Muzaffar Shah I
Muzaffar Shah I | |
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Governor of Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat | |
Father | Wajih-ul-Mulk |
Religion | Islam |
Gujarat Sultanate Muzaffarid dynasty |
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← Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate Gujarat Subah under Akbar → |
Muzaffar Shah I, born Zafar Khan, was the founder of the
After his release, sometime later he was appointed the governor of Gujarat by
Ancestors
The Muzaffarid dynasty was founded by Muzaffar Shah I.
There are multiple theories of origin of Muzaffar Shah, he has been stated as a Tank
Early life
Zafar Khan was born on Muharram 25, year 743 (30 June 1342).[10]
Zafar Khan was a son of Wajih-ul-Mulk. According to a legend, saint Bukhari promised Gujarat to Zafar Khan prophetically in return of food provided to Fakirs at his house. He gave him handful of dates and declared, "Thy seed like unto these in number shall rule over Gujarat". The number of seeds varied from eleven to thirteen according to various sources.[11][12]
Muhammad Bin Tughluq was on an expedition to intervene in a war but died at
Firuz Shah Tughluq appointed Malik Mufarrah, also known as Farhat-ul-Mulk Rasti Khan governor of Gujarat in 1377. In 1387, Sikandar Khan was sent to replace him, but he was defeated and killed by Farhat-ul-Mulk. Firuz Shah died in 1388 and his grandson,
Reign
Governor of Gujarat under Tughluqs (1391–1407)
In 1391, Sultan Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III appointed Zafar Khan, the son of Wajih-ul-Mulk as governor of Gujarat and conferred him the title of Muzaffar Khan. In passing
On the death of Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III in 1392, his son Sikandar assumed the throne but he died just after 45 days. He was succeeded by his brother Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq II but his cousin Nusrat Khan also claimed similar rank in Firuzabad.[17]
Zafar Khán's fought against the Rao of Idar, who, in 1393, had refused to pay the customary tribute, and this chief he humbled. The contemporary histories seem to show that the previous governors had recovered tribute from all or most of the chiefs of Gujarát except from the Ráo of Junagadh and the Rája of Rajpipla, who had retained their independence. Zafar Khán now planned an expedition against the celebrated Somnath temple, but, hearing that Ádil Khán of Ásír-Burhánpur had invaded Sultánpur and Nandurbar, he moved his troops in that direction, and Ádil Khán retired to Ásir.[15]
In 1394, he marched against the Ráo of Junágaḍh and exacted tribute. Afterwards, proceeding to Somnath, he destroyed the temple, built an Jumma Mosque, introduced Islám, left Muslim law officers, and established a thána or post in the city of
About this time his son Tátár Khán, leaving his baggage in the fort of Panipat, made an attempt on Delhi. But Iqbál Khán took the fort of Pánipat, captured Tátár Khán's baggage, and forced him to withdraw to Gujarát. In 1397, with the view of reducing Ídar, Zafar Khán besieged the fort, laying waste the neighbouring country.[18]
In prevailing situation, Timur invaded India and marched on Delhi in 1398. In early 1399, he defeated Mahmud II and looted and destroyed the much of Delhi. Sultan Mahmud II escaped and after many wanderings, reached Patan. He hoped to secure Zafar Khan's alliance to march to Delhi but Zafar Khan declined. He went to Malwa where he was declined again by local governor. Meanwhile his Wazir Iqbal Khan had expelled Nusrat Khan from Delhi so he returned to Delhi but he had no longer enough authority over provinces which were ruled independently by his governors.[17]
Before Zafar Khan had taken the Idar fort Zafar Khán received news of Timur's conquest of Delhi, and concluding a peace with the Ídar king, returned to Pátan. In 1398, hearing that the Somnáth people claimed independence, Zafar Khán led an army against them, defeated them, and established Islám on a firm footing.[18]
In 1403, Zafar Khan's son Tatar Khan urged his father to march on
Gujarat Sultanate (1407–1411)
At this time Álp Khán, son of Diláwar Khán of Málwa, was rumoured to have poisoned his father and ascended the throne with the title of Sultán Hushang Ghori. On hearing this Muzaffar Sháh marched against Hushang and besieged him in Dhár.He had successful expedition against Dhar (Malwa) which came under his control.[21]
Muzaffar handed Hushang to the charge of his brother Shams Khán, on whom he conferred the title of Nasrat Khán. Hushang remained a year in confinement, and Músa Khán one of his relations usurped his authority. On hearing this, Hushang begged to be released, and Muzaffar Sháh not only agreed to his prayer, but sent his grandson Áhmed Khán (later Ahmad Shah I) with an army to reinstate him. This expedition was successful; the fortress of Mándu was taken and the usurper Músa Khán was put to flight. Áhmed Khán returned to Gujarát in 1409–10 AD. Meanwhile Muzaffar advancing towards Delhi to aid Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq, prevented an intended attack on that city by Sultán Ibráhím of Jaunpur.[22]
He had suppressed a rebellion or sent an unsuccessful expedition to
Notes
- Jháláváḍa in the north-east. But the Delváda of the text can hardly be near Diu. It apparently is Delváda near Eklingji about twenty miles north of Udaipur. The account of Ahmad Shah I's expedition to the same place in 1431 confirms this identification.
References
- ^ Sarda, Har Bilas. Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar. p. 4.
- ISBN 9781107153318.).
These men, a certain Saharan and his brother Sadhu, were, mostly likely peasants or pastoralists, non-Muslim Tank Rajputs from Thanesar in northwestern India (modern-day Haryana
- ISBN 9781107153318.
- ISBN 978-90-04-13561-1.
Similarly, Zaffar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert, of low subdivision called Tank, originally from southern Punjab.
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (25 April 2008). Historical Dictionary of Medieval India. Scarecrow Press. p. 107.ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8.The founder of the Gujarat Sultanate he was a convert from a sect of Hindu Khatris known as Tanks.
Misra, S. C. (Satish Chandra) (1963). The rise of Muslim power in Gujarat; a history of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442. Internet Archive. New York, Asia Pub. House. p. 137.Zafar Khan was not a foreign muslim. He was a convert to Islam from a sect of the Khatris known as Tank.
Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2004). Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India. Oxford University Press. p. 57.ISBN 978-0-19-566526-0.Zafar Khan (entitled Muzaffar Shah) himself was a convert to Islam from a sub-caste of the Khatris known as Tank.
Yarshater, Ehsan (2003). Encyclopaedia Iranica: Giōni. Mazda Publishers.ISBN 9780933273733. - ^ Misra, S.C. (1963). The Rise of Muslim in Gujarat: A History of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442. Asia Publishing House. pp. 137–139.
- ISBN 9780520974234.
- ISBN 9788184245684.
- ISBN 9788184245684.
The independent kingdom of Gujarat was founded by Zafar Khan, son of Sadharan, a Jat convert to Islam.
- ISBN 978-1-107-15331-8.
- JSTOR 44304056.
- ^ Taylor 1902, p. 2.
- ^ Nayak 1982, p. 66.
- ^ Taylor 1902, pp. 3.
- ^ a b Taylor 1902, pp. 4.
- ^ a b Campbell 1896, p. 233.
- ^ a b c Majumdar, R.C. (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, pp. 155–7
- ^ a b Taylor 1902, pp. 5.
- ^ a b c Campbell 1896, p. 234.
- ^ a b Taylor 1902, pp. 6–7.
- ^ a b Nayak 1982, pp. 66–73.
- ^ a b Campbell 1896, p. 235.
- ^ a b Campbell 1896, p. 236.
Bibliography
- Taylor, Georg P. (1902). The Coins Of The Gujarat Saltanat. Vol. XXI. Mumbai: Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay. hdl:2015/104269. Archived from the original on 2017-03-01. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Nayak, Chhotubhai Ranchhodji (1982). ગુજરાતમાંની ઇસ્લામી સલ્તનતનો ઈતિહાસ (ઇ.સ. ૧૩૦૦થી ઇ.સ.૧૫૭૩ સુધી) [History of Islamic Sultanate in Gujarat] (in Gujarati). Ahmedabad: Gujarat University.
- Campbell, James Macnabb (1896). "Chapter I. Early Musalmán Governors.(A.D. 1297–1403.) and II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.)". In James Macnabb Campbell (ed.). History of Gujarát. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. I. Part II. Musalmán Gujarát. (A.D. 1297–1760.). The Government Central Press. pp. 230–236. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.