History of Transcendental Meditation
The History of Transcendental Meditation (TM) and the Transcendental Meditation movement originated with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, founder of the organization, and continues beyond his death (2008). In 1955,[1][2][3] the Maharishi began publicly teaching a traditional meditation technique[4] learned from his master Brahmananda Saraswati, which he called Transcendental Deep Meditation,[5] and later renamed Transcendental Meditation.[6]
The Maharishi initiated thousands of people, then developed a TM teacher training program as a way to accelerate the rate of bringing the technique to more people.[7][8] He also inaugurated a series of world tours which promoted Transcendental Meditation.[9] These factors, coupled with endorsements by celebrities who practiced TM, along with scientific research that validated the technique, helped to popularize TM in the 1960s and 1970s. By the late 2000s, TM had been taught to millions of individuals and the Maharishi was overseeing a large multinational movement.[10] Despite organizational changes and the addition of advanced meditative techniques in the 1970s[11] the Transcendental Meditation technique has remained relatively unchanged.
Among the first organizations to promote TM were the Spiritual Regeneration Movement and the International Meditation Society. In present times, the movement has grown to encompass schools and universities that teach the practice,[12] and includes many associated programs offering health and well-being based on the Maharishi's interpretation of the Vedic traditions. In the U.S., major organizations included Students International Meditation Society,[13] AFSCI,[14] World Plan Executive Council, Maharishi Vedic Education Development Corporation, and Global Country of World Peace. The successor to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and head of the Global Country of World Peace, is Tony Nader.[15]
1950s
In 1955,[1][2][3] Brahmachari Mahesh left Uttarkashi and began publicly teaching what he stated was a traditional meditation technique[4] learned from his master Brahmananda Saraswati, which he called Transcendental Deep Meditation.[5] Later the technique was renamed Transcendental Meditation.[6]
In 1958, Brahmachari Mahesh, now called Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, began a number of worldwide tours promoting and disseminating Transcendental Meditation.[9] The first tour began in Rangoon, Burma (now Myanmar). The Maharishi remained in the Far East for about six months teaching his meditation.[7]
In 1959, the Maharishi taught the Transcendental Meditation technique in Hawaii,[7] San Francisco, Los Angeles, London and Germany.[16] He founded the Spiritual Regeneration Movement in Los Angeles, in 1959[16] and established an office there, which was the only place where TM was taught in the USA between 1959 and 1965.[13][17]
1960s
In 1960, the Maharishi founded the International Meditation Society (IMS) and trained his first TM teacher, Henry Nyburg of England.[7] During the tour Maharishi made Henry Nyburg his personal representative in Europe and gave him the training and authority to teach Transcendental Meditation, thus making him the first European teacher.[8][18]
On 13 March 1961, a meeting called "1961 World Congress" was organised for the Maharishi in the
In collaboration with
The Maharishi lectured at Caxton Hall in London and the talk was attended by Leon MacLaren.[13] In the 1950s, he first TM teacher in the U.S. was a who was joined by a male instructor in 1966.[28]
The first international Teacher Training Course (TTC) was held near Rishikesh, India, in 1961, to train teachers of Transcendental Meditation. Over 60 meditators from India, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Britain, Malaya, Norway, the United States, Australia, Greece, Italy and the West Indies attended the course.[29] Teachers continued to be trained as time progressed and by 1978, there were 7,000 TM teachers in the U.S alone.[30][31] The Maharishi appeared on BBC television and gave a lecture to 5,000 people at the Royal Albert Hall in London in 1974.[32]
According to a history written by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, 21 members of the
The Students International Meditation Society (SIMS) began in Germany in 1964,[16] was incorporated in the USA in 1965 and continues to function in some countries.[13][35] Another organization, the American Foundation for the Science of Creative Intelligence (AFSC) taught TM to business people at Connecticut General Life Insurance Co., General Foods, Blue Cross/Blue Shield and AT&T.[14] In 1967, the TM movement "really took off" when the Maharishi became the "spiritual advisor to The Beatles".[36] In 1968, the Maharishi announced that he would stop his "public activities" and instead begin the training of TM teachers at his new global headquarters in Seelisberg, Switzerland.[37]
1970s
In 1970, the Maharishi held a TM teacher training course at a Victorian hotel located in
In 1970, the first scientific study on the Transcendental Meditation technique was published in the journal Science. In the early 1970s, courses on the Science of Creative Intelligence, Maharishi's unified theory of life,[40] were offered at universities such as Stanford University, Yale, the University of Colorado, the University of Wisconsin, and Oregon State University.[12]
In 1972 in Mallorca, Spain, the Maharishi announced his World Plan to establish one Transcendental Meditation teaching center for each million of the world's population.[41]
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the TM movement began to shed its identity as part of the hippie counterculture, making incursions into the US American cultural mainstream. From the mid-1970s, the Maharishi began to target business professionals, adapting his message to promise "increased creativity and flexibility, increased productivity, improved job satisfaction, improved relations with supervisors and co-workers". His TM movement came to be increasingly structured along the lines of a multinational corporation.[42] The Maharishi International University was founded in 1974 in Goleta California.[16]
In 1975, Maharishi European University was found in Lake Lucerne Switzerland.[16] That year TM practitioner Merv Griffin invited the Maharishi to appear on his talk show, thereby aiding Transcendental Meditation in becoming a "full blown craze" during that era (according to Time Magazine) and in eventually becoming a global phenomenon with centers in some 130 countries.[14][43][44][45] In 1975 Transcendental Meditation received favorable testimony in the Congressional Record and was advocated by Major-General Franklin M. Davis Jr. of the US Army.[46] Maharishi appeared on the Merv Griffin Show again in 1977.[47]
In 1975, the Maharishi began teaching advanced mental techniques, called the
In 1976 the headquarters of the US movement moved to the former Santa Ynez Inn, a block from the ocean in
A
The Maharishi Foundation in the UK purchased the historic Mentmore Towers in 1978 for £240,000 for use as a headquarters and college. The stately home, on 81 acres, was built in 1855 and had 60 bedrooms. A spokesman said that repairs could be done cheaply by students in exchange for meditation classes.[57] It was the headquarters of the Natural Law Party and campus of Maharishi University of Natural Law.[58] By 1997, the movement was seeking a larger facility and placed the home on the market for £10 million.[59] It sold two years later for £3 million.[60] During this period [when?] the Maharishi's personal residence and international headquarters were located in Seelisberg, Switzerland, in a former hotel on the shore of Lake Lucerne.[61]
In 1979, the
At that time, according to Humes, the movement directed itself inward, offering additional products and practices to its committed practitioners beyond Transcendental Meditation in order to help them achieve Cosmic Consciousness.
In England, the Maharishi Foundation bought
1980s
In 1984, about 1,200 members of the movement moved into
In the 1980s the TM movement's US national offices and the Maharishi International University College of Natural Law were located in
TM teachers began teaching meditation in Romania in 1982, Poland in 1985 and in Yugoslavia in 1987.[75]
1990s
In 1990, a delegation of Transcendental Meditation teachers from Maharishi International University traveled to the former Soviet Union to provide instruction in Transcendental Meditation. The trip, initially scheduled to last ten days, was extended to six months and resulted in the training of 35,000 people in the technique.[76]
In 1990, the Maharishi moved his headquarters to
The late dictator of Romania, Nicolae Ceaușescu, tried to purge all practitioners of Transcendental Meditation from the government.[78]
In 1993, the
In 1995, the Maharishi changed the name of Maharishi International University in
The Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools (MVMS), an educational system established in 16 Indian states and affiliated with the New Delhi Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), was founded the same year.[87][88] Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools has 148 branches in 118 cities with 90,000 to 100,000 students and 5,500 teaching and support staff.[89]
By 1998, the global TM organization had an estimated four million disciples, 1,000 teaching centers and property assets valued at $3.5 billion.[10]
2000s
In 2004, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi directed Transcendental Meditation practitioners at the Maharishi village at
In 2006, The Columbian newspaper reported that according to the TM movement 6 million people had learned the technique worldwide.[95] In 2007 and 2008, the government of Kyrgyzstan announced a crackdown on illegal religious groups operating in the country, including the "Maharishi cult".[96][97]
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi died on 5 February 2008[98] and the leadership of the global Transcendental Meditation movement passed to Maharaja Adhiraj Rajaraam, who is also head of the Global Country of World Peace.[99]
In July 2008, Brahmachari Girish Varma, a nephew of the Maharishi, announced the formation of the Maharishi World Peace Movement in
The New York Times reported in 2011 that according to the "national Transcendental Meditation program" enrollment had tripled over the last prior three years. The organization attributes the increased enrollment to reduced course fees and recent research studies.[102] The Hindu reported in 2011 that "nearly 10 million practitioners in 50 countries" had learned the technique.[103]
Characterizations
Public presentation
Sociologist Roy Wallis wrote about the three stages of the development of TM through 1977, as identified by Eric Woodrum. The "Spiritual-Mystical Period", from 1959 to 1965, identified Transcendental Meditation as the primary component of a holistic approach to spiritual evolution. The "Voguish, Self-Sufficiency Period", from 1966 to 1969, saw a rapid expansion through identification with "aspects of the counter-culture" as the organization simultaneously adapted to its changing image. The "Secularized, Popular Religious Phase", from 1970 through 1977, when the movement identified the "practical physiological, material and social benefits" of TM to mainstream people with virtually no references to non-worldly topics. Wallis writes that according to a former follower, TM had dropped its "distinctly religious rhetoric" over time "except for an inner core of followers" until the late 1970s when TM developed the TM-Sidhi program to develop "occult powers".[104]
According to sociology of religion scholar, Lorne L. Dawason, the change from religious terms in the 1950s to an emphasis on scientific verification in the 1970s was to improve public relations[105] and bring the TM technique into American public schools.[106] In Gurus in America, Cynthia Humes characterizes the TM movement as meandering from "plastic export Hinduism" to a non-devotional meditation method marketed as a "scientific technique" and then back to a "multinational, capitalist, Vedantic Export Religion", zig-zagging back and forth, depending on the receptivity of the target audience.[64]
Origins
Author Peter Russell states that the Maharishi believed the knowledge of the Vedas had been lost and found many times and its recurrence is outlined in the Bhagavad-Gita and the teachings of Buddha and Shankara.[107] Bromley writes that "TM incorporates the teachings of Krishna, the Buddha, and Shankara" and that the Maharishi says he has "rediscovered a lost form of meditation that traces back to the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.[108]
Alternative medicine author Vimal Patel writes that the Maharishi derived TM from Patanjali's Yoga.[109] Chryssides writes that the Maharishi and his teacher, Brahmananda Saraswati, were from the Shankara tradition of Advaita Vedanta and that the TM-Sidhi program is "based on Patanjali's Yoga Sutras".[13]
According to religious scholar and evangelist Kenneth Boa's book, Cults, World Religions and the Occult, the view that the Transcendental Meditation technique is rooted in the "
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