxidation
- In ppm. A higher sulfur content would poison the catalyst, so the TPOX procedure is used for such fuels.
- Cathode
- A cathode is an electrode through which (positive) electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device.
- Cation
- A cationis a positively charged ion.
- Celsius
- The degree Celsius (°C) is a designation for specific temperatures on the Celsius scale as well as units of increment to indicate a temperature interval (a difference between two temperatures or an uncertainty).
- Centimeter
- A unit of length in the metric system, equal to one hundredth of a metre, which is the current SI base unitof length.
- Centrifugal governor
- A centrifugal governor is a specific type of governor that controls the speed by regulating the amount of fuel (or working fluid) admitted, so as to maintain a near constant speed whatever the load or fuel supply conditions.
- Ceramic
- inorganic non-metallicmaterials formed by the action of heat.
- Cermet
- A cermet is a composite material composed of ceramic (cer) and metallic (met) materials.
- Chemical thermodynamics
- In chemical reactions or with a physical change of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics.
- Circuit
- A electronic components through which an electric currentcan flow.
- Circuit diagram
- A electrical circuit.
- Circulation
- In .
- Climate change
- Climate change is any long-term significant change in the “average weather” that a given region experiences.
- Cogeneration
- Cogeneration (also combined heat and power, CHP) is the use of a heat engine or a power station to simultaneously generate both electricity and useful heat.
- Combustion
- .
- Combustion chamber
- A combustion chamber is the part of an engine in which fuel is burned.
- Composite material
- Composite materials(or composites for short) are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties and which remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure.
- Compressed hydrogen
- .
- Compressed natural gas
- Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a fossil fuel substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel, or propane fuel.
- Concentration
- In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with other substances.
- Condensate
- Condensate, the liquid phase produced by the condensation of steam or any other gas
- Condensation
- Condensation is the change of the physical state of aggregation (or simply state) of matter from gaseous phase into liquid phase.
- Condenser
- In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a heat exchanger which condenses a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state.
- Contamination
- Contamination is the introduction of material that "does not belong there".
- Coulomb
- The SI unit of electric charge.
- Countercurrent exchange
- Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism used to transfer some property of a fluid from one flowing current of fluid to another across a semipermeable membrane, conductive material, or free surface (e.g. a liquid–gas absorption or extraction).
- Cryogenic liquefaction
- low temperatures.
- Current
- see electric current.
- Current collector
- The bipolar plates.
D
- DC to DC converter
- In DC to DC converter is a circuit which converts a source of direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another. It is a class of power converter.
- Desiccant
- A hygroscopic substance that induces or sustains a state of dryness (desiccation) in its local vicinity in a moderately-well sealed container.
- Detection limit
- In analytical chemistry, the detection limit, lower limit of detection, or LOD (limit of detection), is the lowest quantity of a substance that can be distinguished from the absence of that substance (a blank value) within a stated confidence limit (generally 1%).
- Dew point
- The barometric pressure, for water vapor to condenseinto water.
- Diffusion
- transport phenomena. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration by random molecular motion.
- Direct borohydride fuel cell
- Direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) a subcategory of alkaline fuel cells
- Direct carbon fuel cell
- Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC), a fuel cell that uses a carbonaceous material as a fuel.
- Direct current
- Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge.
- Direct-ethanol fuel cell
- .
- Direct methanol fuel cell
- indirect methanol fuel cell, but fed directly to the fuel cell
- Dispersion
- Dispersion, in fluid dynamics is dispersive mass transfer, which is the spreading of mass from areas of high to low concentration
- Distributed Generation
- Distributed generation, also called on-site generation, dispersed generation, embedded generation, decentralized generation, decentralized energy or distributed energy, generates electricity from many small energy sources.
- Doping
- In semiconductor production, doping is the process of intentionally introducing impurities into an extremely pure (also referred to as intrinsic) semiconductor in order to change its electrical properties.
- Downtime
- offline.
- Dry basis
- It is customary to report the product composition data in steam reforming reactions on a steam free basis (wet basis.
E
- Effluent
- Effluent is an outflowing of water from a natural body of water, or from a man-made structure.
- Electrical Balance of Plant
- Electrical Balance of Plant (EBOP), the user interface panel, control equipment, and converting the fuel cell DC power to AC power.
- Electricity
- Electricity is any phenomenon resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge.
- Electrical conductivity
- conduct an electric current.
- Electrical efficiency
- The fractional expression), typically denoted by the Greek letter small Eta (η).
- Electrical insulation
- An electrical insulator is a material that resists the flow of electric current. It is an object intended to support or separate electrical conductorswithout passing current through itself.
- Electrical resistance
- Electrical resistance is a ratio of the degree to which an object opposes an electric current through it, measured in Ohms.
- Electric circuit
- An electrical circuitis a network that has a closed loop, giving a return path for the current. A network is a connection of two or more components, and may not necessarily be a circuit.
- Electric current
- SI unit of electric current is the ampere.
- Electricity generation
- Electricity generation is the process of converting non-electrical energy to electricity.
- Electric power conversion
- In electrical engineering, power conversion has a more specific meaning, namely converting electric power from one form to another.
- Electrochemistry
- chemical reactions which take place in a solution at the interface of an electron conductor (a metal or a semiconductor) and an ionic conductor (the electrolyte), and which involve electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte or species in solution.
- Electrochemical cell
- An electrochemical cell is a device used for generating an electromotive force (voltage) and current from chemical reactions.
- Electrochemical gas sensor
- and measuring the resulting current.
- Electrode
- An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte or a vacuum).
- Electro-galvanic fuel cell
- medicalequipment.
- Electroosmotic flow
- Electroosmotic flow(or Electro-osmotic flow, often abbreviated EOF) is the motion of liquid induced by an applied potential across a capillary tube or microchannel. Electroosmotic flow is an essential component in chemical separation techniques, notably capillary electrophoresis.
- Electroosmotic pump
- An proton exchange membrane fuel cell
- Electrolysis
- In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a method of separating chemically bonded elements and compounds by passing an electric current through them.
- Electrolyte
- An electrolyte is any substance containing free ions that behaves as an electrically conductive medium.
- Electron
- The fundamental subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge.
- Emission
- Emission of air pollutants
- Emission standard
- pollutantsthat can be released into the environment.
- Endothermic
- In endothermic processes or reactions are those that absorb energy in the form of heat.
- Energy
- In physics and other sciences, energy is a scalar physical quantity that is a property of objects and systems which is conserved by nature. Energy is often defined as the ability to do work.
- Energy carrier
- An energy carrier is a substance or phenomenon that can be used to produce mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical processes (ISO 13600).
- Energy content
- Amount of energy for a given weight of fuel. see also energy density
- Energy security
- Energy security
- Energy storage
- Energy storage is the storing of some form of energy that can be drawn upon at a later time to perform some useful operation.
- Engine
- An engine is a machine that converts heat energy into mechanical energy.
- Energy conversion efficiency
- energy conversion machineand the input, in energy terms.
- Energy density
- Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume, or per unit mass, depending on the context, although the latter is more formally specific energy
- Energy transformation
- In physics and engineering, energy transformation or energy conversion, is any process of transforming one form of energy to another.
- Enthalpy
- In thermodynamics and molecular chemistry, the enthalpy or heat content (denoted as H, h, or rarely as χ) is a quotient or description of thermodynamic potential of a system that can be used to calculate the "useful" work obtainable from a closed thermodynamic system under constant pressure and entropy.
- Enthalpy of vaporization
- The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol ), also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance into a gas.
- Ethanol
- flammable, colorless liquid.
- Evaporation
- Evaporation is the process by which molecules in a liquid state (e.g. water) spontaneously become gaseous (e.g. water vapor).
- Exergy
- In heat reservoir.
- Exergy efficiency
- Exergy efficiency (also known as the second-law efficiency or rational efficiency) computes the efficiency of a process taking the second law of thermodynamics into account.
- Exhaust gas
- flue gas stack.
- Exothermic
- In exothermic processes or reactions are those that release energy, usually in the form of heatbut also in the form of light (e.g. explosions), sound, or electricity.
- Expansion ratio
- cryogenicsubstances. The expansion ratio of a substance is the volume of a given amount of that substance in liquid form compared to the volume of the same amount of substance in gaseous form, at a given temperature.
F
- Fan
- A mechanical fan is an electrically powered device used to produce an airflow for the purpose of creature comfort (particularly in the heat), ventilation, exhaust, or any other gaseous transport.
- Fahrenheit
- Fahrenheit is a temperature scale. In this scale, the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the boiling point 212 °F
- Failure mode and effects analysis
- A failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) is a procedure for analysis of potential failure modes within a system for classification by severity or determination of the effect of failures on the system.
- FCEV
- A Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle is a battery it can charge from an external source as well as from its on-board fuel cell.
- Feedstock purification
- feedstock.
- Flammability
- Flammability is the ease with which a substance will ignite, causing fire or combustion.
- Flammability limit
- flammable.
- Flash point
- The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air.
- Float valve
- A float valve is a mechanical feedbackmechanism that regulates fluid level by using a float to drive an inlet valve so that a higher fluid level will force the valve closed while a lower fluid level will force the valve open.
- Flow battery
- Flow battery (FB) a form of rechargeable battery in which electrolyte containing one or more dissolved electroactive species flows through a power cell / reactor that converts chemical energy to electricity.
- Flow measurement
- Flow measurement is the quantification of bulk fluid movement. It can be measured in a variety of ways.
- Flue-gas desulfurization
- flue gases.
- Fluid dynamics
- Fluid dynamics is the sub-discipline of fluid mechanics dealing with fluid flow: fluids (liquids and gases) in motion.
- Fluid mechanics
- fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest, and fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion.
- Flux
- In the study of is defined as the amount that flows through a unit area per unit time.
- Formic acid
- Formic acid (systematically called methanoic acid) is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its formula is HCOOH or CH2O2.
- Formic acid fuel cell
- proton-exchange fuel cellswhere, the fuel, formic acid, is not reformed, but fed directly to the fuel cell.
- Fossil fuel
- hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust.
- Fouling
- Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces,
- Frequency changer
- A frequency changer or frequency converter is an electronic device that converts alternating current (AC) of one frequency to alternating current of another frequency.
- Fuel
- Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy.
- Fuel cell
- A fuel cell (FC) is an electrochemical conversion device.
- Fuel cell poisoning
- The lowering of a fuel cell's efficiency due to impurities in the fuel binding to the catalyst. See catalyst poisoning.
- Fuel cell vehicle
- A fuel cell vehicle is any vehicle that uses a fuel cell to produce its on-board motive power.
- Fuel efficiency
- work.
- Fuel efficiency in transportation
- Fuel efficiency in transportation
- Fuel processor
- Device used to generate hydrogen from fuels such as natural gas, propane, gasoline, methanol, and ethanol, for use in fuel cells.
- Fuel processing system
- Fuel processing system (FPS)
- Fuel pump
- Fuel pump
- Fusible plug
- A fusible plug is a threaded metal plug, usually made out of bronze, brass, or gunmetal.
G
- Gadolinium doped ceria
- SOFC)
- Gas
- Fuel gas, such as natural gas, undiluted liquefied petroleum gases (vapor phase only), liquefied petroleum gas–air mixtures, or mixtures of these gases.
- Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) as used in this standard, shall mean and include any material which is composed predominantly of any of the following hydrocarbons, or mixtures of them: propane, propylene, butanes (normal butane or isobutane) and butylenes.
- LP gas–air mixture – Liquefied petroleum gases distributed at relatively low pressures and normal atmospheric temperatures which have been diluted with air to produce desired heating value and utilization characteristics.
- Natural gas – Mixtures of hydrocarbon gases and vapors consisting principally of methane (CH4) in gaseous form.
- Gas compressor
- A gas compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.
- Gas detector
- A gas detector is a device which detects the presence of various gases within an area, usually as part of a system to warn about gases which might be harmful to humans or animals.
- Gas diffusion
- Mixing of two gases caused by random molecular motions. Gases diffuse very quickly; liquids diffuse much more slowly, and solids diffuse at very slow (but often measurable) rates. Molecular collisions make diffusion slower in liquids and solids.
- Gas diffusion electrode
- Gas diffusion electrodes are electrodes with a conjunction of a solid, liquid and gaseous interface, and an electrical conducting catalyst supporting an electrochemical reaction between the liquid and the gaseous phase.
- Gasification
- Gasification is a process that converts carbonaceous materials, such as coal, petroleum, or biomass, into carbon monoxide and hydrogen by reacting the raw material at high temperatures with a controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam.
- Gasoline gallon equivalent
- Gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) or gasoline-equivalent gallon (GEG) is the amount of alternative fuel it takes to equal the energy content of one liquid gallon of gasoline.
- Gibbs free energy
- In isothermal, isobaric thermodynamic system.
- Graphite
- The mineral graphite, as with diamond and fullerene, is one of the allotropes of carbon.
- Greenhouse effect
- Gases in the Earth's atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect, effectively absorbing thermal infrared radiation, emitted by the Earth’s surface
- Greenhouse gases
- Warming of the Earth's atmosphere due to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that allow solar radiation (visible, ultraviolet) to reach the Earth's atmosphere but do not allow the emitted infrared radiation to pass back out of the Earth's atmosphere.
- Grid connection
- Grid connection
- Grid-tied electrical system
- A grid-tied electrical system, also called Tied to grid or Grid tie system, is a semi-autonomous electrical generation or grid energy storage system which links to the mains to feed excess capacity back to the local mains electrical grid.
- Grid tie inverter
- Grid tie inverter
- Guard bed
- Guard bed, see guard catalyst bed and liquid-phase guard bed.
- Guard catalyst bed
- A catalytic material, see fixed bed reactor.
H
- Half-reaction
- A redox reaction.
- Heat exchanger
- A heat exchanger is a device built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another, whether the media are separated by a solid wall so that they never mix, or the media are in direct contact.
- Heat pipe
- A heat pipe is a heat transfer mechanism that can transport large quantities of heat with a very small difference in temperature between the hotter and colder interfaces.
- Heat transfer
- In thermal physics, heat transfer is the passage of thermal energyfrom a hot to a colder body.
- Heating value
- The Lower heating value) (LHV).
- Heat of combustion
- The heat of combustion (ΔHc0) is the energy released as heat when a compound undergoes complete combustion with oxygen. The chemical reaction is typically a hydrocarbon reacting with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, water and heat.
- Higher heating value
- The and the products have returned to a temperature of 25 °C.
- High-temperature shift
- High-temperature shift (HTS), the catalyst (nickel)
- Hybrid electric vehicle
- A conventional vehicle.
- Hydride ion
- Aside from
- Hydrocarbon
- In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon (HC) is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
- Hydrocarbon dew point
- The hydrocarbon dew point (HDP) or (HCDP) is the temperature (at a given pressure) at which the hydrocarbon components of any hydrocarbon-rich gas mixture, such as natural gas, will start to condense out of the gaseous phase.
- Hydrodesulfurization
- catalytic chemical process widely used to remove sulfur (S) from natural gas and from refined petroleum products such as gasoline or petrol, jet fuel, kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oils.
- Hydrogen
- molecular formulaH2.
- Hydrogen anion
- The hydrogen anion is a negative hydrogen ion, H−. See also hydride ion.
- Hydrogen purity
- Hydrogen purity or hydrogen quality is the lack of impurities in hydrogenas a fuel gas.
- Hydrogen-rich fuel
- A fuel that contains a significant amount of hydrogen, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (CH3CH2OH), natural gas, and coal.
- Hydrogen sulfide sensor
- A gas sensor for the measurement of hydrogen sulfidein a gas stream.
I
- Impurity
- Impurities are substances inside a confined amount of liquid, gas, or solid, which differ from the chemical compositionof the material or compound.
- Influent
- Influent
- Interlock
- state machine, which in a general sense can include any electrical, electronic, or mechanical device or system.
- Internal combustion engine
- An oxidizer (typically air) occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber.
- Inverter
- An inverter is an electrical or electro-mechanical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current(AC)
- Ion
- An ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more valence electrons, giving it a positive or negative electrical charge.
- Ion exchange
- complex.
- Ion-exchange resin
- An ion-exchange resin is an insoluble matrix (or support structure) normally in the form of small (1–2 mm diameter) beads, usually white or yellowish, fabricated from an organic polymer substrate.
- Ionomer
- An ionomer is a polyelectrolyte that comprises copolymers containing both electrically neutral repeating units and a fraction of ionized units
- Islanding
- Islanding is the condition of a distributed Generation (DG) generator continuing to power a location even though power from the electric utility is no longer present.
J
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K
- Kröger–Vink notation
- Kröger–Vink notation is set of conventions used to describe electrical charge and lattice position for point defect species in crystals.
- Kilogram
- The kilogram or kilogramme (symbol: kg) is the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (known also by its French-language initials “SI”). The kilogram is almost exactly equal to the mass of one liter of water.
- Kilowatt
- The kilowatt(symbol: kW), equal to one thousand watts, is typically used to state the power output of engines and the power consumption of tools and machines.
- Kilowatt hour
- The kilowatt hour, also written kilowatt-hour (symbol kW·h, kW h or kWh) is a unit of energy.
L
- Landfill gas
- landfill gas (LFG), see biogas.
- Lanthanum carbonate
- Lanthanum carbonate is used as a lanthanum source for solid-state production of lanthanum strontium manganite (LSM), primarily for solid oxide fuel cell applications.
- LH2
- See liquid hydrogen.
- Life cycle assessment
- A life cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life cycle analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave analysis) is the investigation and valuation of the environmental impactsof a given product or service caused or necessitated by its existence.
- Linear regulator
- In electronics, a field effect transistor or vacuum tube) operating in its "linear region"
- Liquid
- liquid is one of the principal states of matter.
- Liquid hydrogen
- liquid state of the element hydrogen.
- Liquid–liquid extraction
- water and an organic solvent.
- Liquefied natural gas
- Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (primarily methane, CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport.
- Liquefied petroleum gas
- Liquefied petroleum gas (also called LPG, GPL, LP Gas, or autogas) is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases used as a fuel in heating appliances and vehicles
- Liquefaction
- In physics, to liquefy (sometimes spelled as "liquify") means to turn something into the liquid state.
- Liquefaction of gases
- Liquefaction of gases includes a number of phases used to convert a gas into a liquid state.
- List of chemical purification methods in chemistry
- Purification in a chemical context is the physical separation of a chemical substance of interest from foreign or contaminating substances. The following list of chemical purification methods should not be considered exhaustive.
- Load following power plant
- A power plantthat adjusts its power output as demand for electricity fluctuates throughout the day.
- Load profile
- In electrical engineering, a load profile is a graph of the variation in the electrical load versus time.
- Lower flammability limit
- Lower flammability limit (LFL), usually expressed in volume per cent, is the lower end of the concentration range of a flammable solvent at a given temperature and pressure for which air/vapor mixtures can ignite.
- Lower heating value
- The lower heating value (also known as net calorific value, net CV, or LHV) of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat released by combusting a specified quantity (initially at 25 °C or another reference state) and returning the temperature of the combustionproducts to 150 °C.
- Low temperature shift
- Low temperature shift (LTS), the catalyst (nickel).
M
- Maintenance, repair and operation cost
- preventive maintenance).
- Mass flow sensor
- A mass flow sensor (MAF) responds to the amount of a fluid (usually a gas) flowing through a chamber containing the sensor.
- Maximum allowable operating pressure
- pipeline or storage tankand how much pressure the walls may safely hold before rupturing.
- Mean down time
- In organizational management, mean down time (MDT) is the average time that a system is non-operational.
- Mean time between failures
- Mean time between failures (MTBF) is the mean (average) time between failures of a system, and is often attributed to the "useful life" of the device i.e. not including 'infant mortality' or 'end of life' if the device is not repairable.
- Mean time between outages
- In a system the mean time between outages (MTBO) is the mean time between equipment failures that result in loss of system continuity or unacceptable degradation.
- Mechanical energy
- In physics, mechanical energy is the potential energy and kinetic energy present in the components of a mechanical system.
- Mechanical Balance of Plant
- Mechanical Balance of Plant (MBOP), the process equipment needed to provide steam, gas, and air to the fuel cell stack.
- Membrane
- See artificial membrane
- Membrane electrode assembly
- proton exchange membranes.
- Megawatt
- The megawatt (symbol: MW) is equal to one million (1000000) watts.
- Meter
- Meter(m), Basic metric unit of length equal to 3.28 feet, 1.09 yards or 39.37 inches. Related units are the decimeter (dm) at 10 per meter, the centimeter (cm) at 100 per meter, the millimeter (mm) at 1000 per meter and the kilometer (km) at 1000 meters.
- Methanation
- biomass fermentation or thermo-chemical gasification.
- Methane
- Methane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula CH
4. It is the simplest alkane, and the principal component of natural gas.
- Methane reformer
- A ATR and SMR).
- Methanol
- Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CH3OH (often abbreviated MeOH).
- Methanol reformer
- A methanol reformer is a device used in chemical engineering, especially in the area of fuel cell technology, which can produce pure hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide by reacting a methanol and water (steam) mixture.
- MicroCHP
- distributed energy resource(DER).
- Microbial fuel cell
- .
- Micropump
- A micropump is a small pump, particularly one with functional dimensions in the micrometre range.
- Miles per gallon equivalent
- miles per gallonof gasoline).
- Millimeter
- Millimeter(mm), Metric unit of length, equal to 0.04 inch (there are 25 mm in an inch). There are 1000 millimeters in a meter.
- Milliwatt
- Milliwatt(mW), A unit of power equal to one-thousandth of a watt.
- Molten-carbonate fuel cells
- Molten-carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) are high-temperature fuel cells
N
- Nano iron powder
- nanoscale.
- Nanowire
- A nanowire is a wire of diameter of the order of a nanometer (10−9 meters).
- Natural gas
- Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but including significant quantities of ethane, propane, butane, and pentane—heavier hydrocarbons removed prior to use as a consumer fuel —as well as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen sulfide.
- Nernst equation
- In electrochemistry, the Nernst equation is an equation which can be used (in conjunction with other information) to determine the equilibrium reduction potential of a half-cell in an electrochemical cell.
- Net energy gain
- In energy economics, net energy gain (NEG) is a surplus condition in the difference between the energy required to harvest an energy source and the energy provided by that same source.
- Nickel
- Nickel is a metallic chemical element with the symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
- Nitrogen
- Earth's atmosphere.
- Nitrogen oxide
- or a mixture of such compounds
- Nitrogen oxide sensor
- A smokestack.
O
- Off board reforming
- Off board reforming, stationary reforming, see steam reforming, methane reformer, methanol reformer
- Ohm
- The electrical resistance, named after Georg Ohm.
- Onboard reforming
- On-board reforming, reforming on board a vehicle, see steam reforming, methane reformer, methanol reformer
- Open-circuit voltage
- external load connected, i.e. the circuitis broken or open.
- Original equipment manufacturer
- An original equipment manufacturer, or OEM is typically a company that uses a component made by a second company in its own product, or sells the product of the second company under its own brand.
- Output impedance
- ideal voltage source in series with an impedance. This is helpful in analysing the voltage drop which occurs as current is drawn.
- Overpotential
- In electrochemistry, overpotential is the difference in the electric potential of an electrode with no current through it, at equilibrium, and with a current.
- Overpressure
- Overpressure
- Overvoltage
- When the voltage in a circuit or part of it is raised above its upper design limit, this is known as overvoltage.
- Oxidant
- An oxidizing agent (also called an oxidant or oxidizer) can be defined as either: a chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms, or a substance that gains electrons in a redox chemical reaction. In both cases, the oxidizing agent becomes reduced in the process.
- Oxidation
- See redox
- Oxygen
- Oxygen is the element with atomic number 8 and represented by the symbol O.
- Oxygen sensor
- An oxygen sensor, or lambda sensor, is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen (O2) in the gas or liquid being analyzed.
P
- Palladium
- Palladium is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal with the symbol Pd, and its atomic number is 46.
- Parallel circuit
- Parallel circuit, if two or more components are connected in parallel they have the same potential difference (voltage) across their ends. The potential differences across the components are the same in magnitude, and they also have identical polarities. Hence, the same voltage is applicable to all circuit components connected in parallel.
- Partial oxidation
- In chemistry, a partial oxidation (POX) reaction occurs when a substoichiometric fuel-air mixture is partially combusted in a reformer.
- Partial pressure
- In a mixture of ideal gases, each gas has a partial pressure which is the pressure which the gas would have if it alone occupied the volume. The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas in the mixture.
- Particulate
- Particulates, alternatively referred to as particulate matter(PM) or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid suspended in a gas.
- Parts per million
- Parts per million (ppm) denotes the amount of a given substance in a total amount of 1,000,000 regardless of the units of measure used as long as they are the same. e.g. 1 milligram per kilogram. 1 part in 106.
- Parts per million by volume
- In atmospheric chemistry and in air pollution regulations, the parts per notation is commonly expressed with a v following, such as ppmv, to indicate parts per million by volume.
- Pascal
- The square meter or one jouleper cubic metre.
- Peak load
- Peak load
- PEDOT
- 3,4-ethylenedioxylthiophene or EDOT monomer.
- Permeation
- intrinsic permeability. Permeability is tested by permeation measurement.
- Phase transition
- In thermodynamics, phase transition or phase change is the transformation of a thermodynamic system from one phase to another.
- Phosphoric acid
- Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid, is a mineral (inorganic) acid having the chemical formula H3PO4.
- Phosphoric acid fuel cell
- Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), a type of fuel cell that uses liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte.
- Photoelectrochemical cell
- visible light.
- Platinum
- atomic symbolPt
- Polybenzimidazole fiber
- Polybenzimidazole (PBI) fiber (1983) is a synthetic fiber with an extremely high melting point that also does not ignite.
- Polyethylene
- IUPAC name poly(ethene)) is a thermoplasticcommodity
- Polymer
- A covalent chemical bonds. See also plastic.
- Polymer electrolyte membrane
- A polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM), is a fuel cell incorporating a solid polymer membrane used as its electrolyte. Protons (H+) are transported from the anode to the cathode. The operating temperaturerange is generally 60–100°C.
- Polytetrafluoroethylene
- In chemistry, poly(tetrafluoroethene) or poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) is a synthetic fluoropolymer which finds numerous applications.
- Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
- polymer electrolyte membrane(PEM). The fuel cells typically run at low temperatures (<100°C).
- Potential difference
- In potential difference or p.d. between two points is the difference of the points' scalar potential, equivalent to the line integral of the field strengthbetween the two points.
- Portable fuel cell applications
- Portable fuel cell applications (or portable fuel cell power systems) are portable (Movable) fuel cellapplications
- Potassium hydroxide
- Potassium hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the formula KOH.
- Power
- In energyis transmitted, or the amount of energy required or expended for a given unit of time.
- Power density
- Power density (Pv), see specific power
- Power factor
- The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the real power to the apparent power, and is a number between 0 and 1 (frequently expressed as a percentage, e.g. 0.5 pf = 50% pf).
- Power supply
- electrical power.
- Power-to-weight ratio
- Power-to-weight ratio (specific power) is a calculation commonly applied to engines and other mobile power sources to enable the comparison of one unit or design to another.
- Power per unit of mass
- kg).
- PReferential OXidation
- catalyst.
- Pressure regulator
- A pressure regulator is a valve that automatically cuts off the flow of a liquid or gas at a certain pressure.
- Pressure relief valve
- A pressure relief valve(PRV), also called a pressure safety valve (PSV), is a safety device that relieves in case of overpressure in vessel or piping.
- Pressure sensor
- A liquids.
- Pressure swing adsorption
- adsorbentmaterial.
- Pressure vessel
- A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure different from the ambient pressure.
- Propane
- Propane is a three-carbon alkane, normally a gas, but compressible to a liquid that is transportable. See also LPG.
- Proton
- The proton is a subatomic particle with an electric charge of one positive fundamental unit
- Proton exchange membrane
- Proton exchange membrane (PEM) is a semipermeable membrane generally made from ionomers and designed to conduct protons while being impermeable to gases such as oxygen or hydrogen.
- Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
- membrane.
- Protonic ceramic fuel cell
- Protonic ceramic fuel cell (PCFC) based on a ceramic electrolyte material that exhibits high protonic conductivity at elevated temperatures.
Q
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) |
R
- Reactor
- Reactor, see: bioreactor, membrane reactor and chemical reactor.
- Reagent
- A reagent or reactant is a substance or compound consumed during a chemical reaction.
- Rectifier
- A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification.
- Redox
- oxidation number (oxidation state) changed.
- Reformate
- Reformate, hydrocarbon fuel that has been processed into hydrogen and other products for use in fuel cells.
- Reformed Methanol Fuel Cell
- .
- Reformer
- A hydrogen reformer another name for steam reforming a device that extracts hydrogen from other fuels, typically methanol or gasoline, not to be confused with the process catalytic reforming
- Reforming
- A chemical process in which hydrogen containing fuels react with steam, oxygen, or both to produce a hydrogen-rich gas stream. (syngas)
- Reformulated gasoline
- Gasoline that is blended so that, on average, it significantly reduces volatile organic compounds and air toxics emissions relative to conventional gasolines.
- Regenerative fuel cell
- A fuel cell that produces electricity from hydrogen and oxygen and can use electricity from solar power or some other source to divide the excess water into oxygen and hydrogen fuel to be re-used by the fuel cell. See Regenerative fuel cell.
- Relief valve
- The relief valve is a type of valve used to control or limit the pressure in a system or vessel which can build up by a process upset, instrument or equipment failure, or fire.
- Renewable energy
- tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable(naturally replenished).
- Reservoir
- A reservoir is, most broadly, a place or hollow vessel where something fluid is kept in reserve, for later use.
- Response time
- In functional unittakes to react to a given input.
- Reversible fuel cell
- Reversible fuel cell (RFC), a fuel cell that can consume chemical A to produce electricity and chemical B and be reversed to consume electricity and chemical B to produce chemical A.
- Reynolds number
- In fluid mechanics and heat transfer, the Reynolds number is a () to viscous forces () and, consequently, it quantifies the relative importance of these two types of forces for given flow conditions.
- Rupture disc
- A rupture disk or bursting disc is a pressure reliefdevice that protects a vessel or system from overpressurization.
- Ruthenium
- Ruthenium is used in Platinum-Ruthenium electrodes for Methanol-fuel cells
S
- Safety shutoff valve
- Safety shut-off valves are safety valves used to close a line and stop the flow of material.
- Safety valve
- A safety valve is a valve mechanism for the automatic release of a gas from a boiler, pressure vessel, or other system when the pressure or temperature exceeds preset limits.
- Salt bridge
- A oxidation and reduction half-cells of a galvanic cell (voltaic cell), a type of electrochemical cell. Salt bridge usually comes in two types: glass tube and filter paper.
- Scrubber
- particulatesand/or gases from industrial exhaust streams.
- Sensor
- A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.
- Series circuit
- currentthat flows in a series circuit has to flow through every component in the circuit. Therefore, all of the components in a series connection carry the same current. It has been noted that current flows in series.
- Service life
- A product's service life is its expected lifetime, or the acceptable period of use in service. It is the time that any manufactured item can be expected to be 'serviceable' or supported by its originating manufacturer.
- Short circuit
- A short circuit (sometimes abbreviated to short or s/c) allows a current along a different path from the one intended.
- Sodium borohydride
- Sodium borohydride, also known as sodium tetrahydroborate, has the chemical formula NaBH4.
- Solenoid valve
- A electric current through a solenoid, which is a coil of wire, thus changing the state of the valve.
- Solid oxide electrolyser cell
- A hydrogen gas.
- Solid oxide fuel cell
- A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an electrochemical conversion device that produces electricity directly from oxidizing a fuel.
- Solubility
- solute, to dissolve in a solvent.
- Sorbent
- A adsorbeither liquids or gases.
- Sorption
- Sorption is the action of both absorption and adsorption takes place simultaneously.
- Specific gravity
- atm (29.92 inHg), making it a dimensionless quantity
- Specific heat capacity
- Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the temperature of a unit quantity
- Specific power
- In engineering, the specific power is power either per unit of mass, volume, or area.
- Specific weight
- The specific weight (also known as the unit weight) is the weight per unit volume of a material
- Stack
- Stack, to deliver the desired amount of energy, the fuel cells can be combined in series and parallel circuits, where series yield higher voltage, and parallel allows a stronger current to be drawn. Such a design is called a fuel cell stack.
- Standard cubic foot
- A inHg or 101.6 kPa) of pressure.
- Standard electrode potential
- In nought), is the measure of individual potential of a reversible electrode (at equilibrium) at standard state, which is with solutes at an effective concentration of 1 mol/kg, and gases at a pressure of 1 atmosphere / 100 kPa (kilopascals).
- Stationary fuel cell applications
- Stationary fuel cell applications (or stationary fuel cell power systems) are stationary (not moving) fuel cellapplications
- Steady state
- Steady state is a more general situation than dynamic equilibrium. If a system is in steady state, then the recently observed behavior of the system will continue into the future.
- SMR
- Steam methane reforming (SMR) another name for steam reforming
- Steam reforming
- catalyst (nickel).
- Switched-mode power supply
- A switched-mode power supply, switching-mode power supply or SMPS, is an electronic power supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a switching regulator.
- Syngas
- Syngas (from synthesis gas) is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen generated by the gasification of a carbon-containing fuel to a gaseous product with a heating value.
T
- Tafel equation
- The Tafel equation relates the rate of an electrochemical reaction to the overpotential.
- Tail gas combustor
- Tail gas combustor (TGC)
- Tar
- Tar is a viscous black liquid derived from the destructive distillation of organic matter.
- Technology assessment
- Technology assessment (TA, German Technikfolgenabschätzung) is the study and evaluation of new technologies.
- Technology life cycle
- The technology maturity lifecycle is the commercial gain of a product from its research and development phase to its vital life phase before it becomes outdated and replaced. More mature technology has been tested and tweaked so as to reduce faults and flaws
- Technology readiness level
- United States government agencies and many of the world's major companies (and agencies) to assess the maturity of evolving technologies(materials, components, devices, etc.) prior to incorporating that technology into a system or subsystem.
- Technology validation
- Technology validation, confirming that technical targets for a given technology have been met.
- Temperature
- Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold
- Terbium
- ZrO2.
- Thermal conductivity
- In thermal conductivity, , is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct heat.
- Thermal efficiency
- In thermodynamics, the thermal efficiency () is a dimensionless performance measure of a thermal device
- Thermal expansion
- When the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. When the stored energy increases, so does the length of the molecular bonds. As a result, solids typically expand in response to heating and contract on cooling; this dimensional response to temperature change is expressed by its coefficient of thermal expansion.
- Thermal partial oxidation
- air-fuel ratio, proceed at temperatures of 1200°Cand above.
- Thermoelectricity
- Thermoelectricity is a class of phenomena in which a temperature difference creates an electric potentialor an electric potential creates a temperature difference.
- Thermoplastic
- A brittle, very glassystate when cooled sufficiently.
- Thermoplastic elastomer
- Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE), sometimes referred to as thermoplastic rubbers, are a class of copolymers or a physical mix of polymers (usually a plastic and a rubber) which consist of materials with both thermoplastic and elastomericproperties.
- Transducer
- A pressure sensors).
- Transfer switch
- A switchingfrom a primary power source to a secondary or tertiary power source and are employed in some electrical power distribution systems.
- Transformer
- A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled electrical conductors.
- Triple phase boundary
- Triple phase boundary (TPB)
- Triple point
- In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which three phases (for example, gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
- Turbocharger
- Turbocharger, a device used for increasing the pressure and density of a fluid entering a fuel cell power plant using a compressor driven by a turbine that extracts energy from the exhaust gas.
- Turbocompressor
- reactant if supplied to a fuel cellsystem) in order to increase the reactant pressure and concentration.
U
- Ullage
- Ullage is the unfilled space in a container of liquid.
- Uninterruptible power supply
- An uninterruptible power supply (UPS), also known as a continuous power supply (CPS) is a device which maintains a continuous supply of electric power to connected equipment by supplying power from a separate source when utility power is not available.
- Unitized regenerative fuel cell
- A hydrogen gasto produce electricity.
V
- Vacuum pump
- A vacuum pump is a device that removes gas molecules from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum.
- Vapor–liquid equilibrium
- Vapor–liquid equilibrium, abbreviated as VLE by some, is a condition where a liquid and its vapor (gas phase) are in equilibrium with each other, a condition or state where the rate of evaporation (liquid changing to vapor) equals the rate of condensation (vapor changing to liquid) on a molecular level such that there is no net (overall) vapor-liquid interconversion.
- Vapor pressure
- Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure), is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases.
- Vapor recovery
- Vapor recovery (or vapour) recovery is the process of recovering the vapors of gasoline or other fuels, so that they do not escape into the atmosphere.
- Voltage
- Electrical tension (or difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical or electronic circuit, expressed in volts.
- Voltage converter
- A voltage converter changes the voltage of an electrical power source and is usually combined with other components to create a power supply.
- Voltage drop
- electrical circuitbetween the source and load.
- Voltage regulator
- A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level.
- Volumetric energy density
- Volumetric energy density, potential energy in a given volume of fuel.
- Volumetric flow rate
- The SI units, or cubic feetper second [cu ft/s]). It is usually represented by the symbol Q.
- Volumetric heat capacity
- Volumetric heat capacity (VHC) is the ability of a given volume of a substance to store internal energy while undergoing a given temperature change, but without undergoing a phase transition.
W
- Water
- gaseous state, water vapor or steam.
- Water gas shift reaction
- The water gas shift reaction (WGS) is a chemical reaction in which carbon monoxide reacts with water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen
- Water purification
- Water purification is the process of removing contaminants and other harmful microorganisms from a raw water source.
- Water vapor
- water.
- Watt
- The . It measures a rate of energy use or production.
- Wet basis
- It is customary to report the product composition data in steam reforming reactions on a steam free basis (wet basis.
- W/kg
- Kilowatts per kg).The power per unit of mass in relation to the power-to-weight ratio.
- Wt.%
- In weight percent (wt.%, also called mass percent) is the amount of hydrogen stored on a weight basis. This can apply to materials that store hydrogen or for the entire storage system (e.g., material or compressed/liquid hydrogen as well as the tank and other equipment required to contain the hydrogen such as insulation, valves, regulators, etc.). For example, 6 wt.% on a system-basis means that 6% of the entire system by weight is hydrogen. On a material basis, the wt.% is the mass of hydrogen divided by the mass of material plus hydrogen.
X
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010) |
Y
- Yttria-stabilized zirconia
- Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a zirconium-oxide based ceramic
Z
- Zinc-air battery
- A from the air.
- Zinc oxide
- Zinc oxide is a chemical compound with the formula ZnO. (sulfur sorbent)
Acronyms
Acronym | – |
---|---|
AAEM | alkali anion exchange membrane
|
AC | alternating current |
AFC | alkaline fuel cell |
ATR | autothermal reforming
|
APU | auxiliary power unit |
BASE | beta-alumina solid electrolyte |
BOP | balance of plant |
BTU | British thermal unit |
°C | celsius |
C | carbon |
C | coulomb |
ca. or c. | circa |
CGH2 | compressed hydrogen |
CH4 | methane |
CH3CH2OH | ethanol |
CH3OH | methanol |
CHP | combined heat and power
|
CI | chloride ion
|
CNG | compressed natural gas |
CNT | carbon nanotube |
CO2 | carbon dioxide |
CO | carbon monoxide |
CPOX | catalytic partial oxidation
|
CPS | continuous power supply
|
DBFC | direct borohydride fuel cell |
DC | direct current |
DCFC | direct carbon fuel cell |
DEFC | direct-ethanol fuel cell |
DER | distributed energy resource
|
DFAFC | formic acid fuel cell |
DMFC | direct methanol fuel cell |
E0 | standard electrode potential |
EBOP | electrical balance of plant |
EGFC | electro-galvanic fuel cell |
EOF | electroosmotic flow
|
EOP | electroosmotic pump |
°F | fahrenheit |
FB | flow battery |
FC | fuel cell |
FGD | flue-gas desulfurization |
FMEA | failure mode and effects analysis |
FPS | fuel processing system |
GDC | ceria
|
GEG | gasoline-equivalent gallon
|
GGE | gasoline gallon equivalent |
GHSV | gas hourly space velocity (see space velocity )
|
H2 | hydrogen |
H2O | water |
HC | hydrocarbon |
HCDP | hydrocarbon dew point |
HCOOH | formic acid |
HDP | hydrocarbon dew point |
HDS | hydrodesulfurization |
HEV | hybrid electric vehicle |
HHV | higher heating value
|
HTS | high temperature shift
|
ICE | internal combustion engine |
IMFC | indirect methanol fuel cell
|
KG | kilogram |
KOH | potassium hydroxide |
kW | kilowatt
|
kWh | kilowatt hour
|
kW/kg | Kilowatts per kilogram
|
kW/m3 | cubic meter
|
kW/sq.m | square meter
|
LCA | life cycle assessment
|
LDH | layered double hydroxide
|
LEL | lower explosive limit
|
LFG | landfill gas |
LFL | lower flammable limit
|
LH2 | liquid hydrogen |
LHSV | liquid hourly space velocity (see space velocity )
|
LHV | lower heating value
|
LNG | liquefied natural gas |
LOD | limit of detection
|
LPG | liquefied petroleum gas |
LSM | lanthanum strontium manganite |
LTS | low temperature shift
|
MAF | mass flow sensor |
MAOP | maximum allowable operating pressure |
MBOP | mechanical balance of plant |
MCFC | molten-carbonate fuel cell
|
mCHP | micro combined heat and power |
MDT | mean down time |
MEA | membrane electrode assembly |
MeOH | methanol |
MFC | microbial fuel cell |
mm | millimeter
|
MPGe | miles per gallon of gasoline equivalent
|
MRO | maintenance, repair and operations
|
MSR | methanol steam reforming |
MTBF | mean time between failures |
MTBO | mean time between outages |
MW | megawatt
|
mW | milliwatt
|
N2 | nitrogen |
NEG | net energy gain |
NOx | nitrogen oxide |
O | oxygen |
OCV | open-circuit voltage |
OEM | original equipment manufacturer |
Pa | pascal |
PAFC | phosphoric acid fuel cell |
PBI | polybenzimidazole fiber |
PCFC | protonic ceramic fuel cell |
Pd | palladium |
p.d. | potential difference
|
PEC | photoelectrochemical cell |
PEDOT | poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) |
PEDT | poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) |
PEFC | polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
|
PEM | proton exchange membrane
|
PEMFC | proton exchange membrane fuel cell
|
PM | particulate matter
|
POX | partial oxidation |
ppm | parts per million
|
ppmv | parts per million volume
|
PROX | preferential oxidation
|
PRV | pressure relief valve
|
PSA | pressure swing adsorption |
PSU | power supply unit |
Pt | platinum |
PTFE | polytetrafluoroethylene |
Pv | power density |
Re | reynolds number |
RESS | rechargeable energy storage system
|
RFC | reversible fuel cell
|
RMFC | reformed methanol fuel cell |
RWGS | reversed water-gas shift reaction
|
s/c | short circuit or steam to carbon ratio (carbon = hydrocarbon used for SR) |
SFC | standard cubic foot or sometimes solid oxide fuel cell |
SMPS | switched-mode power supply |
SMR | steam methane reforming
|
SOEC | solid oxide electrolyser cell
|
SOFC | solid oxide fuel cell |
SR | steam reforming |
TA | technology assessment |
TGC | tail-gas combustor |
TOF | turnover frequency
|
TOS | time on stream (also T.O.S) |
TPB | triple-phase boundary |
TPE | thermoplastic elastomers
|
TPOX | thermal partial oxidation |
TRL | technology readiness level |
UEL | upper explosive limit
|
UPS | uninterruptible power supply |
URFC | unitized regenerative fuel cell |
VHC | volumetric heat capacity |
VLE | vapor–liquid equilibrium |
W | watt |
WGS | water–gas shift reaction |
WHSV | weight hourly space velocity (see space velocity )
|
Wt.% | weight percent
|
YSZ | yttria-stabilized zirconia |
ZnO | zinc oxide |
References
- ^ a b Mass Balance Calculation Method in Methane-Steam Reforming (PDF). Mrs. Zulekha Soomro. Retrieved 2011-02-11.