Labour movement
Part of a series on |
Organized labour |
---|
The labour movement[a] is the collective organisation of working people to further their shared political and economic interests. It consists of the trade union or labour union movement, as well as political parties of labour. It can be considered an instance of class conflict.
- In trade unions, workers campaign for higher wages, better working conditions and fair treatment from their employers, and through the implementation of labour laws, from their governments. They do this through collective bargaining, sectoral bargaining, and when needed, strike action. In some countries, co-determination gives representatives of workers seats on the board of directors of their employers.
- workers' party.
- Though historically less prominent, the cooperative movement campaigns to replace capitalist ownership of the economy with worker cooperatives, consumer cooperatives, and other types of cooperative ownership. This is related to the concept of economic democracy.
The labour movement developed as a response to
History
Labor is prior to, and independent of, capital. Capital is only the fruit of labor, and could never have existed if labor had not first existed. Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration.
— Abraham Lincoln, December 3, 1861[2]
Origins in Britain
This section may be too long and excessively detailed. |
The labour movement has its origins in Europe during the
16th and 17th centuries
In
The Elizabethan Apprentice Laws lasted in England until the early 19th century, but were becoming increasingly dead letter by the mid 18th century.[12] Consequently, from 1760 on, real wages began to fall and food prices began to rise giving increased motivation for political and social agitation.[13] As the guild system became increasingly obsolete and parliament abolished the old medieval labour protections, forswearing responsibility for maintaining living standards, the workers began to form the earliest versions of trade unions.[14] The workers on the lowest rungs found it necessary to organise in new ways to protect their wages and other interests such as living standards and working conditions.[15] The idea met with great resistance.
18th century
There is no record of enduring trade unions existing prior to the 18th century.
In
In politics, the
With the advent of the
a tremendous millstone round the neck of the local artisan, which has depressed and debased him to the earth: every act which he has attempted, every measure that he has devised to keep up or raise his wages, he has been told was illegal: the whole force of the civil power and influence of the district has been exerted against him because he was acting illegally... every committee and active man among them was regarded as a turbulent, dangerous instigator whom it was necessary to watch and crush if possible.[39]
Still, determined workers refused allow the law to entirely eradicate trade unionism, and in the face of collective bargaining some employers chose to forgo legal prosecution and instead cooperated with workers' demands.[36]
19th century
The Scottish weavers of
The United Kingdom saw an increasing number of large-scale strikes, mainly in the north. First in 1810 among the miners in Northumberland and Durham called a general strike, and later, in 1812, a general strike among weavers was called in Scotland after employers refused to institute wage scales.[46] These strikes in the far north of Britain failed due to suppression by the police and the military. In 1811 in Nottinghamshire, a new movement known as the Luddite, or machine-breaker movement, began.[47] In response to declining living standards, workers all over the English Midlands started to sabotage and destroy the machinery used in textile production such as stocking frames. As the industry was still decentralized at the time and the movement was secretive, none of the leadership was ever caught and employers in the Midlands textile industry were forced to raise wages.[48]
In 1812 the first radical, socialist, pro-labour society, the 'Society of Spencean Philanthropists', named after the radical social agitator
After the passage of the Corn Laws which prohibited the importation of cheap grains, to the benefit of the landed elite and detriment of the workers, there was mass rioting throughout Britain.[51] Many working-class papers started being published and received by a wide audience. These included Cobbet's "Weekly Political Register, Thomas Wooler's The Black Dwarf, and William Hone's Reformists's Register.[50] In addition, new political clubs focused on reform, called Hampden Clubs, were formed after a model suggested by Major Cartwright. In 1816 Henry Hunt gave a speech to a mass audience in London, dealing with issues such as universal suffrage and the Corn Laws. During his speech a group of Spenceans initiated a series of riots, later known as the Spa Fields riots during which rioters raided gunsmith shops and attempted to overtake the Tower of London. This outbreak of lawlessness led to a government crackdown on agitation in 1817 known as the Gagging Acts, which included the suppression of the Spencean society, a suspension of habeas corpus, and an extension of power to magistrates which gave them the ability to ban public gatherings.[53] In protest of the Gagging Acts, as well as the poor working conditions in the textile industry, workers in Manchester attempted to march on London to deliver petitions in a demonstration known as the Blanketeers march.[54] The Blanketeers, named after the blankets they brought to sleep on the roadside during their journey, were however intercepted, with most participants either arrested or chased off by the British military.
From this point onward the British government also began using hired spies and
In spite of government suppression, the labour movement in Britain continued, and 1818 marked a new round of strikes as well as the first attempt at establishing a single national union that encompassed all trades, led by
In 1819 the social reformer Francis Place initiated a reform movement aimed at lobbying parliament into abolishing the anti-union Combination Acts.[58] Unions were legalised in the Combination Acts of 1824 and 1825, however some union actions, such as anti-scab activities were restricted.[59] In 1834 the Tolpuddle Martyrs of Dorset were punished for swearing secret oaths and transported.
Chartism was possibly the first mass working-class labour movement in the world, originating in England during the mid-19th century between 1838 and 1848. It takes its name from the People's Charter of 1838, which stipulated the six main aims of the movement as:
- Suffrage for all men age 21 and over
- Voting by secret ballot
- Equal-sized constituencies
- Pay for Members of Parliament
- An end to the need for a property qualification for Parliament
- Annual election of Parliament
Eventually, after Chartism died out, Britain adopted the first five reforms.[60] The Chartist movement had a lasting impact in the development of the political labour movement.[61]
In Britain, the term "new unionism" was used in the 1880s to describe an innovative form of trade unionism. The new unions were generally less exclusive than craft unions and attempted to recruit a wide range of workers.[62] They recruited unskilled and semi-skilled workers, such as dockers, seamen, gasworkers and general labourers. To encourage more workers to join, these new unions kept their entrance fees and contributions at a relatively low level. Some new unions, such as the Dockers' Union and the Gasworkers developed in the direction of general unionism.
Worldwide
The International Workingmen's Association, the first attempt at international coordination, was founded in London in 1864. The major issues included the right of the workers to organize themselves, and the right to an 8-hour working day. In 1871 workers in France rebelled and the Paris Commune was formed. From the mid-19th century onward the labour movement became increasingly globalised:
Labour has been central to the modern globalization process. From issues of the embodied movement of workers to the emergence of a global division of labour, and organized responses to capitalist relations of production, the relevance of labour to globalization is not new, and it is far more significant in shaping the world than is usually recognized.[63]
The movement gained major impetus during the late 19th and early 20th centuries from the
Throughout the world, action by labourists has resulted in reforms and
Historically labour markets have often been constrained by national borders that have restricted movement of workers. Labour laws are also primarily determined by individual nations or states within those nations. While there have been some efforts to adopt a set of international labour standards through the International Labour Organisation (ILO), international sanctions for failing to meet such standards are very limited. In many countries labour movements have developed independently and represent those national boundaries.
Australia
Brazil
Germany
Japan
South Korea
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
United States
Overview
Trade unions
Political parties
Modern labour parties originated from an increase in organising activities in Europe and
In 1891, localised labour parties were formed, by trade union members in British colonies in
The
While archetypal labour parties are made of direct union representatives, in addition to members of geographical branches, some union federations or individual unions have chosen not to be represented within a labour party and/or have ended association with them.
Many individuals and political groups otherwise considered to represent ruling classes may be part of, and active in, the labour movement.[citation needed]
Cooperatives
Culture
Labour festivals
Labour festivals have long been a part of the labour movement.[65] Often held outdoors in the summer, the music, talks, food, drink, and film have attracted hundreds of thousands of attendees each year. Labour festival is a yearly feast of all the unionism gathering, to celebrate the fulfillment of their goals, to bring solutions to certain hindrances and to reform unjust actions of their employers or government.
Topics
Racial equality
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2011) |
A degree of strategic biracial cooperation existed among
Negroes in the United States read the history of labour and find it mirrors their own experience. We are confronted by powerful forces telling us to rely on the good will and understanding of those who profit by exploiting us [...] They are shocked that action organizations, sit-ins, civil disobedience and protests are becoming our everyday tools, just as strikes, demonstrations and union organization became yours to insure that bargaining power genuinely existed on both sides of the table [...] Our needs are identical to labor's needs: decent wages, fair working conditions, livable housing, old age security, health and welfare measures [...] That is why the labor-hater and labor-baiter is virtually always a twin-headed creature spewing anti-Negro epithets from one mouth and anti-labor propaganda from the other mouth.
— Martin Luther King, Jr, "If the Negro Wins, Labor Wins", December 11, 1961[66]
Contemporary
Development of an international labour movement
With ever-increasing levels of international trade and increasing influence of multinational corporations, there has been debate and action among labour movements to attempt international co-operation. This has resulted in renewed efforts to organize and collectively bargain internationally. A number of international union organizations have been established in an attempt to facilitate international collective bargaining, to share information and resources and to advance the interests of workers generally.
See also
- AFL–CIO
- Canadian Labour Congress
- General Confederation of Labour (France)
- Industrial Workers of the World
- List of international labour organizations
Political ideologies:
- Anarchism
- Anarcho-syndicalism
- Catholic social teaching
- Christian socialism
- Communism
- Council communism
- De Leonism
- Democratic socialism
- Marxism
- Syndicalism
- Social democracy
- Workerism
Topics:
- Catholic trade unions
- Class conflict
- Corporatism
- Critique of work
- International labour law
- Labour law
- Labour historyincluding art and culture
- Left-wing politics
- Living wage
- New Unionism
- Social criticism
National movements
- Trade unions in Albania
- Trade unions in Algeria
- Trade unions in Andorra
- Trade unions in Angola
- Trade unions in Antigua and Barbuda
- Trade unions in Argentina
- Trade unions in Armenia
- Australian labour movement
- Trade unions in Benin
- Trade unions in Botswana
- Trade unions in Burkina Faso
- Trade unions in Egypt
- Trade unions in Ethiopia
- Trade unions in Germany
- Trade unions in Ghana
- Trade unions in India
- Iraqi Federation of Trade Unions
- Trade unions in Ireland
- Labour unions in Japan
- Trade unions in Malaysia
- Trade unions in Maldives
- Trade unions in Nauru
- Trade unions in Niger
- Trade unions in Oman
- Trade unions in Pakistan
- Trade unions in Qatar
- Trade unions in Senegal
- Trade unions in South Africa
- Trade unions in Spain
- Swedish labour movement
- Trade unions in Switzerland
- Labour movement in Taiwan
- Trade unions in Tanzania
- Trade unions in the United Kingdom
- Labor unions in the United States
Notes
- ^ Alternatively labor; See American and British English spelling differences.
References
- ISBN 978-0826451736.
If 'labourism' sought to protect and defend the interests of labour in relation to this system, 'socialism' sought to change the system itself...
- ^ Selections from the Letters, Speeches, and State Papers of Abraham Lincoln, by Abraham Lincoln, edited by Ida Minerva Tarbell, Ginn, 1911 / 2008, pg 77
- ^ Cole, G.D.H. (1952). A Short History of the British Working Class Movement: 1789-1947. George Allen & Unwin LTD. pp. 15–18.
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 11-12.
- ISBN 9780722227237. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-26. Retrieved 2021-09-26.
the Craft Guild was looked upon as the representative of the interests, not of any one class alone, but of the three distinct and somewhat antagonistic elements of modern society, the capitalist entrepreneur, the manual worker, and the consumer at large.
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 13.
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 9:The industrial revolution, which is the real starting-point of the story of organised labour is generally said to have taken place in this country between about 1760 and 1830
- ^ OCLC 1004389945. Archivedfrom the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
- ^ Webb & Webb 1902, p. 41-42: "In 1563, indeed, Parliament expressly charged itself with securing to all wage-earners a "convenient livelihood"
- ^ Webb & Webb 1902, p. 40-41: "in the middle of the century the weavers found their customary earnings dwindling, they managed so far to combine as to make their voices heard at Westminster. In 1555 we find them complaining "that the rich do many ways oppress them" by putting unapprenticed men to work..."some also by giving much less wages and hire for weaving of clothes than they did in the past"
- ^ Webb & Webb 1902, p. 43-45.
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 39-40.
- from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
- ^ Webb & Webb 1902, p. 35-37.
- ^ Webb & Webb 1902, p. 19-20: "the artisans of the eighteenth century sought to perpetuate those legal or customary regulations of their trade which, as they believed, protected their own interests. When these regulations fell into disuse the workers combined to secure their enforcement."
- ^ Webb & Webb 1902, p. 20-21: "We have failed to discover...any evidence to the existence prior to 1700 of continuous associations of wage-earners for the maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment"
- ^ Webb & Webb 1902, p. 21:" In the early years of the eighteenth century we find isolated complaints of combinations "lately entered into" by the skilled workers in certain trades"
- ^ a b Cole 1952, p. 35.
- ^ Webb & Webb 1902, p. 39-40.
- ^ a b c Pelling 2016, p. 12-13.
- ^ a b c d e Morton & Tate 1975, p. 18-19.
- ^ Webb & Webb 1902, p. 48.
- ^ Pelling 2016, p. 10-11.
- ^ a b c d Morton & Tate 1975, p. 12-13.
- ^ Morton & Tate 1975, p. 14.
- ^ Morton & Tate 1975, p. 22-23.
- ^ Morton & Tate 1975, p. 23:This it did quite rapidly and by the end of 1792 may have totalled 3,000
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 38:Pitt's measures for carrying through this policy of repression were skilfully designed. We have seen how he rooted out the Corresponding Societies, and killed for a generation even the middle-class movement for reform. Legal persecution, backed up by the evidence of spies and informers, and by counter-propaganda subsidised by the State, was adequate for this purpose. The factory and mining districts had to be held down by more vigorous methods. In addition to sending into every working-class body that could be found spies, informers, and even provocative agents, and so disrupting the working-class movements, because no man in them knew whether he could trust his neighbour... he built barracks at strategic points throughout the country, and used his concentrated military force in order to overawe the people.
- ^ Morton & Tate 1975, p. 23-24:The Government was thrown into panic by this new working-class radicalism. A whole series of repressive measures were put into operation
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 30.
- ^ Morton & Tate 1975, p. 25-27.
- ^ Morton & Tate 1975, p. 29.
- ^ Morton & Tate 1975, p. 31.
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 32.
- ^ Pelling 2016, p. 16.
- ^ a b Morton & Tate 1975, p. 33-35.
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 39Overawed by military force, ceaselessly spied and reported upon by agents of the Government or the local magistrates, liable to severe sentences for conspiracy under common law or for violation of the Combination Acts if they attempted any concerted action, it is not surprising that for a long time the factory workers and miners failed to create any stable combinations. It is more surprising that they managed to combine at all.
- ^ Morton & Tate 1975, p. 38:the Combination Act failed in its great object of destroying trade unionism, but this is far from saying that it was entirely ineffective.
- OCLC 1120848980. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-12-25. Retrieved 2021-12-25.
- ^ Morton & Tate 1975, p. 35.
- ^ a b Sally Graves (1939). A History of Socialism. Hogarth Press. pp. 12–14.
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 40-41.
- ^ ISBN 9781107111653. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-09-25. Retrieved 2021-09-25.
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 40:In 1813 the clauses for the regulation of wages in the Elizabethan law were formally repealed, and in 1814 the apprenticeship clauses were also abrogated"
- ^ Webb & Webb 1902, p. 53-55:In 1814....the Act of 54 Geo. III. c. 96 swept away the apprenticeship clauses of the statute, and with them practically the last remnant of that legislative protection of the Standard of Life which survived form the Middle Ages."
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 41.
- ^ Morton & Tate 1975, p. 36.
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 41-42.
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 44-45.
- ^ a b Cole 1952, p. 45-46.
- ^ a b Morton & Tate 1975, p. 40-41.
- ^ Webb & Webb 1902, p. 82-83.
- ^ Morton & Tate 1975, p. 42-43.
- ^ Morton & Tate 1975, p. 43.
- ^ a b c d Cole 1952, p. 47-49.
- ^ Morton & Tate 1975, p. 45.
- ^ Cole 1952, p. 49-50.
- ^ Webb & Webb 1902, p. 85-86.
- ^ Pelling 2016, p. 22-23.
- ^ "The Chartist movement". parliament.uk. UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
- ISSN 0018-2648.
- ^ David, Mary. "Timeline: 1880–1914". www.unionhistory.info. London Metropolitan University. Archived from the original on 8 May 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
- ^ James, Paul; O'Brien, Robert (2007). Globalization and Economy, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour. London: Sage Publications. pp. ix–x. Archived from the original on 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
- ^ "The National Archives Learning Curve | Power, Politics and Protest | The Chartists". www.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2021-03-16. Retrieved 2021-03-29.
- TheGuardian.com. 15 July 2011. Archivedfrom the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.
- ISBN 0-06-064691-8, pg 202–203
Further reading
- Geary, Dick. "Socialism, Revolution and the European Labour Movement, 1848-1918." Historical Journal 15, no. 4 (1972): 794–803. online Archived 2022-04-06 at the Wayback Machine.
- Robert N. Stern, Daniel B. Cornfield, The U.S. labor movement:References and Resources, G.K. Hall & Co 1996
- John Hinshaw and Paul LeBlanc (ed.), U.S. labor in the twentieth century: studies in working-class struggles and insurgency, Amherst, NY: Humanity Books, 2000
- James, Paul; O'Brien, Robert (2007). Globalization and Economy, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour. London: Sage Publications. Archived from the original on 2020-09-23. Retrieved 2017-12-02.
- Philip Yale Nicholson, Labor's story in the United States, Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple Univ. Press 2004 (Series 'Labor in Crisis'), ISBN 978-1-59213-239-3
- Beverly Silver: Forces of Labor. Worker's Movements and Globalization since 1870, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-52077-0
- St. James Press Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide, St. James Press 2003 ISBN 1-55862-542-9
- Lenny Flank (ed), IWW: A Documentary History, Red and Black Publishers, St Petersburg, Florida, 2007. ISBN 978-0-9791813-5-1
- Tom Zaniello: Working Stiffs, Union Maids, Reds, and Riffraff: An Expanded Guide to Films about Labor (ILR Press books), Cornell University Press, revised and expanded edition 2003, ISBN 0-8014-4009-2
- Neither Washington Nor Stowe: Common Sense For The Working Vermonter, The Green Mountain Anarchist Collective, Catamount Tavern Press, 2004.
- ISBN 978-1604869569. Archived from the originalon 2019-06-08. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
External links
- The Canadian Museum of Civilization – Canadian Labour History, 1850–1999
- LabourStart: Trade union web portal
- LaborNet: Global online communication for a democratic, independent labour movement
- CEC: A Labour Resource Centre in India
- "Justice Thunders Condemnation" – a video history of labour legislation on YouTube