Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
Lord Temporal | |
---|---|
Hereditary peerage 13 June 1946 – 27 August 1979 | |
Preceded by | Peerage established |
Succeeded by | The 2nd Countess Mountbatten of Burma |
Personal details | |
Born | Prince Louis of Battenberg 25 June 1900 Assassination |
Resting place | Romsey Abbey |
Spouse |
Edwina Ashley (m. 1922; died 1960) |
Children |
|
Military service | |
Allegiance | United Kingdom |
Branch/service | Royal Navy |
Years of service | 1913–1965 |
Rank | Admiral of the Fleet |
Commands | See list
|
Battles/wars |
|
Awards | See list |
Mountbatten attended the
Following the outbreak of the Second World War, Mountbatten commanded the destroyer
In February 1947, Mountbatten was appointed Viceroy and Governor-General of India and oversaw the
In August 1979, Mountbatten was assassinated by a bomb planted aboard his fishing boat in Mullaghmore, County Sligo, Ireland, by members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army. He received a ceremonial funeral at Westminster Abbey and was buried in Romsey Abbey in Hampshire.
Early life
Mountbatten, then named Prince Louis of
Mountbatten was baptised in the large drawing room of Frogmore House on 17 July 1900 by the Dean of Windsor, Philip Eliot. His godparents were Queen Victoria (his maternal great-grandmother), Nicholas II of Russia (his maternal uncle through marriage and paternal second cousin, represented by the child's father) and Prince Francis Joseph of Battenberg (his paternal uncle, represented by Lord Edward Clinton).[5] He wore the original 1841 royal christening gown at the ceremony.[5]
Mountbatten's nickname among family and friends was "Dickie"; however "Richard" was not among his given names. This was because his great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, had suggested the nickname of "Nicky", but to avoid confusion with the many Nickys of the Russian Imperial Family ("Nicky" was particularly used to refer to Nicholas II, the last Tsar), "Nicky" was changed to "Dickie".[6]
Mountbatten was educated at home for the first 10 years of his life; he was then sent to Lockers Park School in Hertfordshire[7] and on to the Royal Naval College, Osborne, in May 1913.[8]
Mountbatten's mother's younger sister was
Mountbatten adopted his surname as a result of
First World War
At the age of 16, Mountbatten was posted as
While still an acting-
Interwar period
Mountbatten was posted to the battlecruiser HMS Renown in March 1920 and accompanied Edward, Prince of Wales, on a royal tour of Australia in her.[11] He was promoted lieutenant on 15 April 1920.[16] HMS Renown returned to Portsmouth on 11 October 1920.[17] Early in 1921 Royal Navy personnel were used for civil defence duties as serious industrial unrest seemed imminent. Mountbatten had to command a platoon of stokers, many of whom had never handled a rifle before, in Northern England.[17] He transferred to the battlecruiser HMS Repulse in March 1921 and accompanied the Prince of Wales on a Royal tour of India and Japan.[11][18] Edward and Mountbatten formed a close friendship during the trip.[11] Mountbatten survived the deep defence cuts known as the Geddes Axe. Fifty-two percent of the officers of his year had had to leave the Royal Navy by the end of 1923; although he was highly regarded by his superiors, it was rumoured that wealthy and well-connected officers were more likely to be retained.[19] Mountbatten was posted to the battleship HMS Revenge in the Mediterranean Fleet in January 1923.[11]
Pursuing his interests in technological development and gadgetry, Mountbatten joined the Portsmouth Signals School in August 1924 and then went on briefly to study electronics at the
In 1934, Mountbatten was appointed to his first command – the destroyer
Within the Admiralty, Mountbatten was called "The Master of Disaster" for his penchant of getting into messes.[29][30]
Second World War
When war broke out in September 1939, Mountbatten became Captain (D) (commander) of the
On the night of 9–10 May 1940, Kelly was torpedoed amidships by a German E-boat S 31 off the Dutch coast, and Mountbatten thereafter commanded the 5th Destroyer Flotilla from the destroyer HMS Javelin.[28] On 29 November 1940 the 5th Flotilla engaged three German destroyers off Lizard Point, Cornwall. Mountbatten turned to port to match a German course change. This was "a rather disastrous move as the directors swung off and lost target"[31] and it resulted in Javelin being struck by two torpedoes. He rejoined Kelly in December 1940, by which time the torpedo damage had been repaired.[28]
Kelly was sunk by German
In August 1941, Mountbatten was appointed captain of the aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious which lay in Norfolk, Virginia, for repairs following action at Malta in January.[32] During this period of relative inactivity, he paid a flying visit to Pearl Harbor, three months before the Japanese attack on it. Mountbatten, appalled at the US naval base's lack of preparedness, drawing on Japan's history of launching wars with surprise attacks as well as the successful British surprise attack at the Battle of Taranto which had effectively knocked Italy's fleet out of the war, and the sheer effectiveness of aircraft against warships, accurately predicted that the US would enter the war after a Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor.[32][37]
Mountbatten was a favourite of
His duties in this role included inventing new technical aids to assist with opposed landings.[25] Noteworthy technical achievements of Mountbatten and his staff include the construction of "PLUTO", an underwater oil pipeline to Normandy, an artificial Mulberry harbour constructed of concrete caissons and sunken ships, and the development of tank-landing ships.[25] Another project Mountbatten proposed to Churchill was Project Habakkuk. It was to be an unsinkable 600-metre aircraft carrier made from reinforced ice ("Pykrete"): Habakkuk was never carried out due to its enormous cost.[25]
As commander of Combined Operations, Mountbatten and his staff planned the highly successful
On 18 March 1942, he was promoted to the
Mountbatten claimed that the lessons learned from the Dieppe Raid were necessary for planning the Normandy invasion on
SEAC and Burma campaign
In August 1943, Churchill appointed Mountbatten the Supreme Allied Commander
British interpreter
During his time as Supreme Allied Commander of the Southeast Asia Theatre, his command oversaw the
Following the war, Mountbatten was known to have largely shunned the Japanese for the rest of his life out of respect for his men killed during the war and, as per his will, Japan was not invited to send diplomatic representatives to his funeral in 1979, though he did meet Emperor Hirohito during his state visit to Britain in 1971, reportedly at the urging of the Queen.[54]
Viceroy of India
Mountbatten's experience in the region and in particular his perceived
Mountbatten arrived in India on 22 March by air, from
Mountbatten was fond of
Given the British government's recommendations to grant independence quickly, Mountbatten concluded that a united India was an unachievable goal and resigned himself to a plan for partition, creating the independent nations of India and Pakistan.[25] Mountbatten set a date for the transfer of power from the British to the Indians, arguing that a fixed timeline would convince Indians of his and the British government's sincerity in working towards a swift and efficient independence, excluding all possibilities of stalling the process.[65]
Among the Indian leaders,
Mountbatten brought forward the date of the partition from June 1948 to 15 August 1947.
Independence of India and Pakistan
When India and Pakistan attained independence at midnight of 14–15 August 1947, Mountbatten was alone in his study at the Viceroy's house saying to himself just before the clock struck midnight that for still a few minutes, he was the most powerful man on Earth. At 12 am, as a last act of showmanship, he created Joan Falkiner, the Australian wife of the Nawab of Palanpur, a highness, an act that was apparently one of his favourite duties that was annulled at the stroke of midnight.[75]
Notwithstanding the self-promotion of his own part in Indian independence – notably in the television series The Life and Times of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Mountbatten of Burma, produced by his son-in-law Lord Brabourne, and Freedom at Midnight by Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins (of which he was the main quoted source) – his record is seen as very mixed. One common view is that he hastened the process of independence unduly and recklessly, foreseeing vast disruption and loss of life and not wanting this to occur on his watch, but thereby actually helping it to occur (albeit in an indirect manner), especially in Punjab and Bengal.[76] John Kenneth Galbraith, the Canadian-American Harvard University economist, who advised governments of India during the 1950s and was an intimate of Nehru who served as the American ambassador from 1961 to 1963, was a particularly harsh critic of Mountbatten in this regard.[77] However, another view is that the British were forced to expedite the partition process to avoid involvement in a potential civil war with law and order having already broken down and Britain with limited resources after the Second World War.[78][79] According to historian Lawrence James, Mountbatten was left with no other option but to cut and run, with the alternative being involvement in a potential civil war that would be difficult to get out of.[78]
The creation of Pakistan was never emotionally accepted by many British leaders, among them Mountbatten.
Governor-general of India
Mountbatten became the first Governor-General of independent India on 15 August 1947 upon the request of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. The Life magazine noted on his reception in India that, "The people gathered in the streets to cheer Mountbatten as no European had ever been cheered before."[84]
During his reign as governor-general until 21 June 1948, he played a significant role in the
After his tenure as Governor-General concluded, Mountbatten continued to enjoy close relations with Nehru and the post-Independence Indian leadership, and was welcomed as a former governor-general of India on subsequent visits to the country, including during an official trip in March 1956. The Pakistani government, by contrast, lacked a positive view of Mountbatten for his perceived hostile attitude towards Pakistan and deemed him Persona non grata, barring him from transiting their airspace during the same visit.[89]
Later career
After India, Mountbatten served as commander of the
Mountbatten served his final posting at the Admiralty as
In the Suez Crisis of 1956, Mountbatten strongly advised his old friend Prime Minister Anthony Eden against the Conservative government's plans to seize the Suez Canal in conjunction with France and Israel. He argued that such a move would destabilize the Middle East, undermine the authority of the United Nations, divide the Commonwealth and diminish Britain's global standing. His advice was not taken. Eden insisted that Mountbatten not resign. Instead, he worked hard to prepare the Royal Navy for war with characteristic professionalism and thoroughness.[95][96][97]
Despite his military rank, Mountbatten was ignorant as to the physics involved in a nuclear explosion and had to be reassured that the fission reactions from the
After leaving the Admiralty, Mountbatten took the position of
Mountbatten was appointed
Mountbatten was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society[25] and had received an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1968.[106]
In 1969, Mountbatten tried unsuccessfully to persuade his second cousin, the Spanish pretender
From 1967 until 1978, Mountbatten was president of the
Mountbatten also helped to launch the International Baccalaureate; in 1971 he presented the first IB diplomas in the Greek Theatre of the International School of Geneva, Switzerland.[109][110][111]
In 1975 Mountbatten finally visited the
Alleged plots against Harold Wilson
In 2006, the BBC documentary The Plot Against Harold Wilson alleged that there had been another plot involving Mountbatten to oust Wilson during his second term in office (1974–1976). The period was characterised by high inflation, increasing unemployment, and widespread industrial unrest. The alleged plot revolved around right-wing former military figures who were supposedly building private armies to counter the perceived threat from trade unions and the Soviet Union. They believed that the
The first official history of MI5, The Defence of the Realm (2009), implied that there was a plot against Wilson and that MI5 did have a file on him. Yet it also made clear that the plot was in no way official and that any activity centred on a small group of discontented officers. This much had already been confirmed by former cabinet secretary Lord Hunt, who concluded in a secret inquiry conducted in 1996 that "there is absolutely no doubt at all that a few, a very few, malcontents in MI5 ... a lot of them like Peter Wright who were right-wing, malicious and had serious personal grudges – gave vent to these and spread damaging malicious stories about that Labour government."[116]
Personal life
Marriage
Mountbatten was married on 18 July 1922 to
Mountbatten admitted: "Edwina and I spent all our married lives getting into other people's beds."[119] He maintained an affair for several years with Yola Letellier,[120] the wife of Henri Letellier, publisher of Le Journal and mayor of Deauville (1925–28).[121] Yola Letellier's life story was the inspiration for Colette's novel Gigi.[120]
After Edwina died in 1960, Mountbatten was involved in relationships with young women, according to his daughter Patricia, his secretary John Barratt, his valet Bill Evans, and William Stadiem, an employee of Madame Claude.[122] He had a long-running affair with American actress Shirley MacLaine, whom he met in the 1960s.[123]
Sexuality
In 2019, Ron Perks, Mountbatten's driver in Malta in 1948, alleged that he used to visit the Red House, an upmarket gay brothel in Rabat used by naval officers.[124] Andrew Lownie, a fellow of the Royal Historical Society, wrote that the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) maintained files regarding Mountbatten's alleged homosexuality.[125] Lownie also interviewed several young men who claimed to have been in a relationship with Mountbatten. John Barratt, Mountbatten's personal and private secretary for 20 years,[126] has said Mountbatten was not a homosexual, and that it would have been impossible for such a fact to have been hidden from him.[122]
In 2019, files became public showing that the FBI knew in the 1940s of allegations that Mountbatten was homosexual and a
In October 2022 Arthur Smyth, a former resident of Kincora, waived his anonymity to make allegations of child abuse against Mountbatten.[134] The allegations are part of a civil case against state authorities responsible for the care of children in Kincora.[134]
Daughter as heir
Lord and Lady Mountbatten had two daughters:
Since Mountbatten had no sons when he was created Viscount Mountbatten of Burma, of Romsey in the County of Southampton on 27 August 1946
Leisure interests
Mountbatten was passionate about genealogy, an interest he shared with other European royalty and nobility; according to Ziegler, he spent a great deal of his leisure time in studying his links with European royal houses.[138] From 1957 until his death, Lord Mountbatten was Patron of the Cambridge University Heraldic and Genealogical Society.[139] He was equally passionate about orders, decorations and military ranks and uniforms, though he himself considered this interest to be a sign of vanity and constantly tried to distance himself from it, with limited success.[140] Over the course of his career, he consistently attempted to secure as many orders and decorations as possible.[141] Particular about details of dress, Mountbatten took an interest in fashion design, introducing trouser zips, a tail-coat with broad, high lapels and a "buttonless waistcoat" that could be pulled on over the head.[142] In 1949, having by then relinquished the office of Governor-General of India but retaining a keen interest in Indian affairs, he designed new flags, insignia, and details of uniforms for the Indian Armed Forces ahead of the transition from British dominion to republic; many of his designs were implemented and remain in use.[143]
Like many members of the royal family, Mountbatten was an aficionado of polo. Mountbatten introduced the sport to the Royal Navy in the 1920s and wrote a book on the subject.[6] He received US patent 1,993,334 in 1931 for a polo stick.[144] He also served as Commodore of Emsworth Sailing Club in Hampshire from 1931.[145] He was a long-serving Patron of the Society for Nautical Research (1951–1979).[146] Apart from official documents, Mountbatten was not much of a reader, though he liked P. G. Wodehouse's books. He enjoyed the cinema; his favourite stars were Fred Astaire, Rita Hayworth, Grace Kelly and Shirley MacLaine. In general, however, he had a limited interest in the arts.[140]
Mentorship of King Charles III
Mountbatten was a strong influence in the upbringing of his great-nephew, the future
Mountbatten's qualification for offering advice to this particular heir to the throne was unique; it was he who had arranged the visit of
In 1974, Mountbatten began corresponding with Charles about a potential marriage to his granddaughter,
In February 1975, Charles visited New Delhi to play polo and was shown around Rashtrapati Bhavan, the former Viceroy's House, by Mountbatten.[152]
Four years later, Mountbatten secured an invitation for himself and Amanda to accompany Charles on his planned 1980 tour of India.[151] Their fathers promptly objected. Prince Philip thought that the Indian public's reception would more likely reflect their response to the uncle than to the nephew. Lord Brabourne counselled that the intense scrutiny of the press would be more likely to drive Mountbatten's godson and granddaughter apart than together.[151]
Charles was rescheduled to tour India alone, but Mountbatten did not live to the planned date of departure. When Charles finally did propose marriage to Amanda later in 1979, the circumstances were changed and she refused him.[151]
Television appearances
On 27 April 1977, shortly before his 77th birthday, Mountbatten became the first member of the Royal Family to appear on the TV guest show
Assassination
Mountbatten usually holidayed at his summer home,
On 27 August 1979, Mountbatten went
Also aboard the boat were his elder daughter Patricia, Lady Brabourne; her husband Lord Brabourne; their twin sons Nicholas and Timothy Knatchbull; Lord Brabourne's mother Doreen, Dowager Lady Brabourne; and Paul Maxwell, a young crew member from Enniskillen in County Fermanagh.[160] Nicholas (aged 14) and Paul (aged 15) were killed by the blast and the others were seriously injured.[161] Doreen, Dowager Lady Brabourne (aged 83), died from her injuries the following day.[93]
The attack triggered outrage and condemnation around the world. Mountbatten's murder shocked many Irish-Americans, my parents included, because they remembered him for the role he played in defeating the Axis. "It was quite sad because being in America, you were familiar with Lord Mountbatten because of World War II," my mother recalled. "It was a very sad time." But my father didn't give in to despair. "That didn't show down [my father] one bit. It more or less gave him more energy," my mother said.[165]
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said:
His death leaves a gap that can never be filled. The British people give thanks for his life and grieve at his passing.[168]
George Colley, the Tánaiste (Deputy head of the Government of Ireland), said:
No effort will be spared to bring those responsible to justice. It is understood that subversives have claimed responsibility for the explosion. Assuming that police investigations substantiate the claim, I know that the Irish people will join me in condemning this heartless and terrible outrage.[168]
The IRA issued a statement afterward, saying:
The IRA claim responsibility for the execution of Lord Louis Mountbatten. This operation is one of the discriminate ways we can bring to the attention of the English people the continuing occupation of our country. ... The death of Mountbatten and the tributes paid to him will be seen in sharp contrast to the apathy of the British Government and the English people to the deaths of over three hundred British soldiers, and the deaths of Irish men, women, and children at the hands of their forces.[155][169]
Six weeks later,[170] Sinn Féin vice-president Gerry Adams said of Mountbatten's death:
The IRA gave clear reasons for the execution. I think it is unfortunate that anyone has to be killed, but the furor created by Mountbatten's death showed up the hypocritical attitude of the media establishment. As a member of the House of Lords, Mountbatten was an emotional figure in both British and Irish politics. What the IRA did to him is what Mountbatten had been doing all his life to other people; and with his war record I don't think he could have objected to dying in what was clearly a war situation. He knew the danger involved in coming to this country. In my opinion, the IRA achieved its objective: people started paying attention to what was happening in Ireland.[170]
Indian prime minister Charan Singh remarked:
Here in India, he will be remembered as a Viceroy and a Governor General who at the time of India's Independence gave us abundantly of his wisdom and goodwill. It was in recognition of our affection for him, respect for his impartiality and regard for his concern for India's freedom that the entire nation readily accepted Lord Mountbatten as the first Governor General of Independent India . His drive and vigour helped in the difficult period after our Independence.[171]
In India, a week of national mourning was declared over Mountbatten's death.
In 2015, Adams said in an interview, "I stand over what I said then. I'm not one of those people that engages in revisionism. Thankfully the war is over."[174]
On the day of the bombing, the IRA also ambushed and killed eighteen
Funeral
On 5 September 1979, Mountbatten received a
Aftermath
Two hours before the bomb detonated, Thomas McMahon had been arrested at a Garda checkpoint between Longford and Granard on suspicion of driving a stolen vehicle. He was tried for the assassinations in Ireland and convicted on 23 November 1979 based on forensic evidence supplied by James O'Donovan that showed flecks of paint from the boat and traces of nitroglycerine on his clothes.[184] He was released in 1998 under the terms of the Good Friday Agreement.[156][185]
On hearing of Mountbatten's death, the then
On his death his estate was valued for probate purposes at £2,196,494 (equivalent to £14,000,000 in 2023).[187]
Legacy
Mountbatten's faults, according to his biographer Philip Ziegler, like everything else about him, "were on the grandest scale. His vanity though child-like, was monstrous, his ambition unbridled ... He sought to rewrite history with cavalier indifference to the facts to magnify his own achievements."[188] However, Ziegler concludes that Mountbatten's virtues outweighed his defects:[188]
He was generous and loyal ... He was warm-hearted, predisposed to like everyone he met, quick-tempered but never bearing grudges ... His tolerance was extraordinary; his readiness to respect and listen to the views of others was remarkable throughout his life.
Ziegler argues he was truly a great man, and despite being an executor of a policy, not initiator, he came to be known as its creator.[188]
What he could do with superlative aplomb was to identify the object at which he was aiming, and force it through to its conclusion. A powerful, analytic mind of crystalline clarity, a superabundance of energy, great persuasive powers, endless resilience in the face of setback or disaster rendered him the most formidable of operators. He was infinitely resourceful, quick in his reactions, always ready to cut his losses and start again ... He was an executor of policy rather than an initiator; but whatever the policy, he espoused it with such energy and enthusiasm, made it so completely his own, that it became identified with him and, in the eyes of the outside world as well as his own, his creation.
Others were not so conflicted. Field Marshal
Mountbatten supported the burgeoning nationalist movements which grew up in the shadow of Japanese occupation. His priority was to maintain practical, stable government, but driving him was an idealism in which he believed every people should be allowed to control their own destiny. Critics said he was too ready to overlook their faults, and especially their subordination to communist control. Ziegler says that in Malaya, where the main resistance to the Japanese came from Chinese who were under considerable communist influence, "Mountbatten proved to have been naïve in his assessment. ... He erred, however, not because he was 'soft on Communism' ... but from an over-readiness to assume the best of those with whom he had dealings." Furthermore, Ziegler argues, he was following a practical policy based on the assumption that it would take a long and bloody struggle to drive the Japanese out, and he needed the support of all the anti-Japanese elements, most of which were either nationalists or communists.[190]
Mountbatten took pride in enhancing intercultural understanding and in 1984, with his elder daughter as the patron, the
Canada's capital city of Ottawa named Mountbatten Avenue in his memory.[192] The Mountbatten estate in Singapore and Mountbatten MRT station were named after him.[193]
Mountbatten's personal papers (containing approximately 250,000 papers and 50,000 photographs) are preserved in the University of Southampton Library.[194]
Awards and decorations
Ribbon | Name | Date awarded |
---|---|---|
Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter (KG) |
1946[195] | |
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) |
1955[196] | |
Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) | 1945[197] | |
Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) | 1943 | |
Member of the Order of Merit (Military Division) (OM) |
1965[198] | |
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) |
1947[199][n 2] | |
Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) |
1947[200][n 2] | |
Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) |
1937[201] | |
Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO) | 1922[202] | |
Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) | 1920[203] | |
Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) |
1941[36] | |
Knight of Justice of the Order of St John (KStJ) |
1940[204] | |
Commander of the Order of St John (CStJ) | 1929[205] | |
British War Medal | 1918 | |
Victory Medal | 1918 | |
1939–45 Star |
1945 | |
Atlantic Star | 1945 | |
Africa Star | 1945 | |
Burma Star | 1945 | |
Italy Star | 1945 | |
Defence Medal | 1945 | |
War Medal 1939–1945 | 1945 | |
Naval General Service Medal | ||
King George V Coronation Medal | 1911 | |
King George V Silver Jubilee Medal | 1935 | |
King George VI Coronation Medal | 1937 | |
Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal | 1952 | |
Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal | 1977 | |
Indian Independence Medal | 1949 | |
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic | (Kingdom of Spain) – 1922[206] | |
Order of the Nile, Fourth Class | (Kingdom of Egypt) – 1922[206] | |
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown |
(Romania) – 1924[206] | |
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Star of Romania | (Romania) – 1937[206] | |
War Cross | (Kingdom of Greece) – 1941[207] | |
Chief Commander of the Legion of Merit |
(United States) – 1943[208] | |
Special Grand Cordon of the Order of the Cloud and Banner | (Republic of China) – 1945[209] | |
Distinguished Service Medal | (United States) – 1945[210] | |
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal |
(United States) – 1945 | |
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the White Elephant | (Kingdom of Thailand) – 21 January 1946[211][212] | |
Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of Nepal | (Kingdom of Nepal) – 10 May 1946[211][213] | |
Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour |
(France) – 3 June 1946[211][214] | |
1939–1945 War Cross |
(France) – 3 June 1946[214] | |
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of George I | (Kingdom of Greece) – 1946[215] | |
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion | (Kingdom of the Netherlands) – 1948[216] | |
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Aviz |
(Portuguese Republic) – 1951[206] | |
Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim |
(Kingdom of Sweden) – 1952 | |
Grand Commander of the Order of Thiri Thudhamma | (Union of Burma) – 1956[208] | |
Grand Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog | (Kingdom of Denmark) – 1962[206] | |
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Seal of Solomon | (Ethiopian Empire) – 1965[206] | |
Order of the Distinguished Rule of Izzuddin | (Maldives) – 1972[217] | |
King Birendra Coronation Medal | (Kingdom of Nepal) – 24 February 1975 |
He was appointed personal aide-de-camp by Edward VIII, George VI[218] and Elizabeth II, and therefore bore the unusual distinction of being allowed to wear three royal cyphers on his epaulettes.[219][220]
Arms
|
Notes
References
Footnotes
- ^ ISBN 978-81-7099-271-4. Archivedfrom the original on 15 March 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2024.
The princely states had been wooed by Mountbatten, Patel and Nehru to join the Indian Dominion
- ^ "Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma". British Museum. Archived from the original on 25 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
- ^ Zuckerman (1981), pp. 355–364
- ^ a b c Montgomery-Massingberd (1973), pp. 303–304
- ^ a b Queen Victoria (17 July 1900). "Journal Entry : Tuesday 17th July 1900". queenvictoriasjournals.org. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
- ^ a b c "Lord Louis Mountbatten". Life. 17 August 1942. p. 63. Retrieved 20 September 2012 – via Google Books.
- ^ Ziegler (2011).
- ^ a b Heathcote (2002), p. 183.
- ^ King & Wilson (2003), p. 49.
- ^ Hough (1984), p. 317
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Heathcote (2002), p. 184.
- ^ Ziegler (1985), p. 46
- ^ Ziegler (1985), pp. 47–49
- ^ Smith (2010), p. 66
- ^ Ziegler (1985), p. 49
- ^ "No. 32461". The London Gazette. 20 September 1921. p. 7384.
- ^ a b Ziegler (1985), p. 59
- ^ Ziegler (1985), p. 60 states that he actually joined HMS Repulse on 25 June 1921
- ^ Ziegler (1985), p. 73
- ^ a b "Mountbatten Medal". IET. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ^ "No. 33378". The London Gazette. 24 April 1928. p. 2900.
- ^ "No. 33899". The London Gazette. 3 January 1933. p. 48.
- ^ "No. 34279". The London Gazette (Supplement). 29 April 1936. p. 2785.
- ^ "No. 34296". The London Gazette (Supplement). 19 June 1936. p. 4012.
- ^ a b c d e f g Zuckerman (1981), pp. 354–366
- ^ "No. 34453". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 November 1937. p. 7049.
- ^ "No. 34414". The London Gazette. 2 July 1937. p. 4247.
- ^ a b c d Heathcote (2002), p. 185.
- ^ Mishra, Pankaj. "Exit Wounds". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 6 July 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ Lanham, Fritz (5 August 2007). "Indian Summer by Alex von Tunzelmann". Chron. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
- ^ March (1966), p. 353
- ^ a b c d e f g Heathcote (2002), p. 186
- ^ Niemi (2006), p. 70.
- ^ "No. 34918". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 August 1940. p. 4919.
- ^ "No. 35113". The London Gazette (Supplement). 18 March 1941. p. 1654.
- ^ a b "No. 35029". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 1940. p. 25. DSO
- ^ O'Toole, Thomas (7 December 1982). "Mountbatten Predicted Pearl Harbor". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
- ^ Gilbert (1988), p. 762
- ^ Otway (1990), pp. 65–66
- ^ "First World War". Nationalarchives.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.
- ^ Lownie (2019), p. 131
- ^ Khanna (2015), p. 53
- ^ Villa (1989), pp. 240–241.
- ^ "Who Was Responsible For Dieppe?". CBC Archives. 9 September 1962. Archived from the original on 8 February 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
- ^ Thompson (2001), pp. 263–269.
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Further reading
- Coll, Rebecca (2017). "Autobiography and history on screen: The Life and Times of Lord Mountbatten". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 37 (4): 665–682. from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 18 September 2022.
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- Knatchbull, Timothy (2010). From a Clear Blue Sky. London: Arrow. ISBN 978-0-09-954358-9.
- Leigh, David (1988). The Wilson Plot: The Intelligence Services and the Discrediting of a Prime Minister 1945–1976. London: Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-434-41340-9.
- McLynn, Frank (2011). The Burma Campaign: Disaster into Triumph, 1942–1945. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17836-4.
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- Roberts, Andrew (2004). Eminent Churchillians. London: Phoenix. ISBN 978-1-85799-213-7.
- Smith, Adrian (1991). "Command and Control in Postwar Britain Defence Decision-making in the United Kingdom, 1945-1984". Twentieth Century British History. 2 (3): 291–327. .
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- Terraine, John (1968). The Life and Times of Lord Mountbatten. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-0-09-088810-8.
- Villa, Brian Loring; Henshaw, Peter J. (June 1998). "The Dieppe Raid Debate". Canadian Historical Review. 79 (2): 304–315. ISSN 0008-3755.
- ISBN 978-1-84115-575-3.
- Ankit, Rakesh (2021). "Mountbatten and India, 1964-79: after Nehru". S2CID 237793636.
External links
- Tribute & Memorial Website to Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
- 70th Anniversary of Indian Independence – Mountbatten: The Last Viceroy – UK Parliament Living Heritage
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by the Earl Mountbatten of Burma
- Papers of Louis, Earl Mountbatten of Burma
- Portraits of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Newspaper clippings about Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW