Maryse Condé
Maryse Condé | |
---|---|
Sorbonne Nouvelle | |
Notable works | Ségou (1984); The Gospel According to the New World (2023) |
Notable awards |
|
Spouse | Mamadou Condé[1] Richard Philcox[2] |
Maryse Condé (née Marise Liliane Appoline Boucolon;
Condé's writings explore the
Early life
Born in Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, on 11 February 1934,[9] she was the youngest of eight children. Her parents were among the first black instructors in Guadeloupe. Her mother, Jeanne Quidal (who was from Marie-Galante, which island would often feature in Condé's creative writing),[10] directed her own school for girls. Her father, Auguste Boucolon — previously an educator – founded the small bank "La Caisse Coopérative des prêts", which was later renamed "La Banque Antillaise."[11]
Condé's father, Auguste Boucolon, had two sons from his first marriage: Serge and Albert. Condé's three sisters were Ena, Jeanne, and Gillette, and her brothers were Auguste, Jean, René, and Guy.[11] Condé was born 11 years after Guy, when her mother was 43, and her father 63. Condé described herself as "the spoiled child", which she attributed to her parents' older age, as well as the age-gap between her and her siblings.[11]
Condé began writing at an early age. Before she was 12 years old, she had written a one-act, one-person play. The play was written as a gift for her mother's birthday.[11]
After having graduated from high school, Condé attended
Career
In 1958, Condé attended a rehearsal in Paris of Les Nègres/The Blacks by Jean Genet, where she met the Guinean actor Mamadou Condé.[11] In August 1958, she married Mamadou Condé.[11] They eventually had three children together before separating in 1969 (Condé already had one child from Haitian journalist Jean Dominique). By November 1959, the couple's relationship had already become strained, and Condé decided to go alone to the Ivory Coast, where she taught for a year in Bingerville.[11]
During her returns to Guinea for the holidays, she became politically conscious through a group of Marxist friends, who would influence her to move to Ghana.[11] It was for her a turbulent but formative time that she would later chronicle in her 2012 book La Vie sans fards (What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography), as in the recently independent West African countries she rubbed shoulders with the likes of Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Julius Nyerere and Maya Angelou.[12]
Between the years 1960 and 1972, she taught in Guinea, Ghana and Senegal.[6] While in Ghana, she edited a collection of francophone African literature, Anthologie de la literature africaine d'expression française (Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966).[13] However, she became disillusioned with being "witness to many contradictory events", and accusations against her of suspected subversive activity resulted in Condé's deportation from Ghana.[14]
After leaving West Africa, she worked in London as a
In 1981, she and Condé divorced, having long been separated. The following year, she married Richard Philcox, an Englishman and the English-language translator of most of her novels.[17]
She did not publish her first novel, Hérémakhonon, until she was nearly 40, as "[she] didn't have confidence in [herself] and did not dare present [her] writing to the outside world."[18] Her second novel, Une saison à Rihata, was published in 1981; however, Condé would not reach prominence as a contemporary Caribbean writer until the publication of her third novel, Ségou (1984).[6]
Following the success of
Condé taught at various universities, including the
She is the subject of the 2011 documentary film Maryse Condé, une voix singulière, directed by Jérôme Sesquin, which retraces her life.[23][24]
In 2011, Collège Maryse-Condé on the island of La Désirade was inaugurated in her honour.[16]
Death
Condé died in Apt, Vaucluse, southeastern France, on 2 April 2024, at the age of 90.[25][26]
Literary significance
Condé's novels explore racial, gender, and cultural issues in a variety of historical eras and locales, including the
Her first novel, Hérémakhonon (in the
Condé kept considerable distance from most Caribbean literary movements, such as Négritude and Creolité, and often focused on topics with strong feminist and political concerns. A radical activist in her work as well as in her personal life, Condé admitted: "I could not write anything... unless it has a certain political significance. I have nothing else to offer that remains important."[5]
Her 1995 novel Windward Heights is a reworking of Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), which Condé had first read at the age of 14. She had long wanted to create a work of her own around it, as an act of "homage". Condé's novel is set in Guadeloupe, and race and culture are featured as issues that divide people.[5] Reflecting on how she drew from her Caribbean background in writing this book, she said:
"To be part of so many worlds—part of the African world because of the African slaves, part of the European world because of the European education—is a kind of double entendre. You can use that in your own way and give sentences another meaning. I was so pleased when I was doing that work, because it was a game, a kind of perverse but joyful game."[5]
Condé's later writings include the autobiographical Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood (1999), a collection of essays about her childhood,
Who Slashed Celanire's Throat (2000) was inspired by a true story and uses a blend of
The 2017 translation by Richard Philcox of Condé's What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography was described by Noo Saro-Wiwa in a review for The Times Literary Supplement as "refreshingly frank ... an entertaining and occasionally humorous account of the twelve years the author spent in Africa during the late 1950s and 60s. ... and by the book's end the author concedes that she still doesn't know what Africa means to her – a brave admission in a world that hankers for defined narrative arcs."[36]
In 2018, Condé was awarded the New Academy Prize in Literature, established as a one-off alternative to the Nobel Prize in Literature (for which she was often considered a favourite but which was not awarded that year, as a consequence of a sexual abuse scandal among the award committee),[37] with the jury praising Condé as a "grand storyteller whose authorship belongs to world literature, describing the ravages of colonialism and the postcolonial chaos in a language which is both precise and overwhelming."[38]
In 2022, she was honoured as one of 12 Royal Society of Literature International Writers, alongside Anne Carson, Tsitsi Dangarembga, Cornelia Funke, Mary Gaitskill, Faïza Guène, Saidiya Hartman, Kim Hyesoon, Yōko Ogawa, Raja Shehadeh, Juan Gabriel Vásquez and Samar Yazbek.[39][40]
Condé's 2023 novel, The Gospel According to the New World, was longlisted for the International Booker Prize and, at the age of 86, she was the oldest writer ever to be longlisted for the prize.[41] The creation of the novel was by means of dictation to her husband and translator Richard Philcox, as she had a degenerative neurological disorder that made it difficult to speak and see.[42] Together, they were the first wife-and-husband author-translator team to be longlisted, and subsequently shortlisted,[43] for the award.[41][44][45]
Archives
Maryse Condé's literary archives (Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012) are held at Columbia University Libraries.[46]
Selected bibliography
Novels
Original publication | English publication | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Title | Year | Title | Translator | Year | Publisher | Notes/References |
Hérémakhonon | 1976 | Heremakhonon | Richard Philcox | 1982 | Three Continents Press
|
[47] |
Une saison à Rihata | 1981 | A Season in Rihata | 1988 | Heinemann | [48] | |
Ségou: les murailles de terre (lit: "Segu: The Earthen Wall") |
1984 | Segu | Barbara Bray | 1987 | Viking Press | [49][50] |
1988 | Ballantine Books | |||||
1998 | Penguin Books | |||||
Ségou: la terre en miettes (lit: "Segu: The Earth in Pieces") |
1985 | The Children of Segu | Linda Coverdale | 1989 | Viking Press | [51][52] |
1990 | Ballantine Books | |||||
Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem | 1986 | I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem | Richard Philcox | 1992, 2009 |
University of Virginia Press | [53][54] |
1994 | Ballantine Books | |||||
La Vie scélérate (lit: "The Wicked Life") |
1987 | Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean | Victoria Reiter | 1992 | Ballantine Books | [55][56] |
Traversée de la mangrove | 1989 | Crossing the Mangrove | Richard Philcox | 1995 | Anchor Books
|
[57][58][59] |
Les Derniers rois mages (lit: "The Last Magi") |
1992 | The Last of the African Kings | 1997 | University of Nebraska Press | [59][60] | |
La Colonie du nouveau monde (lit: "The New World Colony") |
1993 | — | — | — | — | [61] |
La Migration des cœurs (lit: "The Migration of Hearts") |
1995 | Windward Heights | Richard Philcox | 1998 | Soho Press | [62][63][64] |
Desirada | 1997 | Desirada | 2000 | Soho Press | [65][66] | |
Célanire cou-coupé (lit: "Slashed-Throat Célanire") |
2000 | Who Slashed Celanire's Throat? | 2004 | Atria Publishing Group | [67][68][69] | |
La Belle créole (lit: "The Beautiful Créole") |
2001 | The Belle Créole | Nicole Simek | 2020 | University of Virginia Press | [70][71] |
Histoire de la femme cannibale | 2003 | The Story of the Cannibal Woman | Richard Philcox | 2007 | Atria Publishing Group | [72][73][74] |
Les Belles ténébreuses (lit: "The Dark Beauties") |
2008 | — | — | — | — | [75] |
En attendant la montée des eaux | 2010 | Waiting for the Waters to Rise | Richard Philcox | 2021 | World Editions | [76][77] |
Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana | 2017 | The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana |
2020 | World Editions | [78][79] | |
L'Évangile du nouveau monde | 2021 | The Gospel According to the New World | 2023 | World Editions | [80][81] |
Plays
- An Tan Révolisyion,[82] published in 1991, first performed in Guadeloupe in 1989[83]
- Comédie d'Amour,[82] first performed in Paris in 1993[84][85]
- Dieu nous l'a donné,[82] published in 1972, first performed in Paris in 1973
- La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako,[82] published in 1973, first performed in 1974 in Gabon
- Le Morne de Massabielle,[82] first version staged in 1974 in Puteaux, France, later staged in English in New York as The Hills of Massabielle at the Ubu Repertory Theater (1991)[16]
- Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël (written in collaboration with José Jernidier),[86] first performed in Guadeloupe in 1987[87][88]
- Pension les Alizés,[82] published in 1988, first staged in Guadeloupe and subsequently staged in New York as Tropical Breeze Hotel (1995)[89]
- Comme deux frères (2007). Like Two Brothers.[90]
Criticism and other non-fiction
- "Three Female Writers in Modern Africa : Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot" (1972), Présence Africaine, 82:132–143.[91]
- Le profil d'une oeuvre, Hatier, 1978[13]
- La Civilisation du Bossale: Réflexions sur la littérature orale de la Guadeloupe et de la Martinique, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978[13][92]
- La Parole des femmes: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française., Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979[13][92]
- Entretiens avec Maryse Condé (1993). Conversations with Maryse Condé (1996). Interviews with Françoise Pfaff. English translation includes a new chapter based on a 1994 interview.[93][94][95]
- "The Role of the Writer" (1993), World Literature Today, 67(4): 697–699.[96]
- Le cœur à rire et à pleurer : souvenirs de mon enfance (1999). Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood, trans. Richard Philcox (2001).[97][98]
- "Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer" (2000), Yale French Studies 97: 151.[99]
- Victoire, les saveurs et les mots (2006). Victoire: My Mother's Mother, trans. Richard Philcox (2006).[100][101]
- La Vie sans fards (2012). What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography, trans. Richard Philcox (2017).[102][103]
- The Journey of a Caribbean Writer (2013). Collection of essays, trans. Richard Philcox.[104]
- Mets et merveilles (2015). Of Morsels and Marvels, trans. Richard Philcox (2015).[105][106]
As editor
- Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française. Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.[13][16]
- La Poésie antillaise. Paris: Nathan, 1977.[13][16]
- Le Roman antillais. Paris: Nathan, 1977.[13][16]
- Bouquet de voix pour Guy Tirolien (also contributor). Pointe-à-Pitre: Editions Jasor, 1990.[16]
- Caliban's Legacy, special issue of Callaloo on literature of Guadeloupe and Martinique, 1992.[16]
- L'Heritage de Caliban (co-editor), essays on Francophone Caribbean literature. Pointe-à-Pitre: Editions Jasor, 1992.[16]
- Penser la Créolité. Paris: Editions Karthala, 1995.[16]
Awards and honours
- 1986: Le Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme[107][108]
- 1987: Prix de l'Académie française (La vie scélérate)[109]
- 1988: Liberatur Prize (Ségou)[110][111]
- 1993: Puterbaugh Prize[112]
- 1997: Prix Carbet de la Caraibe (Desirada)[5][7]
- 1999: Marguerite Yourcenar Prize (Le coeur à rire et à pleurer)[7]
- 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award from New York University's Africana Studies program[7]
- 2001: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Government[7]
- 2005: Hurston & Wright Legacy Award (Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?)[113]
- 2007: Prix Tropiques de l'Agence française de développement (Victoire, les saveurs et les mots)[114][115]
- 2008: Trophée des Arts Afro-Caribéens for Les Belles Ténébreuses. Paris[16][116]
- 2009: Trophée des Arts Afro-Caribéens for Lifetime Achievement. Paris[16][116]
- 2010: Grand prix du roman métis (En attendant la montée des eaux)[117]
- 2018: New Academy Prize in Literature[31]
- 2020: PEN Translates award for Waiting for the Waters to Rise[118][119]
- 2021: Prix mondial Cino Del Duca[120]
- 2021: PEN Translates award from English PEN for The Gospel According to the New World[121]
- 2022: Royal Society of Literature International Writer[122][123]
See also
- Caribbean literature
- Postcolonial literature
- Negritude
References
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- ISBN 978-2-8111-0362-0. Archivedfrom the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ "Auteur: Maryse Condé -". Guadeloupe le Guide. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2024.
- ^ Steinmetz, Muriel (2 April 2024). "Mort de Maryse Condé, plusieurs vies de combat". L'Humanité (in French). Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ Mendes-Franco, Janine (3 April 2024). "Guadeloupe's Maryse Condé remembered as a fearless explorer of the complexities of Caribbean history and identity". Global Voices. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ISBN 978-1-80207-934-0. Archivedfrom the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
- ^ Marivat, Gladys (2 April 2024). "Maryse Condé, prolific Guadeloupean writer, dies aged 90". Le Monde. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- Washington Post. Associated Press. 1 November 2005.
- ^ Terriennes; Isabelle Mourgere (2 April 2024). "Maryse Condé : mort d'une autrice à l'oeuvre humaniste et universelle | TV5MONDE – Informations". information.tv5monde.com (in French). Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ "La semaine (du 14 au 20 avril)". Jeune Afrique. 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
- ^ a b Maryse Condé Archived 28 October 2023 at the Wayback Machine at Île en île.
- ^ "Maryse Condé, Grand prix du roman métis". Bibliobs (in French). 15 December 2010. Archived from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.
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- ^ Carpenter, Caroline (10 June 2020). "South Sudan title among PEN Translates award-winners". The Bookseller. Archived from the original on 24 May 2023. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
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Further reading
- Lee, Vanessa, Four Caribbean Women Playwrights: Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, Gerty Dambury and Suzanne Dracius (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021).
- Perisic, Alexandra. Precarious Crossings: Immigration, Neoliberalism, and the Atlantic (on Maryse Condé, Roberto Bolaño, Giannina Braschi, Caryl Phillips), 2019.
External links
- Finding aid to Maryse Condé papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
- French Guadeloupe writer Maryse Condé reading from her work in the Recording Laboratory, 24 September 1999 (Library of Congress).
- Works by Maryse Condé at Open Library
- Mekkawi, Mohamed. "Maryse Condé: Novelist, Playwright, Critic, Teacher: An Introductory Bio-bibliography". Washington, D.C.: Howard University Libraries, 1990 (rev. 1992).
- Petri Liukkonen. "Maryse Condé". Books and Writers.
- Présentation du Fonds Maryse Condé de la Médiathèque Caraïbe (laméca), ouvrages issus de la bibliothèque privée de Maryse Condé
- webGuinée – Maryse Condé
- Maryse Condé recorded for the Archive of Literature from the Hispanic Division at the Library of Congress, Washington, D.D., on 24 September 1999.
- Maryse Condé at IMDb
- Maryse Condé discography at Discogs
- Mason Street, "An Interview with Maryse Condé", The Thornfield Review, 31 July 2017.
- Leïla Slimani (translated by Kim Willsher), "'An extraordinary role model': Maryse Condé remembered by Leïla Slimani", The Guardian, 3 April 2024.