Max Planck
Max Karl Planck PhD, 1879) | |
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Known for | Quantum theory and See full List |
Spouses | Marie Merck
(m. 1887; died 1909)Marga von Hösslin (m. 1911) |
Children | 5 |
Awards |
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Scientific career | |
Fields | Physics |
Institutions |
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Thesis | Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the Second Principles of Mechanical Heat Theory) (1879) |
Doctoral advisor | |
Doctoral students | |
Other notable students | |
Signature | |
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Special relativity |
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Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck
Planck made many substantial contributions to theoretical physics, but his fame as a physicist rests primarily on his role as the originator of
Planck was twice president of the German scientific institution Kaiser Wilhelm Society. In 1948, it was renamed the Max Planck Society (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft) and nowadays includes 83 institutions representing a wide range of scientific directions.
Early life and education
Planck came from a traditional, intellectual family. His paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in
Planck was born in 1858 in
He was the sixth child in the family, though two of his siblings were from his father's first marriage. War was common during Planck's early years and among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Second Schleswig War in 1864.[6] In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school. There, his mathematical talents emerged early[9][10] and he later came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age 17.[11] This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics.
Planck was gifted when it came to music. He took singing lessons and played piano, organ and cello, and composed songs and operas. However, instead of music he chose to study physics.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Max_Planck_c1910_crop.jpg/220px-Max_Planck_c1910_crop.jpg)
Planck enrolled at the
In 1877, he went to the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin for a year of study with physicists Hermann von Helmholtz and Gustav Kirchhoff and mathematician Karl Weierstrass. He wrote that Helmholtz was never quite prepared, spoke slowly, miscalculated endlessly, and bored his listeners, while Kirchhoff spoke in carefully prepared lectures which were dry and monotonous. He soon became close friends with Helmholtz. While there he undertook a program of mostly self-study of Rudolf Clausius's writings, which led him to choose thermodynamics as his field.
In October 1878, Planck passed his qualifying exams and in February 1879 defended his dissertation Über den zweiten Hauptsatz der mechanischen Wärmetheorie (On the Second Law of Mechanical Heat Theory). He briefly taught mathematics and physics at his former school in Munich.
By the year 1880, Planck had obtained the two highest academic degrees offered in Europe. The first was a doctorate degree after he completed his paper detailing his research and theory of thermodynamics.[6] He then presented his thesis called Gleichgewichtszustände isotroper Körper in verschiedenen Temperaturen (Equilibrium states of isotropic bodies at different temperatures), which earned him a habilitation.
Career
With the completion of his habilitation thesis, Planck became an unpaid
In April 1885, the
In 1889, he was named the successor to Kirchhoff's position at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin[14] – presumably thanks to Helmholtz's intercession – and by 1892 became a full professor. In 1907 Planck was offered Ludwig Boltzmann's position in Vienna, but turned it down to stay in Berlin. During 1909, as a University of Berlin professor, he was invited to become the Ernest Kempton Adams Lecturer in Theoretical Physics at Columbia University in New York City. A series of his lectures were translated and co-published by Columbia University professor A. P. Wills.[15] He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914.[16] He retired from Berlin on 10 January 1926,[17] and was succeeded by Erwin Schrödinger.[18] He was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1926 and the American Philosophical Society in 1933.[19][20]
Professor at Berlin University
As a professor at the
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Max_Planck_Wirkungsquantums_20050815.jpg/220px-Max_Planck_Wirkungsquantums_20050815.jpg)
Planck started a six-semester course of lectures on theoretical physics, "dry, somewhat impersonal" according to Lise Meitner, "using no notes, never making mistakes, never faltering; the best lecturer I ever heard" according to an English participant, James R. Partington, who continues: "There were always many standing around the room. As the lecture-room was well heated and rather close, some of the listeners would from time to time drop to the floor, but this did not disturb the lecture." Planck did not establish an actual "school"; the number of his graduate students was only about 20, among them:
- 1897 Max Abraham (1875–1922)
- 1903 Max von Laue (1879–1960)
- 1904 Moritz Schlick (1882–1936)
- 1906 Walther Meissner (1882–1974)
- 1907 Fritz Reiche (1883–1960)
- 1912 Walter Schottky(1886–1976)
- 1914 Walther Bothe (1891–1957)[22]
Black-body radiation
In 1894, Planck turned his attention to the problem of black-body radiation. The problem had been stated by Kirchhoff in 1859: "how does the intensity of the electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body (a perfect absorber, also known as a cavity radiator) depend on the frequency of the radiation (i.e., the color of the light) and the temperature of the body?". The question had been explored experimentally, but no theoretical treatment had agreed with the experimentally observed evidence. Wilhelm Wien proposed Wien's law, which correctly predicted the behaviour at high frequencies, but failed at low frequencies. The Rayleigh–Jeans law, another approach to the problem, agreed with experimental results at low frequencies, but created what was later known as the "ultraviolet catastrophe" at high frequencies, as predicted by classical physics. However, contrary to many textbooks, this was not a motivation for Planck.[23]
Planck's first proposed solution to the problem in 1899 followed from what he called the "principle of elementary disorder", which allowed him to derive Wien's law from a number of assumptions about the
The central assumption behind his new derivation, presented to the DPG on 14 December 1900, was the supposition, now known as the Planck postulate, that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form, in other words, the energy could only be a multiple of an elementary unit:
where h is
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Max_Planck_Nobel_1918.jpg/220px-Max_Planck_Nobel_1918.jpg)
At first Planck considered that quantisation was only "a purely formal assumption ... actually I did not think much about it ..."; nowadays this assumption, incompatible with
Subsequently, Planck tried to grasp the meaning of energy quanta, but to no avail. "My unavailing attempts to somehow reintegrate the action quantum into classical theory extended over several years and caused me much trouble." Even several years later, other physicists such as
Max Born wrote about Planck: "He was, by nature, a conservative mind; he had nothing of the revolutionary and was thoroughly skeptical about speculations. Yet his belief in the compelling force of logical reasoning from facts was so strong that he did not flinch from announcing the most revolutionary idea which ever has shaken physics."[1]
Einstein and the theory of relativity
In 1905, the three epochal papers by
Einstein's hypothesis of light quanta (
In 1910, Einstein pointed out the anomalous behavior of
Meanwhile, Planck had been appointed dean of Berlin University, whereby it was possible for him to call Einstein to Berlin and establish a new professorship for him (1914). Soon the two scientists became close friends and met frequently to play music together.
First World War
At the onset of the
In 1915, when Italy was still a neutral power, Planck voted successfully for a scientific paper from Italy, which received a prize from the Prussian Academy of Sciences, where Planck was one of four permanent presidents.
Post-war and the Weimar Republic
In the turbulent post-war years, Planck, now the highest authority of German physics, issued the slogan "persevere and continue working" to his colleagues.
In October 1920, he and Fritz Haber established the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Organization of German Science), aimed at providing financial support for scientific research. A considerable portion of the money the organization would distribute was raised abroad.
Planck held leading positions at Berlin University, the Prussian Academy of Sciences, the German Physical Society, and the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (which became the Max Planck Society in 1948). During this time economic conditions in Germany were such that he was hardly able to conduct research. In 1926, Planck became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.[32]
During the interwar period, Planck became a member of the Deutsche Volks-Partei (German People's Party), the party of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Gustav Stresemann, which aspired to liberal aims for domestic policy and rather revisionistic aims for politics around the world.
Planck disagreed with the introduction of universal suffrage and later expressed the view that the Nazi dictatorship resulted from "the ascent of the rule of the crowds".[33]
Quantum mechanics
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nernst%2C_Einstein%2C_Planck%2C_Millikan%2C_Laue_in_1931.jpg/330px-Nernst%2C_Einstein%2C_Planck%2C_Millikan%2C_Laue_in_1931.jpg)
At the end of the 1920s, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, and Wolfgang Pauli had worked out the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, but it was rejected by Planck, and by Schrödinger, Laue, and Einstein as well. Planck expected that wave mechanics would soon render quantum theory – his own child – unnecessary. This was not to be the case, however. Further work only served to underscore the enduring central importance of quantum theory, even against his and Einstein's philosophical revulsions. Here Planck experienced the truth of his own earlier observation from his struggle with the older views during his younger years: "A new scientific truth does not triumph by convincing its opponents and making them see the light, but rather because its opponents eventually die, and a new generation grows up that is familiar with it."[34]
Nazi dictatorship and the Second World War
When the Nazis came to power in 1933, Planck was 74 years old. He witnessed many Jewish friends and colleagues expelled from their positions and humiliated, and hundreds of scientists emigrate from Nazi Germany. Again he tried to "persevere and continue working" and asked scientists who were considering emigration to remain in Germany. Nevertheless, he did help his nephew, the economist Hermann Kranold, to emigrate to London after his arrest.[35] He hoped the crisis would abate soon and the political situation would improve.
Otto Hahn asked Planck to gather well-known German professors in order to issue a public proclamation against the treatment of Jewish professors, but Planck replied, "If you are able to gather today 30 such gentlemen, then tomorrow 150 others will come and speak against it, because they are eager to take over the positions of the others."[36] Under Planck's leadership, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (KWG) avoided open conflict with the Nazi regime, except concerning the Jewish Fritz Haber. In May of 1933 Planck requested and received an interview with the recently appointed Chancellor of Germany Adolf Hitler to discuss the issue, telling him that the "forced immigration of Jews would kill German science and Jews could be good Germans," to which the chancellor replied "but we don't have anything against the Jews, only against communists." Planck was therefore unsuccessful, since this reply "took from him every basis for further negotiation,"[37] as to Hitler "the Jews are all Communists, and these are my enemies." In the following year, 1934, Haber died in exile.[38]
One year later, Planck, having been the president of the KWG since 1930, organized in a somewhat provocative style an official commemorative meeting for Haber. He also succeeded in secretly enabling a number of Jewish scientists to continue working in institutes of the KWG for several years. In 1936, his term as president of the KWG ended, and the Nazi government pressured him to refrain from seeking another term.
As the political climate in Germany gradually became more hostile, Johannes Stark, prominent exponent of the Deutsche Physik ("German Physics", also called "Aryan Physics") attacked Planck, Arnold Sommerfeld, and Heisenberg for continuing to teach the theories of Einstein, calling them "white Jews". The "Hauptamt Wissenschaft" (Nazi government office for science) started an investigation of Planck's ancestry, claiming that he was "1/16 Jewish", but Planck denied it.[39]
In 1938, Planck celebrated his 80th birthday. The DPG held a celebration, during which the Max-Planck medal (founded as the highest medal by the DPG in 1928) was awarded to French physicist Louis de Broglie. At the end of 1938, the Prussian Academy lost its remaining independence and was taken over by Nazis (Gleichschaltung). Planck protested by resigning his presidency. He continued to travel frequently, giving numerous public talks, such as his talk on Religion and Science, and five years later he was sufficiently fit to climb 3,000-metre peaks in the Alps.
During the
In 1944, Planck's son Erwin was arrested by the Gestapo following the attempted assassination of Hitler in the 20 July plot. He was tried and sentenced to death by the People's Court in October 1944. Erwin was hanged at Berlin's Plötzensee Prison in January 1945. The death of his son destroyed much of Planck's will to live.[40]
Personal life and death
In March 1887, Planck married Marie Merck (1861–1909), sister of a school fellow, and moved with her into a sublet apartment in Kiel. They had four children: Karl (1888–1916), the twins Emma (1889–1919) and Grete (1889–1917), and Erwin (1893–1945).
After living in the apartment in Berlin, the Planck family lived in a villa in Berlin-Grunewald, Wangenheimstrasse 21. Several other professors from
After several happy years, in July 1909 Marie Planck died, possibly from tuberculosis.
In March 1911 Planck married his second wife, Marga von Hoesslin (1882–1948); in December his fifth child Hermann was born.
During the
In January 1945,
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Stadtfriedhof_G%C3%B6ttingen_Max_Planck_Familie.jpg/220px-Stadtfriedhof_G%C3%B6ttingen_Max_Planck_Familie.jpg)
After World war II ended, Planck, his second wife, and their son were brought to a relative in Göttingen, where Planck died on October 4, 1947. He was buried in the old Stadtfriedhof (City Cemetery) in Göttingen.[42]
Religious views
Planck was a member of the
In "Religion und Naturwissenschaft", Planck expressed the view that God is present everywhere, and he held that "the holiness of the unintelligible Godhead is conveyed by the holiness of symbols." Atheists, he thought, attach too much importance to what are merely symbols. He was a churchwarden from 1920 until his death, and believed in an almighty, all-knowing, beneficent God (although not necessarily a personal one). Both science and religion wage a "tireless battle against skepticism and dogmatism, against unbelief and superstition" with the goal "toward God!"[44]
Planck said in 1944, "As a man who has devoted his whole life to the most clear headed science, to the study of matter, I can tell you as a result of my research about atoms this much: There is no matter as such. All matter originates and exists only by virtue of a force which brings the particle of an atom to vibration and holds this most minute solar system of the atom together. We must assume behind this force the existence of a conscious and intelligent spirit [orig. geist]. This spirit is the matrix of all matter."[46]
Planck argued that the concept of God is important to both religion and science, but in different ways: "Both religion and science require a belief in God. For believers, God is in the beginning, and for physicists He is at the end of all considerations … To the former He is the foundation, to the latter, the crown of the edifice of every generalized world view".[47]
Furthermore, Planck wrote,
..."to believe" means "to recognize as a truth", and the knowledge of nature, continually advancing on incontestably safe tracks, has made it utterly impossible for a person possessing some training in natural science to recognize as founded on truth the many reports of extraordinary occurrences contradicting the laws of nature, of miracles which are still commonly regarded as essential supports and confirmations of religious doctrines, and which formerly used to be accepted as facts pure and simple, without doubt or criticism. The belief in miracles must retreat step by step before relentlessly and reliably progressing science and we cannot doubt that sooner or later it must vanish completely.[48]
Noted historian of science
Publications
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Planck%2C_Max_%E2%80%93_Vorlesungen_%C3%BCber_die_Theorie_der_W%C3%A4rmestrahlung%2C_1906_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6567602.jpg/220px-Planck%2C_Max_%E2%80%93_Vorlesungen_%C3%BCber_die_Theorie_der_W%C3%A4rmestrahlung%2C_1906_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6567602.jpg)
- Planck, M. (1900a). "Über eine Verbesserung der Wienschen Spektralgleichung". LCCN 66029628.
- Planck, M. (1900b). "Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum". LCCN 66029628. Archived from the original(PDF) on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2014.
- Planck, M. (1900c). "Entropie und Temperatur strahlender Wärme" [Entropy and Temperature of Radiant Heat]. .
- Planck, M. (1900d). "Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge" [On Irreversible Radiation Processes]. .
- Planck, M. (1901). "Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspektrum". doi:10.1002/andp.19013090310. Translated in Ando, K. "On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum" (PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
- Planck, M. (1903). Treatise on Thermodynamics. Ogg, A. (transl.). London: Longmans, Green & Co. OL 7246691M.
- Planck, M. (1906). Vorlesungen über die Theorie der Wärmestrahlung. Leipzig: J.A. Barth. LCCN 07004527.
- Planck, M. (1914). The Theory of Heat Radiation. Masius, M. (transl.) (2nd ed.). P. Blakiston's Son & Co. OL 7154661M.
- Planck, M. (1915). Eight Lectures on Theoretical Physics. ISBN 0-486-69730-4.
- Planck, M. (1908). Prinzip der Erhaltung der Energie. Leipzig.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Planck, M. (1943). "Zur Geschichte der Auffindung des physikalischen Wirkungsquantums". S2CID 44899488.
See also
- List of things named after Max Planck
- German inventors and discoverers
- Photon polarization
- Statue of Max Planck
- Zero-point energy
References
- ^ .
- ^ "Planck's constant" Archived 15 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge Dictionary.
- ^ "Planck" Archived 26 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918 Archived 5 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 5 July 2011.
- ISBN 978-3-319-30845-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7565-4073-9.
- ^ Christoph Seidler, Gestatten, Marx Planck Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Spiegel Online, 24 April 2008
- ^ Press release Archived 18 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine of the Max Planck Society about Max Planck's name.
- ^ "Max Planck | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 8 May 2024.
- ISBN 978-0-19-021947-5.
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: Max Planck
- hdl:2027.42/163719.
- ^ Planck, Max (1897). Vorlesungen über Thermodynamik. Leipzig: Verlag Von Veit & Company. Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012. English translation: Planck, Max (1903). Treatise on Thermodynamics. London: Longmans, Green, and Company. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
Treatise on Thermodynamics.
- ^ "Max Planck – Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Prize Organisation. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
- ^ Jacques Hadamard (1915). Four lectures on mathematics: delivered at Columbia University in 1911. Columbia University Press. pp. 7–. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
- ^ "Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
- ^ "Max Planck – Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin". www.hu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- ^ "Erwin Schrödinger – Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin". www.hu-berlin.de. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
- ^ "Max Planck". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
- ^ Verband Deutscher Elektrotechniker; Elektrotechnischer Verein (Berlin, Germany) (1948). "ETZ: Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift: Ausg. A." ETZ: Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift (in German). 69 (A). VDE-Verlag., Snipped extract Archived 5 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Max Planck – The Mathematics Genealogy Project". www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu. Archived from the original on 8 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
- ^ a b For a solid approach to the complexity of Planck's intellectual motivations for the quantum, for his reluctant acceptance of its implications, see Helge Kragh, Max Planck: the reluctant revolutionary Archived 5 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Physics World. December 2000.
- ^ Egginton, William, The Rigor of Angels: Max Planck unleashed a revolution in physics, pages 52-54, Pantheon, Delancy Place, 2023
- ^ Kragh, Helge (1 December 2000), Max Planck: the reluctant revolutionary, PhysicsWorld.com
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1918". www.nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 9 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
- ^ Heilbron, 2000, page 8 Archived 17 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Einstein and the Quantum, A.Douglas Stone, Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford, chapter 9, Tripping the light heuristic, 2013.
- ISBN 978-1-62705-940-4.
- ^ Heilbron, 2000, p. 72 Archived 20 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-3-540-32663-2. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2016. Extract of page 31 Archived 20 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858–1947)". Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
- ISBN 978-3-527-40688-3. Archived from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2016., Chapter 7, p 90 Archived 20 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Quoted in Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1970 ed.): p. 150.
- ^ "Johanna Kranold Stein". Ithaca Journal. Legacy.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.
- ^ In a slightly different translation, Hahn remembers Planck saying: "If you bring together 30 such men today, then tomorrow 150 will come to denounce them because they want to take their places." This translated quote is found in: Heilbron, 2000, p. 150. Heilbron, at the end of the paragraph, on p. 151, cites the following references to Hahn’s writings: Otto Hahn Einige persönliche Erinnerungen an Max Planck MPG, Mitteilungen (1957) p. 244, and Otto Hahn My Life (Herder and Herder, 1970) p. 140.
- Bibcode:2022scox.book.....C.
- JSTOR 40222051.
- ^ Heilbron, 2000, p. 191 Archived 20 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck". Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
- ISBN 978-0-8133-3636-7. Archivedfrom the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
- ^ Max Planck's Grave at Göttingen, Germany, Youtube, archived from the original on 18 March 2016, retrieved 4 January 2016
- ^ Erich Dinkler, "Planck, Max", in Die Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Third Edition, Volume V, Tübingen (Germany), 1961, col. 404–405
- ^ a b The Religious Affiliation of Physicist Max Planck[usurped]. adherents.com. Retrieved on 5 July 2011.
- ^ The Life Max Planck Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine. encyclopedia.com. Retrieved on 7 March 2012.
- ^ "Das Wesen der Materie" [The Nature of Matter], speech at Florence, Italy (1944) (from Archiv zur Geschichte der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Abt. Va, Rep. 11 Planck, Nr. 1797)
- ^ "Religion and Natural Science" (Lecture Given 1937) Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers, trans. F. Gaynor (New York, 1949), pp. 184
- ^ Max Planck, Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers
- ISBN 978-0-674-00439-9.
On the other side, Church spokesmen could scarcely become enthusiastic about Planck's deism, which omitted all reference to established religions and had no more doctrinal content than Einstein's Judaism. It seemed useful therefore to paint the lily, to improve the lesson of Planck's life for the use of proselytizers and to associate the deanthropomorphizer of science with a belief in a traditional Godhead.
- ^ Heilbron, 2000, page 198 Archived 17 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine
Sources
- ISBN 978-0-452-28457-9
- ISBN 0-674-00439-6.
- ISBN 978-0-19-533611-5
- Medawar, Jean; Pyke, David (2012). Hitler's Gift: The True Story of the Scientists Expelled by the Nazi Regime (Paperback). New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61145-709-4.
- Rosenthal-Schneider, Ilse Reality and Scientific Truth: Discussions with Einstein, von Laue, and Planck (Wayne State University, 1980) ISBN 0-8143-1650-6
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png)
- Works by Max Planck at Project Gutenberg
- Works by Max Planck at Faded Page (Canada)
- Works by or about Max Planck at Internet Archive
- Works by Max Planck at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Annotated bibliography for Max Planck from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- Max Planck – Encyclopædia Britannica article
- Max Planck Biography – www.nobel-prize-winners.com
- Max Planck Institutes of Natural Science and Astrophysics
- Max Planck – Selbstdarstellung im Filmportrait (1942), [Cinematic self-portrait of Max Planck], Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1942
- Max Planck on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture, 2 June 1920 The Genesis and Present State of Development of the Quantum Theory
- Life–Work–Personality – Exhibition on the 50th anniversary of Planck's death
- Newspaper clippings about Max Planck in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW