Medan
Medan | ||
---|---|---|
Great Mosque of Medan | ||
City and provincial capital 2,494,512 (4th) | | |
• Urban | 3,632,000 (4th) | |
• Urban density | 7,598/km2 (19,680/sq mi) | |
• Metro | 4,744,323 (5th) | |
• Metro density | 1,675/km2 (4,340/sq mi) | |
Demonym(s) | Medanese Medanite | |
Demographics[6] | ||
• Ethnic groups | ||
• Religion | US$ 25,758 (PPP) | |
- Growth | 6.0% | |
HDI (2023) | 0.826 (26th) – very high | |
Website | pemkomedan |
Medan (/mɛˈdɑːn/ meh-DAHN, Indonesian: [mɛˈdan] ) is the capital and largest city of the Indonesian province of North Sumatra.[7] The nearby Strait of Malacca, Port of Belawan, and Kualanamu International Airport make Medan a regional hub and multicultural metropolis, acting as a financial centre for Sumatra and a gateway to the western part of Indonesia. About 60% of the economy in North Sumatra is backed by trading, agriculture, and processing industries,[8] including exports from its 4 million acres of palm oil plantations. The National Development Planning Agency listed Medan as one of the four main central cities in Indonesia, alongside Jakarta, Surabaya, and Makassar. In terms of population, it is the most populous city in Indonesia outside of the island of Java. Its population as of 2023 is approximately equal to the country of Moldova.[9][10]
As of the 2020 Census, Medan had a population of 2,435,252 within its city limits;[11][12] the official population estimate as of mid 2023 was 2,474,166 - comprising 1,231,673 males and 1,242,493.[3] When the surrounding urban area is included, the population is over 3.4 million, making it the fourth largest urban area in Indonesia.[13] The Medan metropolitan area—which includes neighbouring Binjai, Deli Serdang Regency, and a part of Karo Regency—is the largest metropolitan area outside of Java, with 4,744,323 residents counted in the 2020 Census.[14]
The city was founded at the confluence of the
Nomenclature
The term medan might be derived from a Batak Karo word madan (ᯔᯑᯉ᯳), which literally means 'healed', 'blessed', or 'recovered'.[15] The term is associated with the historical Karo Batak figure and founder of the city, Guru Patimpus, who was well-known as a "healer" or traditional doctor. The oldest evidence of this term used to refer to the city dates back to c. 13th-15th century era during the reign of Aru, the Karo monarch.[16]
There is also a popular theory that medan is of Malay origin, literally meaning 'field'. The term medan (مدان) in Malay might be derived from Malayalam maitānam (മൈതാനം, 'field'), which is cognate to the Tamil word maitāṉ-am (மைதானம், 'ground').[17]
History
Medan is located in what was once the Kingdom of Aru, founded by the Karo people and flourishing between the 13th and 16th centuries.[18] A number of archaeological sites survive near Medan, including Kota Rentang, a port settlement in the Hamparan Perak area;[19] Kota Cina, an ancient trading site in Medan Marelan;[20] and Benteng Putri Hijau, a fort ruin in Deli Tua.[21]
In the sixteenth century, Guru Patimpus Sembiring Pelawi, a Karonese man from the Karo Regency, converted from Pemena to Islam. While traveling to study under Datuk Kota Bangun, Guru Patimpus met and married the Princess of Pulo Brayan . Accompanied by their two sons, Kolok and Kecik, the couple founded Medan village between the Deli and Babura Rivers.[citation needed]
In 1632, the
Starting in the 1860s, Dutch authorities began to release new land for tobacco plantations. Said Abdullah Bilsagih, brother-in-law of the Deli Sultan Mahmud Perkasa Alam, persuaded Dutch tobacco merchant Jacob Nienhuys to move his business from Java to Deli. Dutch merchants Van der Falk and Elliot, and Chinese brothers Tjong Yong Hian and Tjong A Fie, were also pioneers of Deli's tobacco industry. In 1867, Nienhuys, Jannsen, P.W. Clemen, and Cremer founded De Deli Maatschappij; in 1869, they moved its head office from Labuhan Deli to Medan. This made Medan a centre of the tobacco trade, which continued to grow with the 1869 opening of the Suez Canal.
During the 1942
In October, Allied troops landed in
Medan continued to grow as a centre of commerce during the reign of Amaluddin Al Sani Perkasa Alamsyah . Developments of the 1970s, especially palm oil and rubber plantations, made Medan the busiest city outside Java, with the transmigration program bringing many Javanese and Batak migrants.
In May 1998, months of student demonstrations in Medan over the 1997 Asian financial crisis turned into riots when a student was killed in a clash with security forces. The next day, the mobs became bigger, and many shops and vehicles in the business district (mostly owned by Chinese residents) were burned and looted. As a result, a curfew was imposed for more than two weeks until peace returned.[26]
On 5 September 2005,
Geography
Medan is in the northeastern part of Sumatra island, in the province of North Sumatra. The city is a semi-enclave within Deli Serdang Regency, bordered by that regency on three sides and by the Strait of Malacca to the north. The natural harbor formed where the Deli and Babura rivers feed into the straits has contributed to Medan's growth as a trading port.[28]
Medan's elevation varies between 2.5 and 37.5 m (8 ft 2 in and 123 ft 0 in) above sea level, with the
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Medan features a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with no real dry season.[29] Its driest month (January) on average sees about one-third the precipitation of its wettest month (October), with a total annual precipitation of about 2,200 mm (87 in). Temperatures in the city average approximately 27 °C (81 °F) throughout the year.
Climate data for Medan (Kualanamu International Airport, 2000–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 35.0 (95.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
37.2 (99.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
37.2 (99.0) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.2 (88.2) |
31.9 (89.4) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
32.9 (91.2) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.4 (90.3) |
31.8 (89.2) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.1 (88.0) |
30.8 (87.4) |
32.1 (89.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.3 (81.1) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.3 (82.9) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.6 (83.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.9 (82.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.4 (74.1) |
23.4 (74.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.4 (75.9) |
24.0 (75.2) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.8 (74.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | 18.3 (64.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
17.2 (63.0) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.3 (64.9) |
18.8 (65.8) |
17.7 (63.9) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.3 (64.9) |
15.5 (59.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 120.1 (4.73) |
79.0 (3.11) |
121.6 (4.79) |
184.7 (7.27) |
207.8 (8.18) |
177.8 (7.00) |
201.9 (7.95) |
192.2 (7.57) |
301.9 (11.89) |
324.6 (12.78) |
212.1 (8.35) |
222.7 (8.77) |
2,346.4 (92.39) |
Average precipitation days | 9.7 | 6.3 | 8.0 | 9.3 | 12.2 | 8.9 | 10.5 | 12.4 | 16.7 | 17.8 | 15.2 | 13.1 | 140.1 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 129.6 | 141.0 | 153.1 | 131.2 | 134.8 | 157.9 | 153.9 | 143.9 | 123.1 | 116.3 | 104.8 | 98.1 | 1,587.7 |
Source 1: Meteomanz[30] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System (extremes)[31] WeatherOnline (sun, 2010–2019)[32] |
Governance
Mayor
Medan was governed by Abdillah from 2000 until 2008, when he and his vice mayor were caught by the Corruption Eradication Commission. Syamsul Arifin, the governor of North Sumatra Province, appointed Affifudin Lubis as acting mayor, followed by Rahudman Harahap after Lubis's 2009 resignation. Harahap resigned in order to run for office in the 2010 mayoral election, leaving Arifin himself to become acting mayor. In 2013, Harahap was also arrested for corruption, and his deputy Dzulmi Eldin became acting mayor.[33]
Dzulmi Eldin was elected mayor in 2016,[34] and served until his arrest for corruption in 2019. He was replaced by his vice mayor, Akhyar Nasution, who served until the end of his term in 2021.
The current mayor of Medan is Bobby Nasution, with vice mayor Aulia Rachman .[35]
Administrative divisions
Medan is divided into 21 districts (Indonesian: kecamatan), tabulated below with their areas and populations at the 2010 Census,[36] and the 2020 Census,[12] together with the official estimates as of mid-2023.[3] The table also includes the number of urban villages/neighbourhoods (Indonesian: kelurahan) in each district, and their postal codes.
Kode Wilayah |
Name of District (kecamatan) |
Area in km2 |
Pop'n Census 2010 |
Pop'n Census 2020 |
Pop'n Estimate mid 2023 |
No. of villages |
Postal codes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
12.71.07 | Medan Tuntungan | 25.16 | 80,942 | 97,249 | 100,132 | 9 | 20134-20141 |
12.71.11 | Medan Johor | 16.73 | 123,851 | 151,756 | 154,868 | 6 | 20142-20146 |
12.71.09 | Medan Amplas | 10.65 | 113,143 | 129,726 | 131,770 | 7 | 20147-20149, 20219 & 20229 |
12.71.04 | Medan Denai | 9.37 | 141,395 | 169,643 | 171,896 | 6 | 20226-20228 |
12.71.10 | Medan Area | 4.24 | 96,544 | 117,029 | 118,057 | 12 | 20211-20217 |
12.71.01 | Medan Kota | 5.75 | 72,580 | 84,666 | 84,778 | 12 | 20211-20219 |
12.71.15 | Medan Maimun | 3.02 | 39,581 | 49,231 | 49,708 | 6 | 20151-20159 |
12.71.16 | Medan Polonia | 8.77 | 52,794 | 59,915 | 60,679 | 5 | 20152-20157 |
12.71.17 | Medan Baru | 5.43 | 39,516 | 36,522 | 36,191 | 6 | 20153-20156 |
12.71.21 | Medan Selayang | 16.45 | 98,317 | 103,176 | 104,144 | 6 | 20131-20133 |
12.71.02 | Medan Sunggal | 13.26 | 112,744 | 129,063 | 133,273 | 6 | 20121-20128 |
12.71.03 | Medan Helvetia | 13.05 | 144,257 | 164,910 | 168,292 | 7 | 20123-20126 |
12.71.19 | Medan Petisah | 5.28 | 61,749 | 71,844 | 72,432 | 7 | 20112-20119 |
12.71.05 | Medan Barat | 6.34 | 70,771 | 88,602 | 89,248 | 6 | 20111-20117 |
12.71.20 | Medan Timur | 8.89 | 108,633 | 116,985 | 117,035 | 11 | 20231-20239 |
12.71.18 | Medan Perjuangan | 4.54 | 93,328 | 103,813 | 105,317 | 9 | 20232-20237 |
12.71.14 | Medan Tembung | 7.85 | 133,579 | 146,534 | 149,274 | 7 | 20221-20225 |
12.71.06 | Medan Deli | 18.83 | 166,793 | 189,321 | 191,743 | 6 | 20241-20244 |
12.71.13 | Medan Labuhan | 35.09 | 111,173 | 133,765 | 135,622 | 6 | 20251-20254, 20524 & 20525 |
12.71.12 | Medan Marelan | 30.03 | 140,414 | 182,515 | 189,469 | 5 | 20250-20256 |
12.71.08 | Medan Kota Belawan |
33.27 | 95,506 | 108,987 | 110,238 | 6 | 20411-20415 |
Totals | 281.99 | 2,097,610 | 2,435,252 | 2,474,166 | 151 |
The city centre consists of Medan Petisah, Medan Baru, Medan Polonia, Medan Maimun, Medan Kota, and Medan Barat (West Medan). Medan Labuhan is one of the largest districts by area (together with Medan Belawan and Medan Marelan) and lies in the northern part of the city. Medan Tuntungan serves as the gateway to
Demographics
Medan is Indonesia's largest city outside Java, and its fourth largest altogether (after Jakarta, Surabaya and Bandung). The population more than quadrupled in less than fifty years, growing from 568,000 in 1968[37] to 2.1 million in 2010. As of 2020, Medan had a population of 2,435,252 and the larger metropolitan area had a population of 4,756,863.
Administrative division |
Area in km2 |
Pop'n Census 2010 |
Pop'n Census 2020 |
Pop'n Estimate mid 2023 |
Pop'n density 2023 (/km2) |
Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medan (City) | 281.99 | 2,097,610 | 2,435,252 | 2,474,166 | 8,774 | [38] |
Binjai (City) | 90.45 | 246,154 | 291,842 | 303,272 | 3,353 | [38] |
Deli Serdang Regency | 2,497.72 | 1,790,431 | 1,931,441 | 2,018,164 | 808 | [38] |
Karo Regency (part) | 234.96 | 86,244 | 98,328 | 101,798 | 433 | [38] |
Greater Medan | 3,105.12 | 4,220,439 | 4,756,863 | 4,897,400 | 1,577 | [38] |
Ethnicities and languages
The dominant ethnic groups in Medan are
The
The large Javanese community in Medan is primarily composed of the descendants of people transported from Java in the 19th century to be employed as contract workers at various plantations in North Sumatra. For the most part, they speak the local dialect of Javanese.
The
Immigration from southern China to Deli began in the 16th century, and accelerated in the 19th and early 20th centuries as immigrants sought employment as planters and coolies. Medan is home to the largest
Minangkabau came to Medan since the late of the 19th century. Minangs migration surged from the 1960s to the 1980s, becoming 10.9% of the population and founding Padang restaurants throughout the city. Most Minangkabau people in Medan speak Minangkabau. They are mostly concentrated around the city centre, near Central Market (Pajak Sentral), Kota Matsum and Sukaramai.[40]
Many Acehnese sought sanctuary in Medan after the insurgency in Aceh in the late 1970s. They now own a number of Mie Aceh restaurants around the Setia Budi and Sunggal areas. Most speak Acehnese, and Gayonese is also common.
Medan also has a substantial
The different linguistic communities in Medan communicate in a slang called Bahasa Medan or Dialek Medan (Medanese slang). This dialect of Indonesian includes loanwords from the various local languages, especially Malay.
Religion
Most of Medan's inhabitants are
-
Al-Mashun Great Mosque (Muslim)
-
GPIB Immanuel, Medan (Protestant)
-
Maha Vihara Maitreya (Buddhist)
-
Sri Mariamman Temple (Hindu)
-
Gunung Timur Temple (Taoist)
-
Graha Maria Annai Velangkanni (Catholic)
-
Hirohara Jinja (formerly Shinto)
Economy
The Medan metropolitan area was recognized as an Indonesian National Strategic Region (
Medan's location makes it the main hub of international trade in western Indonesia, with exports going to
Medan is one of the major shopping centres of Indonesia, along with Jakarta, Bandung and Surabaya. Shopping malls in Medan include:
- Cambridge City Square
- Centre Point
- DeliPark Mall
- Focal Point
- Lippo Plaza Mall
- Manhattan Times Square
- Medan Mall
- Plaza Medan Fair
- Ringroad City Walks
- Sun Plaza
- Thamrin Plaza
Cuisine
Medan is known as "the culinary heaven of Indonesia" for its variety of ethnic cuisines and prominent street
The local cuisine in Medan comes from a variety of culinary traditions.
Tourism
Landmarks
Many examples of colonial Dutch architecture survive in Medan. Prominent instances include the old
The Sultan of Deli (whose position is now purely ceremonial) still lives in
Theme parks
Among Medan's tourist attractions are several
- HillPark GreenHill City[52]
- A relatively new theme park an hour from Medan.
- Pantai Cermin Themepark
- A water theme park located in Cermin Beach, Serdang Bedagai.
- Wonder Water World
- A water park in Medan itself, located in Central Business District Polonia.
- Hairos Water Park
- A water park located near Medan in Deli Serdang.
Museums
The North Sumatra Museum, located south of the city's centre, was formally opened in April 1982 by Daoed Joesoef , Minister of Education and Culture. The museum's collection centres around artefacts of North Sumatran ethnic groups.
The Bukit Barisan Museum is a military museum opened by Brigade General Leo Lopulisa on 21 June 1971. Located at 8 Jalan H. Zainul Arifin, the museum houses a number of historic weapons used in the 1958 revolt in North Sumatra, and displays paintings of the rebellion against the Netherlands.[53]
The Rahmat International Wildlife Museum & Gallery, which opened in 1999, is considered the city's outstanding taxidermy collection. It is located on Jalan Letjen S. Parman No.309.[54]
Transportation
Airport
The Kualanamu International Airport (KNO) opened on 25 July 2013 as a replacement for the Polonia Airport. Located 39 km (24 mi) from downtown Medan, it is Indonesia's first airport with a direct rail link to the city. The airport has a 224,298 m2 (2,414,324 sq ft) passenger terminal, and serves as a hub for Garuda Indonesia, Indonesia AirAsia, Lion Air, Susi Air and Wings Air,[55] with direct domestic flights to many major cities in Sumatra, as well as Java-international flights to locations abroad including Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Saudi Arabia, and Sri Lanka.
Seaport
The
The growth of northern Sumatra's rubber and palm oil plantations in the early twentieth century brought new developments to the port. Several major berthing facilities were built in the 1920s, and by 1938 the port handled the greatest cargo value of any in the Dutch East Indies. Trade volumes dropped substantially after Indonesian independence, but reached pre-independence levels again in the mid-1960s. A major restructuring in 1985 saw the construction of a container terminal; it almost immediately captured about one-fifth of Indonesia's containerized exports. Major products exported include rubber, palm oil, tea, and coffee.[57]
The current port has two terminals. The first, which handles passengers, offers ferry services to cities including Penang, Langkawi, Batam, Jakarta, and Surabaya. The second, Belawan International Container Terminal (BICT), is used for export and import services, and is one of the largest shipping industry ports in Indonesia.
Roads
Major roads through Medan include the
Railway
The largest train station in Medan is
Express trains run between Medan and cities including
An elevated railway over several rail lines around Medan avoids level crossings and reduces traffic congestion.[58]
Public transport
Both
While taxis exist, most locals use
Medan and its nearby urban areas have two
Trans Mebidang
Corridor | Origin–Destination |
---|---|
1 | Medan – Binjai |
2 | Medan – Lubuk Pakam |
Trans Metro Deli
Corridor | Origin–Destination |
---|---|
1 | Pinang Baris – Lapangan Merdeka |
2 | Amplas – Lapangan Merdeka |
3 | Belawan – Lapangan Merdeka |
4 | Medan Tuntungan – Lapangan Merdeka |
5 | Tembung – Lapangan Merdeka |
Media
Television
Medan's television stations include public and private national networks, as well as local channels.
- CNN Indonesia
- TVRI Sumatera Utara
- Indosiar
- MNCTV
- Trans TV
- ANtv
- GTV
- RCTI
- SCTV
- tvOne
- Magna TV HD
- Metro TV
- Trans7
- NET. – 43 UHF
- iNews – 45 UHF
- DAAI TV – 49 UHF
- RTV 53 UHF
- MYTV – 55 UHF
- Kompas TV – 59 UHF
- CTV Network – 61 UHF
Radio
Newspapers
Mimbar Umum is Medan's oldest newspaper. Other major newspapers based in Medan include
Literature
From the 1930s through the 1960s, Medan was the source of a major body of Indonesian literature, known as "Roman Medan". These books usually depicted local life in Medan and surrounding areas of Deli.
Several romance novel writers grew up in Medan, including Hamka, Joesoef Sou'yb , Tamar Djaja , Matu Mona , and A. Damhoeri .[59]
Sport
Medan also has a Wushu training centre, Jalan Plaju, and a basketball club, Angsapura Sania.
Healthcare
Medan has more than 30 registered hospitals, three public and the rest private.
- Pirngadi General Hospital
- Adam Malik General Hospital
- Haji General Hospital
- St. Elisabeth Hospital
- Martha Friska Hospital
- Columbia Asia Hospital
- Permata Bunda Hospital
- Murni Teguh Hospital
- Advent Hospital
- Siloam-Dhirga Surya Hospital
- Imelda Hospital
- Vina Estetica Hospital
- Stella Maris Hospital
- Putri Hijau Military Hospital
- Mitra Sejati General Hospital
- Bunda Thamrin Hospital
- Royal Prima Hospital
- Methodist Hospital
- Sumatra Eye Center
- Eshmun Hospital
Education
Elementary, middle, and high schools
Medan has more than 827 registered
.- Chandra Kumala School
- Cinta Budaya School (Chong Wen) (中文学校)
- Medan Independent School
- Methodist High School (2–3) Medan
- Nanyang Zhi Hui School (南洋之晖学校)
- Perguruan Santo Thomas Medan
- Prime One School
- Singapore Intercultural Schools Medan
- SMA Negeri 1 Medan (state-owned high school)
- SMA Negeri 2 Medan (state-owned high school)
- SMA Negeri 3 Medan (state-owned high school)
- SMA Negeri 4 Medan (state-owned high school)
- SMP Negeri 18 Medan (state-owned middle school)
- Sutomo School (1–2) (蘇東中學)[60]
- Telkom Vocational School (Medan)
- Yayasan Pendidikan Shafiatul Amaliyah
- Yayasan Pendidikan Harapan
- SMK Tritech Informatika Medan
Universities and Colleges
Medan's 72 registered universities,[61] academies, polytechnics, and colleges include:
- Dharmawangsa University
- HKBP Nommensen University
- IT&B Campus
- Medan State Polytechnic
- Medan Tourism Academy
- Mikroskil University
- Muhammadiyah University of North Sumatra
- Pelita Harapan University
- Prima University
- State University of Medan[62]
- STBA-PIA (亚洲-国际友好学院)
- STIE Eka Prasetya
- Universitas Darma Agung (UDA)
- Universitas Methodist Indonesia
- University of North Sumatra[63]
- University of Pembangunan Panca Budi
- Technology Institute of Medan
International relations
Consulates
Medan hosts several consulates and general consulates from foreign countries,[64] such as:
Twin towns – sister cities
- George Town, Penang Island, Malaysia (10 October 1984)[81]
- Ichikawa, Chiba Prefecture, Japan (4 November 1989)[82]
- Gwangju, South Jeolla Province, South Korea (24 September 1997)[83]
- Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States (30 October 2014)[85]
See also
References
- ^ "Medan Het Parijs van Sumatra, Medan Paris di Sumatra". Teknomuda (in Indonesian). 2 September 2017. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ "Medan, Sang Parijs van Sumatera". BatakPedia (in Indonesian). 7 January 2020. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
- ^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Medan Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1271)
- ^ "Demographia World Urban Areas, 16th Annual Edition" (PDF). February 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
- ^ "PU-net". perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
- ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik Sumatra Utara (2024). "Provinsi Sumatera Utara Dalam Angka 2024". Medan: Badan Pusat Statistik.
- S2CID 230551984.
Medan is the capital city of North Sumatra province.
- ^ "Medan Business: Top Sectors, Economies, Business Setup". 23 July 2021. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
- ^ "26. Z. Irian Jaya". bappenas.go.id (Word DOC) (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 5 July 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
- ISBN 9789797596194. Archivedfrom the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
- ^ "Jumlah Penduduk menurut Jenis Kelamin dan Kabupaten/Kota Sumatra Utara 2011–2016". Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatra Utara (in Indonesian). 3 October 2017. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
- ^ "Demographia World Urban Areas, 14th Annual Edition" (PDF). April 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
- ^ "PU-net". Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 18 May 2019.
- ^ Joustra, M. (1907). Karo-Bataksch Woordenboek [Karo Batak dictionary] (in Dutch).
- ^ Pelly, Usman; R., Ratna; Kardarmadja, M. Sunjata (1984). Sejarah sosial daerah Sumatra Utara, Kotamadya Medan [Sociohistory of North Sumatra, Medan Municipality] (in Indonesian). Indonesia: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
- ^ Meuraxa, Dada (1973). Sejarah kebudayaan suku-suku di Sumatera Utara [Cultural history of tribes in North Sumatra] (in Indonesian). Indonesia: Sasterawan.
- ISBN 978-1-4438-0784-5. Archivedfrom the original on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- ^ Juraidi (23 August 2008). "Menelusuri Jejak Kerajaan Aru". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
- ^ "Museum Kota Cina, Situs Awal Perdagangan Penting di Pantai Timur Sumatera Abad XI". SeMedan.com (in Indonesian). 3 January 2016. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
- ^ Repelita Wahyu Oetomo (8 June 2014). "Benteng Putri Hijau Berdasarkan Data Sejarah dan Arkeologi" (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
- ^ OCLC 673871439.
- ISBN 978-9971-69-637-5
- (PDF) from the original on 30 October 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ISBN 0-8014-9108-8. Archivedfrom the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
- Aviation Safety Network.
- ^ Usman Pelly, Sejarah Kota Madya Medan, 1950–1979; Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan R.I., Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, 1985
- ^ "Medan, Indonesia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Archived from the original on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
- ^ "SYNOP/BUFR observations. Data by months". Meteomanz. Retrieved 22 March 2024.
- ^ Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System. "INDONESIA – POLONIA". www.globalbioclimatics.org. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
- ^ "Total Hours of Sunshine – Medan – Climate Robot Indonesia". www.weatheronline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
- ^ "KPK Arrests Mandailing Natal Mayor for Alleged Bribery". Archived from the original on 1 March 2014.
- ^ "Eldin-Akhyar confirm their victory of Medan city election". Archived from the original on 28 June 2017.
- ^ "Gubsu Lantik Wali Kota Medan dan Wakil Wali Kota Medan Periode 2021–2024". pemkomedan.go.id. Retrieved 22 November 2022.
- ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
- ^ Ensiklopedi Umum, Penerbitan Jajasan Kanisius, 1973
- ^ a b c d e "Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi Sumatera Utara". sumut.bps.go.id. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
- ^ a b Leo Suryadinata, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, Aris Ananta, Indonesia's Population: ethnicity and religion in a changing political landscape, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003.
- ^ Usman Pelly, Urbanisasi dan Adaptasi: Peranan Misi Budaya Minangkabau dan Mandailing, LP3ES, 1994
- ^ "Sensus Penduduk 2019: Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut – Kota Medan". Badan Pusat Statistik (in Indonesian). Badan Pusat Statistik. 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
- ^ "Dibeli Pemprov Sumut, Medan Club Sudah Ditetapkan Sebagai Cagar Budaya oleh Pemko Medan". Tribun-medan.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 17 April 2024.
- ^ "スマトラ.メダンにある日本の歴史遺産 紘原神社 - 「老人タイムス」私説". goo blog (in Japanese). Retrieved 17 April 2024.
- ISBN 978-4-336-06342-7. Archived from the originalon 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
- ^ https://www.rdi.or.id/storage/files/publication/84.pdf Medan City: Development and Governance under the Decentralisation Era
- ^ "Kantor Asian Agri". Asian Agri Official Website. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "London Sumatra: About Company". LONSUM Official Website. 18 February 2020. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Hubungi Kami – Musim Mas". Musim Mas Official Website. 1 January 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ Analysis (2015). "Transport infrastructure a key part of Medan's development plans". Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
- ^ "Medan: Entry Point to North Sumatra". Indonesia.travel. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
- ^ "Medan Urban development by planters and entrepreneurs" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
- ^ "HillPark Theme Park GreenHill Sibolangit Review". Medanku. 10 June 2008. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
- ^ "North Sumatra Museum". Indonesia Tourism. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
- ^ Gunawan, Apriadi (30 March 2011). "A glimpse of wildlife in Medan museum". The Jakarta Post. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
- ^ "All systems go for Medan". TTGmice. Archived from the original on 5 February 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
- ^ "Belawan". britannica. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
- ^ "Port of Medan/Belawan". seaport.homestad. Archived from the original on 20 May 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
- ^ Siregar, Wahyudi Aulia (13 July 2017). "Semester II-2019, Jalur Layang Kereta Api di Medan Beroperasi : Okezone Economy". Okezone (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ Koko Hendri Lubis, Roman Medan: Sebuah Kota Membangun Harapan, PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2018
- ^ "3 Best High Schools for recommendation in Medan". Kabar Lampung. 10 February 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Top Universities in North Sumatra". UniRank. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "State University of Medan". Top Universities. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Universitas Sumatera Utara". Top Universities. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Kedutaan Besar dan Konsulat Asing". Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Australian Consulate Medan". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Honorary Consulate of Belgium in Medan". Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "The Danish consulates in Indonesia (Medan)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Denmark). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Konsul Kehormatan Republik Federal Jerman di Medan/Sumatera-Utara". Ministry for Foreign Affairs (East Germany). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Consulate General of India, Medan". Ministry of External Affairs (India). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Konsulat Jenderal Jepang di Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Netherlands Honorary Consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Norwegian consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norway). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Poland Honorary Consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Consulate-General of the Republic of Singapore in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Singapore). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Royal Thai Honorary Consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Thailand). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Turkish Honorary Consulate in Medan". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey). Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Konsulat AS di Medan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
- ^ "Medan Menjalin Hubungan Kota Kembar Keempat". Archived from the original on 23 April 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
- ISBN 978-0-7735-7618-6.
- ^ "A Sight-seeing Guide to Ichikawa City's International Exchanges" (PDF). city.ichikawa.lg.jp. Ichikawa. November 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- ^ "Sister Cities". gwangju.go.kr. Gwangju. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
- ^ "Chengdu Sister and partner cities". Archived from the original on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
- ^ "City will host Indonesian sister city signing ceremony Thursday" (online magazine, press release). onMilwaukee.com. 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
External links
- Media related to Medan at Wikimedia Commons
- Medan travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Medan at Wikinews
- The dictionary definition of Medan at Wiktionary
- Geographic data related to Medan at OpenStreetMap
- Official Government website (in Indonesian)
- Medanesia – Medan Forum (in Indonesian)