Transcendental Meditation in education
Transcendental Meditation in education (also known as Consciousness-Based Education) is the application of the
A number of educational institutions have been founded by
History of school programs
1965 to 1979
The Students' International Meditation Society (SIMS) incorporated in 1965/1966 and focused on offering the TM technique to students and faculty at schools and universities.
In 1979, the
1980 to 1999
Since 1979, schools and universities in the U.S. and abroad have introduced the Transcendental Meditation technique using private, non-governmental funding. The technique has been introduced on a voluntary basis, with parental consent, and teachers and parents are taught the meditation before the students learn.[20][35] Often referred to as the Quiet Time Program, the students and teachers meditate for 10 to 20 minutes twice per day.[35][36] The program consists of TM instruction and follow-up, as well as training of school faculty and staff to supervise the TM sessions offered at the school.[37]
The Fletcher Johnson Educational Center, a charter school with 1,500 students in Washington, D.C., introduced the TM program for schools in 1994.
2000 to present
The Chelsea School, a private school in of Silver Spring, Maryland, offers the program to its fifth through twelfth graders who have
In 2004, the New York Committee for Stress-Free Schools held a press conference in New York City. The conference included testimony from students, educators and scientists who support the use of TM in the school setting.[48][49] The following year the TM technique was taught to "more than 100 administrators, teachers and students" and over the next five years, 300 additional high school students learned the technique.[50] According to the DLF web site, the TM program was introduced to the Arts and Technology Academy at Weaver High School in Hartford CT in 2006. Four hundred and fifty students as well as principals and administrators are reported to have been instructed in the technique.[51] A voluntary program at the Kingsbury School, a Washington D.C. private school "for students with learning disorders" in grades K-12, was featured on the PBS program, To The Contrary in 2007.[52][53][54] According to the school director, about 10 percent of the teachers, parents and students declined to participate because they found it be religious and cult-ish.[20][52] Conferences sponsored by the New England Committee for Stress-Free Schools were held in Providence, Rhode Island; Fairfield, Connecticut; and Boston, Massachusetts in 2005. The Boston conference was attended by 100 teachers and featured testimony from school principals who have experience with the TM program in schools.[36][55] In the mid-2000s the TM technique was incorporated into the educational program at the Daburiya High School in Israel.[56]
The
In 2006, six public schools were each awarded $25,000 to begin a TM program and a total of twenty five public, private, and charter schools in the United States had offered Transcendental Meditation to their students.[40][59] In 2006, the Terra Linda High School in San Rafael, California canceled plans for Transcendental Meditation classes due to concerns of parents that it would be promoting religion.[60] In the San Francisco area there are three schools that offer the technique as part of their school program, funded primarily by the David Lynch Foundation. The Visitacion Valley Middle School began the program in 2007[61][62][63] and the Everett Middle School and John O'Connell High School began the program sometime after that.[64] The Maharishi Institute, an African university, was founded in 2007 and uses the Transcendental Meditation technique in its programs.[65][66]
As of 2008, the David Lynch Foundation had funded TM instruction for "more than 2,000 students, teachers and parents" at "21 U.S. schools and universities", in addition to substantially higher numbers of instruction at schools outside the U.S.
In 2010, the women's squash team at Trinity College in Hartford, CT began practicing the TM technique together after every practice.[69][70] In 2011 music mogul Russell Simmons announced plans to provide financial support to the David Lynch Foundation to teach TM at Hillhouse High School in New Haven, Connecticut.[71] The TM technique was taught to students at Norwich University, a private military academy, as part of a long-term study on meditation and military performance.[72][73]
TM schools and universities
Consciousness-Based Education (CBE) refers to the educational approach that is utilized at schools and universities founded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.[74]
United States
Maharishi International University College of Natural Law was located in
In 2007 the GCWP announced a plan to build a Maharishi Central University campus at "the geographical center of the Lower 48 states" in Kansas.
USA Reception
University of South Carolina sociologist Barry Markovsky described the TM technique in schools as "stealth religion",[89] and Barry W. Lynn, executive director of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, says Transcendental Meditation is rooted in Hinduism and crosses the same constitutional line as in the Malnak case and decision of 1979. Since then, however, "TM has made a comeback of sorts with some governmental sponsorship" according to authors Forsthoefel and Humes.[90] In May 2008, Lynn said that the Americans United for Separation of Church and State was keeping "a close legal eye on the TM movement" and "there are no imminent cases" against the movement.[20][58] At the same time, Brad Dacus of the Pacific Justice Institute says doing Transcendental Meditation during a school's "quiet time" (a short period of school time for private prayer or relaxation) "is constitutional."[22]
According to a 2008 Newsweek article, there is a "growing movement to bring Transcendental Meditation... into more U.S. schools as a stress-buster for America's overwhelmed kids".[58] At the same time, critics say that Transcendental Meditation is a revised form of Eastern, religious philosophy, and they oppose its use in public schools.[20] Some parents and critics view it as an overstepping of boundaries that could lead to "lifelong personal and financial servitude to a corporation run by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi".[21] At the same time, many parents feel the meditation has created "profound results" for their children, and that they "hardly view TM as exclusively, or even overtly, religious," and advocates describe it is a physiological technique that calms the mind, improves grades and attention span, while reducing disruptive behavior.[20] A 2011 research review said their "findings provide good support for the use of TM to enhance several forms of information processing in students".[91]
Europe
Maharishi European Research University (MERU) was founded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in
The
India
Maharishi Shiksha Sansthan (MSS) is a registered society that oversees
The Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools were founded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in 1995. MVMS is affiliated with the New Delhi Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)[104] and/or their respective state-school, education boards.[105][106] Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools include 148 branches in 118 cities with a total of 90,000 to 100,000 students and 5,500 teaching and support staff.[104][105][107]
The Maharishi Institute of Management has campuses in
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Vedic University, also known as
The Maharishi College of Natural Law was established in Orissa India in 1982 and was supported by donations from Maharishi Institute of Creative Intelligence (MICI). In addition to the standard curriculum, the college offers courses in Transcendental Meditation and the Science of Creative intelligence. The college began as a school for boys with 384 students and 17 teachers. The college is recognised by the Government of Orissa and is affiliated with the Council of Higher Secondary Education since 1983.[115]
The Cosmic Business School was founded in 2004, "based on the principles of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi"and[116][117] according to the school, many of its graduates are placed with a company within the "Maharishi Group of Industries".[116][118]
Africa
The
According to a press release, in 2010, at a global educational summit in Bahrain, the institute was granted an award that recognized it as an innovative institution with the potential to significantly improve educational outcomes through adaptable and replicable business models.[120][123] The web site for Consciousness-Based Education, South Africa lists 12 partner schools in the US, Netherlands, Australia, India, Ecuador, Thailand, China, and Great Britain and says that "Consciousness-Based Education has been introduced into more than 230 schools and more than 25 universities or other tertiary institutions worldwide".[124] A Maharishi Secondary School for Girls is located in Mbale, Uganda.[125]
Australia and Japan
There is a Maharishi School near Melbourne, Australia[14][126][127] and a Maharishi Research Institute in Japan.[128]
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Sources
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External links
- International Foundation for Consciousness-Based Education (IFCBE)
- Consciousness-Based Education at Global Country of World Peace
- Consciousness-Based Education in Africa
- Consciousness-Based Education in Latin America
- Consciousness-Based Education in Colombia
- Consciousness-Based Education in France
- Consciousness-Based Education in the United Kingdom
- Association for Stress Free Schools in Germany
- Association for Stress Free Schools in Italy
- Association for Stress Free Schools in the United States of America
- CBE at Maharishi University of Management