Homonationalism
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Homonationalism is often seen as the favorable association between a
Concept
The term was originally proposed by the researcher in
The concept of homonationalism was created to describe and critique the nationalization of queer movements and growing anti-immigrant stances, while ignoring homophobia still propagated in Western society.
Criticism
Bruno Perreau has criticized the premises of Puar's argument. While agreeing with her critique of nationalist claims among some LGBT groups, he argues that Puar idealizes those she calls the "sexually nonnormative racialized subject".[2] Perreau explains that "deconstruction of norms cannot be dissociated from their reproduction".[7] Jason Ritchie has also critiqued some of the ways homonationalism has been used, especially as a totalizing theory.[8]
Use of homonationalism
Anti-immigration
A study of Populist Radical Right (PRR) parties in Western Europe, which hold anti-immigration stances, found that even with circulation of homonationalist ideas, queer voters and anti-immigrant voters claiming to be
PRR parties in Western Europe and elsewhere have relied on defence of "liberal western values," a means of rallying support for their anti-immigration policy positions. One experimental study demonstrates that the same is true of citizens. Individuals who were exposed to anti-LGBT+ rights protests were significantly more likely to say they support LGBT+ rights when the protestors they were shown were of Muslims than they were if the protestors they were shown were of white locals.[10]
Framing terrorism
In Terrorist Assemblages, Puar writes that "sexual deviance is linked to the process of discerning, othering, and quarantining terrorist bodies, but these racially and sexually perverse figures also labor in the service of disciplining and normalizing subjects worthy of rehabilitation away from these bodies, in other words, signaling and enforcing the mandatory terms of patriotism".[11] Puar claims that the binary reinforced by the othering involved in the War on Terror together with the othering of LGBT bodies has pushed some queer bodies to a "U.S. national citizenship within a spatial-temporal domain" in which she refers to as homonationalism, "short for 'homonormative nationalism.'"[2]
Abu Ghraib was a U.S. military prison in Iraq which was closed following citations of human rights violations committed against the detained. Pictures of some of the violations were sent to CBS news, creating a nationwide scandal in 2004. The photos taken depict sexual abuse, rape, and torture of the detainees. Much of the sexual abuse taking place simulated homosexual acts in a "culturally specific [...] matrix of torture".[12] The inclusion of homosexuality into an American national identity, homonationalism, was specifically employed in Abu Ghraib to torture and sexually and racially other the detainees. According to Puar, during this scandal, queer liberal news medias continued to other Muslim sexuality and identity.[2]
Gaetano Venezia III argues homonationalist narratives were demonstrated in response to the
Situation in different countries
Israel
This section may be unbalanced toward certain viewpoints. (May 2024) |
In a 2011 article, Sarah Schulman argues that the Israeli government, as part of a marketing campaign to depict Israel as "relevant and modern", "harness[ed] the gay community to reposition its global image."[14] Schulman writes that anti-occupation LGBT activists have labeled these strategies as pinkwashing: "a deliberate strategy to conceal the continuing violations of Palestinians' human rights behind an image of modernity signified by Israeli gay life."[14]
Also writing in 2011, Maya Mikdashi states, "Today, the promise of 'gay rights' for Palestinian[s] goes something like this: The United States will protect your right to not be detained because [you are] gay, but will not protect you from being detained because you are Palestinian."[15] Mikdashi argues that pinkwashing is not about the toleration of queer bodies and identities, but is instead
a political strategy within a discourse of Islamophobia and Arabophobia, and it is part of a larger project to anchor all politics within the axis of identity, and identitarian (and identifiable) groups. Thus critics of pinkwashing who assume an international queer camaraderie repeat a central tenet of homonationalism: homosexuals should be in solidarity with and empathize with each other because they are homosexual.[15]
Pinkwashing tactics are described as the whitewashing of racial and religious oppression while claiming to support and enact modern gay rights solely for the representative image of modernity and liberalism.[2] Though Puar describes pinkwashing mostly within the context of Israel, other Western societies including the United States and Canada enact pinkwashing tactics to promote tourism, keep healthy trade and communication lines with other liberal governments, and feign the idea liberalism and democracy.
Ukraine
During the
See also
- Feminationalism
- Ethnocentrism
- Gay friendly
- Islamophobia
- LGBT conservatism
- LGBT culture
- LGBT in Islam
- LGBT rights by country or territory
- Model minority myth
- Nationalism and gender
- National Socialist League (United States)
- Pink capitalism
- Pink money
- Pink triangle
- Pinkwashing (LGBT)
- Purplewashing
- Queer nationalism
References
- ^ a b c Homonationalism, Heteronationalism and LGBTI Rights in the EU. Public Seminar. 31 August 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-8223-4094-2.
- ^ The Men Who Would Be Queen: France, Le Pen & The LGBT Vote. Archived 2018-07-13 at the Wayback Machine Pride Life. 7 June 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-8223-4114-7.
- ^ Why Pinkwashing Insults Gays and Hurts Palestinians. Slate Magazine. 17 June 2014.
- ^ S2CID 232253207.
- ^ Bruno Perreau, Queer Theory: The French Response, Stanford University Press, 2016, 124.
- .
- hdl:2066/219576.
- .
- ISBN 978-0-8223-4114-7.
- ISSN 0164-2472.
- ^ a b "Homonationalism in the Wake of the Pulse Shooting". Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
- ^ a b Schulman, Sarah (November 22, 2011). "Israel and 'Pinkwashing'" (PDF). queeramnesty.ch. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
- ^ a b Mikdashi, Maya (December 16, 2011). "Gay Rights as Human Rights: Pinkwashing Homonationalism". Jadaliyya - جدلية. Retrieved 2018-12-05.
- ^ Bigg, Matthew Mpoke (17 March 2022). "L.G.B.T.Q. activists in Ukraine share the fight against Russia's invasion". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
- ^ Edenborg, Emil (March 14, 2022). "Russia's Anti-Gay War on Ukraine". Boston Review. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
Further reading
- Mikdashi, Maya (December 16, 2011). "Gay rights as human rights: pinkwashing homonationalism". Jadaliyya.
- Mikdashi, Maya; Puar, Jasbir (August 9, 2009). "Pinkwatching and pinkwashing: interpenetration and its discontents". Jadaliyya.
- Puar, Jasbir (May 2013). "Rethinking homonationalism". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 45 (2): 336–339. S2CID 232253207.
- Schotten, C. Heike (2016). "Homonationalism: from critique to diagnosis, or, we are all homonational now". S2CID 214650280.