Ahmad Shah I
Ahmad Shah I | |
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Sultan of Gujarat | |
Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat | |
Father | Muhammad Shah I (Tatar Khan) |
Religion | Islam |
Gujarat Sultanate Muzaffarid dynasty |
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← Gujarat under Delhi Sultanate Gujarat Subah under Akbar → |
Ahmad Shah I, born Ahmad Khan, was a ruler of the Muzaffarid dynasty, who reigned over the Gujarat Sultanate from 1411 until his death in 1442. He was the grandson of Sultan Muzaffar Shah, founder of the dynasty.
The founder of Ahmedabad, Gujarat's most populous city which carries his name, he was also a poet, having written a collection of Persian poetry.[1]
Early life
Ahmad Shah was born to Muhammad Shah I alias Tatar Khan who was a son of Muzaffar Shah I. Muhammad Shah I was probably killed by his uncle Shams Khan in favour of his father Muzaffar Shah when he imprisoned him.[2]
According to Mirat-i-Ahmadi, he abdicated the throne in favour of his grandson Ahmad Shah in 1410 due to his failing health. He died five months and 13 days later. According to Mirat-i-Sikandari, Ahmad Shah was going to an expedition to quell the rebellion of
Reign
War of succession
Soon after assuming power, his cousin Moid-ud-din Firuz Khan, governor of Vadodara, allying himself with Hisam or Nizam-ul-Mulk Bhandari and other nobles, collected an army at Nadiad, and, laying claim to the crown, defeated the king's followers. Jivandas, one of the insurgents, proposed to march upon Patan, but as the others refused a dispute arose in which Jivandas was slain, and the rest sought and obtained Ahmad Shah's forgiveness. Moid-ud-din Firuz Khan went to Khambhat and was there joined by Masti Khan, son of Muzaffar Shah, who was governor of Surat; on Ahmad Shah's advance they fled from Khambhat to Bharuch, to which fort Ahmad Shah laid siege. As soon as the king arrived, Moid-ud-din's army went over to the king, and Masti Khan also submitted. After a few days Ahmad Shah sent for and forgave Moid-ud-din, and returned to Asawal (future Ahmedabad). Moid-ud-din was moved from Vadodara to Navsari.[6][5]
Foundation of Ahmedabad
Ahmad Shah, while camping on the banks of the
He built Ahmad Shah's Mosque and Jama Mosque (1424) in Ahmedabad.
Consolidation of Sultanate
During 1414, Moid-ud-din Firuz Khan and Masti Khan again revolted, and, joining the Rao of
Sorath and Junagadh
The partially damaged
In 1399, Ahmad aka Malek II, the ruler of Khandesh died. He had divided his kingdom in his princes. Nasir was given east part while Iftikhar aka Hasan was given west. Nasir established Burhanpur in 1400[B] and also won nearby fort of Asir from Hindu king. Hasan settled in Thalner. Nasir won Thalner from Hasan and imprisoned him, with help of his relative Hushang Shah of Malwa, before he receive help from Ahmad Shah. Nasir attacked and imposed siege of Nandarbar and Sultanpur of Gujarat Sultanate in 1417. Ahmed sent an expedition against Nasir of Asir under Malik Mahmud Barki or Turki and left for Modasa. When the Malik reached Nandoḍ he found that Gheirat Khan had fled to Malwa and that Nasir had retired to Thalner. The Malik advanced, besieged and took Thalner, capturing Nasir whom Ahmed forgave and dignified with the title of Khan.[19][5]
The alliance of Hindu kings rebelled knowing that Ahmad Shah is busy in his expedition against Nasir. As Ahmad Shah returned quickly and went to Modasa, the rebellion broke and all kings returned to their states including Hushang Shah. After quelling these rebellions Ahmad Shah despatched Nizam-ul-Mulk to punish the jhala rajput ruler of Mandal near Viramgam, and himself marched to Malwa against Sultan Hushang in 1418. He reached Ujjain where both armies fought battle. Ahmad Shah won and Hushang Shah took refuge in Mandu. In November 1419, he imposed siege on Champaner (Pavagadh) but later the king Trimbakdas of Champaner relented and agreed to give annual tribute in February 1420. Ahmad Shah later attacked and ravaged Sankheda-Bahadurpur in March 1420. He built a fort at Sankheda and a mosque within the fort; he also built a wall round the town of Mangni, and then marched upon Mandu. On the way ambassadors from Sultan Hushang met him suing for peace. Ahmad Shah later forgave Hushang Shah. On returning towards Champaner, again laid waste the surrounding country. He returned to Ahmedabad in May 1420.[20][5]
In 1420-21, he started building and repairing forts and establishing military outposts to strengthen state from attacks. He built the forts of
Idar and Ahmadnagar
He spent next two years without any wars and focused on administration and agriculture development. He had known that Rao Punja of
Fearing that their turn would come next the jhala rajput king of
Mahim and Baglan
In 1429, on the death of Kutub Khan, the Gujarat governor of the island of Mahim (now neighbourhood of Mumbai), Ahmad Shah of Bahmani Sultanate smarting under his defeats, ordered Hasan Izzat, otherwise called Malik-ut-Tujjar, to the Konkan and by the Malik's activity the North Konkan passed to the Deccans. On the news of this, Ahmad Shah sent his youngest son Zafar Khan, with an army under Malik Iftikhar Khan, to retake Mahim. A fleet, collected from Diu, Ghogha and Khambhat sailed to the Konkan, attacked Thane by sea and land, captured it, and regained possession of Mahim.[5]
In 1431, Ahmad Shah advanced upon
Death
Ahmed died in 1442 in the fifty-third year of his life and the thirty-third of his reign and was buried in the mausoleum,
His after-death title is Khudaigan-i-Maghfur the Forgiven Lord.[5] His queens were buried at Rani no Hajiro, just opposite his mausoleum.
Legacy
He is honoured for his bravery, skill, and success as a war leader as well as for his piety and his justice. His piety showed itself in his respect for three great religious teachers: Sheikh Rukn-ud-din, the representative of Sheikh
Of Ahmed's justice two instances are recorded. Sitting in the window of his palace watching the
Notes
- ^ Shaikh Ahmad Khattu is buried at Sarkhej Roza. Kazi Ahmad is buried at Patan and Malik Ahmad is buried near Kalupur Gate in Ahmedabad.
- ^ Nasir had named Burhanpur after Sufi saint Burhanuddin.
References
- ISBN 9781107153318.
- ^ Nayak 1982, pp. 66–72.
- ^ Taylor 1902, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Nayak 1982, pp. 73–74.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q James Macnabb Campbell, ed. (1896). "II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.)". History of Gujarát. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. I(II). The Government Central Press. pp. 236–241. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Nayak 1982, pp. 74–75.
- ^ a b "Lonely planet". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2017-03-03.
- ^ Pandya, Yatin (14 November 2010). "In Ahmedabad, history is still alive as tradition". dna. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
- Dhu al-Qi'dah, Hijri year not mentioned but derived from date converter
- ^ a b Nayak 1982, p. 76.
- ^ Nayak 1982, pp. 75–81.
- ^ Nayak 1982, pp. 81–82.
- ^ Watson, James W., ed. (1884). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency : Kathiawar. Vol. VIII. Bombay: Government Central Press. pp. 497–498. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Harold Wilberforce-Bell (1916). The History of Kathiawad from the Earliest Times. London: William Heinemann. pp. 75–76. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ Burgess; Murray (1874). "The Rudra Mala at Siddhpur". Photographs of Architecture and Scenery in Gujarat and Rajputana. Bourne and Shepherd. p. 19. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
- ^ "Sidhpur". Official website of Gujarat Tourism. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 8 April 2016.
- JSTOR 4127950.
- ^ Nayak 1982, pp. 82–83.
- ^ Nayak 1982, pp. 83–85.
- ^ Nayak 1982, pp. 85–89.
- ^ Nayak 1982, pp. 89–95.
- ^ Nayak 1982, pp. 95–98.
- ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ More, Anuj (October 18, 2010). "Baba Maneknath's kin keep alive 600-yr old tradition". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on April 11, 2013. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
- ^ Nair-Gupta, Nisha (2017-01-19). "Was Ahmedabad's founder Ahmed Shah a wise ruler or an ambitious tyrant?". Scroll.in. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
Bibliography
- Taylor, Georg P. (1902). The Coins Of The Gujarat Saltanat. Vol. XXI. Mumbai: Royal Asiatic Society of Bombay. hdl:2015/104269. Archived from the original on 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2017-03-03. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- Nayak, Chhotubhai Ranchhodji (1982). ગુજરાતમાંની ઇસ્લામી સલ્તનતનો ઈતિહાસ (ઇ.સ. ૧૩૦૦થી ઇ.સ.૧૫૭૩ સુધી) [History of the Islamic Sultanate in Gujarat (1300 AD to 1573 AD)] (in Gujarati). Ahmedabad: Gujarat University.