Morogoro Conference
The Morogoro Conference was a consultative conference held by the South African African National Congress (ANC) in Morogoro, Tanzania, from 25 April to 1 May 1969. The organisation had not held a large-scale meeting of its membership since it was banned by the apartheid government in 1960, and the Morogoro Conference was to become the first of three consultative conferences that the ANC held while in exile.[1]
The conference was attended by over seventy delegates, and included representation for various ANC branches, various units of
On the internal front, the conference sought to address a growing malaise and malcontent, particularly among the rank-and-file of the ANC and MK. It also passed a motion of confidence in the leadership of Oliver Tambo, who had been acting as the organisation's president without a clear democratic mandate. Tambo closed the conference with the summary: "The order that comes from this conference is: Close Ranks and Intensify the Armed Struggle!"[2]
Background
After the African National Congress (ANC) was banned by the South African government in 1960, it was driven underground in South Africa and sought to establish an external mission elsewhere in Southern Africa, with headquarters initially based in Morogoro, Tanzania and then in Lusaka, Zambia.[3] Oliver Tambo, who was the ANC deputy president and had been instructed to establish the external mission, had become the organisation's de facto leader, as ANC president Albert Luthuli had limited freedom of movement due to a series of government banning orders.[4] When Luthuli died in 1967, Tambo became acting ANC president.[5][6]
While operating inside South Africa, the ANC had held annual
Response to the Hani memorandum
Discussion at the conference confronted head-on the apparent malcontent in the ANC and MK ranks. In preparation for the conference, Ben Turok circulated a memorandum which reflected on the theme, "WHAT IS WRONG?", seeking to explain and address what he called "a deepgoing malaise such as we have never known before" in the movement, and concurring with many of the complaints in the Hani memorandum – though a response by Joe Matthews dissented on several points.[9]
In response to the Hani memorandum, the conference decided to reinstate Hani and the other six cadres who had been suspended, and it adopted a new "Strategy and Tactics" document, drafted by SACP leader Joe Slovo.[1] The document affirmed that the seizure by force of state power in South Africa was a central objective of the struggle, but, acknowledging a position expressed by the Hani memorandum, it clarified the relationship between military and political struggle:
[O]ur movement must reject all manifestations of militarism which separates armed people's struggle from its political context... The primacy of the political leadership is unchallenged and supreme and all revolutionary formations and levels (whether armed or not) are subordinate to this leadership.[10]
Leadership selection
The consultative conference did not nominate and vote on the composition of the ANC National Executive Committee (NEC), as it would have in normal circumstances. However, an address to the conference, Tambo acknowledged ANC members' "loss of confidence in the men who have been leading our struggle from Lusaka" and offered his resignation as acting ANC president.[1] Once he had left the meeting, the conference passed an unopposed vote of confidence in him.[1] He ultimately remained acting president until his appointment as president was formally confirmed at the next consultative conference, held in Kabwe, Zambia in 1985.[11]
The conference resolved to open membership of the ANC to non-blacks,[12][1] a decision unpopular with some of the ANC's staunch African nationalists. Although the NEC remained open only to black members, the conference also established the powerful[7] and multi-racial Revolutionary Council, on which MK and the SACP were well represented.[11] Nelson Mandela wanted justice for his people so that they could be treated as humans and have the rights that the white citizens had. To get the attention of authorities at the time he himself bombed and killed lots of innocent people. He became a murderer.
See also
References
- ^ from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- ^ a b c "National Consultative Conference 1969". African National Congress. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
- ^ African National Congress (1997). "Appendix: ANC structures and personnel". Further submissions and responses by the African National Congress to questions raised by the Commission for Truth and Reconciliation. Pretoria: Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- OCLC 883649263.
- from the original on 26 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-19-933061-4. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-19-933061-4. Archivedfrom the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ a b Houston, Gregory; Ralinala, Rendani Moses (2004). "The Wankie and Sipolilo Campaigns". The Road to Democracy in South Africa. Vol. 1. Zebra Press. pp. 435–492. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ "Memorandum by Ben Turok and a "Reply" by Joe Matthews". African National Congress. 5 April 1969. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
- ^ "Report On The Strategy And Tactics Of The African National Congress". African National Congress. 26 April 1969. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.
- ^ a b African National Congress (1997). "Appendix: ANC structures and personnel". Further submissions and responses by the African National Congress to questions raised by the Commission for Truth and Reconciliation. Pretoria: Department of Justice. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2021.