Negev
Negev
הַנֶּגֶב (Hebrew) | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 30°50′N 34°45′E / 30.833°N 34.750°E | |
Part of | Israel |
Native name | הַנֶּגֶב (Hebrew) |
Highest elevation | 1,037 m (3,402 ft) |
The Negev (
Although historically part of a separate region (known during the
The desert is home to the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, whose faculties include the Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research and the Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, both located on the Midreshet Ben-Gurion campus adjacent to Sde Boker.
In October 2012, global travel guide publisher Lonely Planet rated the Negev second on a list of the world's top ten regional travel destinations for 2013, noting its current transformation through development.[4][5]
Etymology
The origin of the word Negev is from the
The Negev mentioned in the
In Arabic, the Negev is known as an-Naqab or an-Naqb ('the [mountain] pass'),[7][8] though it was not thought of as a distinct region until the demarcation of the Egypt-Ottoman frontier in the 1890s and has no single Arabic name.[9]
During the British Mandate, it was called "Beersheba sub-district".[9]
Geography
The Negev contains the oldest discovered surface on Earth, with an approximate age of 1.8 million years.[10][11] During the Pleistocene, the Negev fluctuated between intervals of relative humidity and intervals of aridity similar to or even more severe than the present day; from around 80,000 to 13,000 years BP, during a time interval roughly corresponding to the Last Glacial Period, the Negev was significantly more humid than today.[12] It covers more than half of Israel, over some 13,000 km2 (5,000 sq mi), or at least 55% of the country's land area. It forms an inverted triangle shape whose western side is contiguous with the desert of the Sinai Peninsula, and whose eastern border is the Arabah valley. The Negev has a number of interesting cultural and geological features. Among the latter are three enormous, craterlike makhteshim (box canyons), which are unique to the region: Makhtesh Ramon, HaMakhtesh HaGadol, and HaMakhtesh HaKatan.
The Negev is a rocky desert. It is a melange of brown, rocky, dusty mountains interrupted by
The high plateau area of Negev Mountains/Ramat HaNegev (Hebrew: רמת הנגב, The Negev Heights) stands between 370 metres (1,210 ft) and 520 metres (1,710 ft) above sea level with extreme temperatures in summer and winter. The area gets 100 mm (3.9 in) of rain per year, with inferior and partially salty soils. The Arabah Valley along the Jordanian border stretches 180 km (110 mi) from Eilat in the south to the tip of the Dead Sea in the north. The Arabah Valley is very arid with barely 50 mm (2.0 in) of rain annually. It has inferior soils, in which little can grow without irrigation and special soil additives.
Flora and fauna
Vegetation in the Negev is sparse, but certain trees and plants thrive there, among them or doum palm can be found in the Southern Negev. The Evrona Nature Reserve is the most northerly point in the world where this palm can be found.
A small population of Arabian leopards, an endangered animal in the Arabian peninsula, has survived in the southern Negev but is now likely extinct.[14][15] Other carnivora found in the Negev are the caracal, the striped hyena, the Arabian wolf, the golden jackal and the marbled polecat.[16]
The Arabah Arabian gazelle survives with a few individuals in the Negev.[17] The dorcas gazelle is more numerous, with some 1,000–1,500 individuals in the Negev.[16] Some 350 to 500 Nubian ibex live in the Negev Highlands and in the Eilat Mountains.[18][19]
The
Animals that were reintroduced after their extinction in the wild or localized extinction respectively are the Arabian oryx and the Asiatic wild ass, which in the Negev counts about 250 animals.[22]
Like many areas in Israel and the rest of the Middle East, the Negev used to host in the distant past the Asiatic lion and the Asiatic cheetah, right until their complete extinction at the hands of humans in later centuries.[23]
Climate
The Negev region is
Climate data for Beersheba | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 28.4 (83.1) |
31 (88) |
35.4 (95.7) |
40.9 (105.6) |
42.2 (108.0) |
46 (115) |
41.5 (106.7) |
40.5 (104.9) |
41.2 (106.2) |
39.6 (103.3) |
34 (93) |
31.4 (88.5) |
46 (115) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
20.1 (68.2) |
25.8 (78.4) |
29 (84) |
31.3 (88.3) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
31.3 (88.3) |
28.5 (83.3) |
23.5 (74.3) |
18.8 (65.8) |
25.7 (78.3) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.5 (45.5) |
7.6 (45.7) |
9.3 (48.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
15.4 (59.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
20.9 (69.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
12.6 (54.7) |
8.9 (48.0) |
14.2 (57.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −5 (23) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
2.4 (36.3) |
4 (39) |
8 (46) |
13.6 (56.5) |
15.8 (60.4) |
15.6 (60.1) |
13 (55) |
10.2 (50.4) |
3.4 (38.1) |
3 (37) |
−5 (23) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 49.6 (1.95) |
40.4 (1.59) |
30.7 (1.21) |
12.9 (0.51) |
2.7 (0.11) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0.4 (0.02) |
5.8 (0.23) |
19.7 (0.78) |
41.9 (1.65) |
204.1 (8.04) |
Average precipitation days | 9.2 | 8 | 6.4 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 1.8 | 4.6 | 7.5 | 41 |
Source: Israel Meteorological Service[25][26] |
Climate data for Eilat | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 32.2 (90.0) |
35.8 (96.4) |
38.7 (101.7) |
43.4 (110.1) |
45.2 (113.4) |
47.4 (117.3) |
48.3 (118.9) |
48.0 (118.4) |
45.0 (113.0) |
44.3 (111.7) |
38.1 (100.6) |
33.6 (92.5) |
48.3 (118.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.3 (70.3) |
23.0 (73.4) |
26.1 (79.0) |
31.0 (87.8) |
35.7 (96.3) |
38.9 (102.0) |
40.4 (104.7) |
40.0 (104.0) |
37.3 (99.1) |
33.1 (91.6) |
27.7 (81.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
31.5 (88.6) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.4 (50.7) |
11.8 (53.2) |
14.6 (58.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
22.5 (72.5) |
25.2 (77.4) |
27.3 (81.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
25.2 (77.4) |
21.8 (71.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
11.9 (53.4) |
19.4 (66.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 1.2 (34.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
3.0 (37.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
18.5 (65.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
19.4 (66.9) |
18.6 (65.5) |
9.2 (48.6) |
5.3 (41.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
0.9 (33.6) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 4 (0.2) |
3 (0.1) |
3 (0.1) |
2 (0.1) |
1 (0.0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
4 (0.2) |
2 (0.1) |
5 (0.2) |
24 (1) |
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 10.5 |
Source: Israel Meteorological Service[27][28][29][30] |
History
Prehistorical nomads
Nomadic life in the Negev dates back at least 4,000 years[31] and perhaps as much as 7,000 years.[32]
Bronze Age
The first urbanized settlements were established by a combination of
Biblical
Extent of biblical Negev
According to Israeli archaeologists, in the Hebrew Bible, the term Negev only relates to the northern, semiarid part of what we call Negev today; of this, the Arad-Beersheba Valley, which receives enough rain as to allow agriculture and thus sedentary occupation (the "desert fringe"), is accordingly defined as "the eastern (biblical) Negev".[6]
Biblical reference
According to the
Iron Age
In the 9th century BCE, development and expansion of mining in both the Negev and
Nabateans and Romans
The 4th-century BCE arrival of the
The Nabateans controlled the trade on the spice route between their capital
Byzantine heydays: desert agriculture
Along with Avdat (Oboda), Mamshit (Mampsis), Shivta (Sobata), Haluza (Elusa), and Nitzana (Nessana), the settlements at Rehovot-in-the-Negev/Ruheibeh (the second largest by population of the Byzantine-era "Negev towns"[39]) and Saadon are also significant for this period.[40][41]
Decline; causes
A massive rise in grape production in the northwestern Negev for the needs of the wine industry was noted for the early 6th century, documented by studying ancient trash mounds at Shivta,
This recent analysis of newly obtained data has proven the previously widely accepted theory to be wrong, namely that the Muslim conquest, which came a century after these events, and specifically the Muslim ban on alcoholic beverages, was the cause for the decline of the wine industry in the Negev.[37] In Nessana, the number of grape pips is even seen to rise again during the Early Islamic period, probably due to the needs of a local Christian monastery.[37]
This disappearance of the wine industry from the semiarid northern Negev shows that it was technically possible to sustain it over centuries, but that the grape monoculture was economically unsustainable in the long run[37] due to its dependence on empire-wide trading networks, which required stability and prosperity over a vast territory.
Early-mid Islamic empires
The southern Negev saw a flourishing of economic activity during the 8th to 10th or 11th centuries.[42] Six Islamic settlements have been found in the vicinity of modern Eilat, along with copper and gold mines and stone quarries, and a sophisticated irrigation system and road network.[42] The economic center was the port of Ayla (Aqaba).[42]
10th–19th century Bedouins
Nomadic tribes ruled the Negev largely independently and with a relative lack of interference for the next thousand years.[31] What is known of this time is largely derived from oral histories and folk tales of tribes from the Wadi Musa and Petra areas in present-day Jordan.[31] The Bedouins of the Negev historically survived chiefly on sheep and goat husbandry. Scarcity of water and of permanent pastoral land required them to move constantly. The Bedouin in years past established few permanent settlements, although some were built, leaving behind remnants of stone houses called 'baika.'[32]
Late Ottoman period (1900–1917)
In 1900, the Ottoman Empire established an administrative center for southern Syria at Beersheba including schools and a railway station.[31] The authority of the tribal chiefs over the region was recognized by the Ottomans.[31] A railroad connected it to the port of Rafah. In 1914, the Ottoman authorities estimated the nomadic population at 55,000.[43]
British Mandate
The 1916
In 1922, the Bedouin component of the population was estimated at 72,898 out of a total of 75,254 for the Beersheba sub-district.[43] The 1931 census estimated that the population of the Beersheba sub-district was 51,082.[46] This large decrease was considered to be an artifact of incorrect enumeration methods used in 1922.[43] An Arabic history of tribes around Beersheba, published in 1934 records 23 tribal groups.[47]
State of Israel
Most of the Negev was earmarked by the November 1947 UN Partition Plan for the future Jewish state. During the 1947–49 War of Independence, Israel secured its sovereignty over the Negev. In the early years of the state, it absorbed many of the
Demography
As of 2010, the Negev was home to some 630,000 people, or 8.2% of Israel's population, even though it comprises over 55% of the country's area. 470,000 Negev residents (75% of the population) are Jews, while 160,000 or 25% are Bedouin.[48] Of the Bedouin population (a demographic with a semi-nomadic tradition), half live in unrecognized villages, and half live in towns built for them by the Israeli government between the 1960s and 1980s; the largest of these is Rahat.
The population of the Negev is expected to reach 1.2 million by 2025.[citation needed] It was projected that the Beersheba metropolitan area would reach a population of 1 million by 2020, and Arad, Yeruham, and Dimona would triple in size by 2025.[49][50]
Bedouin
A large part of the Negev
Economy and housing
Development plans
Blueprint Negev is a Jewish National Fund project introduced in 2005. The $600 million project hopes to attract 500,000 new Jewish residents to the Negev by improving transportation infrastructure, establishing businesses, developing water resources and introducing programs to protect the environment.[54] A planned artificial desert river, swimming pools and golf courses raised concerns among environmentalists.[55][56] Critics oppose those plans, calling instead for an inclusive plan for the green vitalization of existing population centers, investment in Bedouin villages, clean-up of toxic industries and development of job options for the unemployed.[57][58][59] [60]
A major Israel Defense Forces training base is being constructed in the Negev to accommodate 10,000 army personnel and 2,500 civilian staff. Three more bases will be built by 2020 as part of a plan to vacate land and buildings in Tel Aviv and central Israel, and bring jobs and investment to the south.[61]
Solar power
The Negev Desert and the surrounding area, including the
A 250 MW solar park in Ashalim, an area in the northern Negev, the Ashalim Power Station, produces 121 Megawatts of power, using solar mirrors and thermal water heating. It is currently the largest in Israel.
The Rotem Industrial Complex outside of
Wineries
Vines have been planted in the Negev since ancient times. In modern times, vineyards have been established in the northern Negev hills using innovative computerized watering methods for irrigation.
Environmental issues
This section needs to be updated.(January 2019) |
The Negev is home to hazardous infrastructures that include
In 2005, the Tel Aviv municipality was accused of dumping waste in the Negev at the Dudaim dump .[71] The Manufacturers Association of Israel established an authority in 2005 to move 60 industrial enterprises active in the Tel Aviv region to the Negev.[72]
In 1979, the
See also
Explanatory notes
- ^ Biger described this meeting as follows: "Sovereignty over the Arava, from the south of the Dead Sea to Aqaba, was also discussed. Philby agreed, in Trans-Jordan's name, to give up the western bank of Wadi Arava (and thus all of the Negev area). Nevertheless, a precise borderline was still not determined along the territories of Palestine and Trans-Jordan. Philby's relinquishment of the Negev was necessary, because the future of this area was uncertain. In a discussion regarding the southern boundary, the Egyptian aspiration to acquire the Negev area was presented. On the other hand the southern part of Palestine belonged, according to one of the versions, to the sanjak (district) of Ma'an within the vilayet (province) of Hejaz. King Hussein of Hijaz demanded to receive this area after claiming that a transfer action, to add it to the vilayet of Syria (A-Sham) was supposed to be done in 1908. It is not clear whether this action was completed. Philby claimed that Emir Abdullah had his father's permission to negotiate over the future of the sanjak of Ma'an, which was actually ruled by him, and that he could therefore 'afford to concede' the area west of the Arava in favour of Palestine. This concession was made following British pressure and against the background of the demands of the Zionist Organization for direct contact between Palestine and the Red Sea. It led to the inclusion of the Negev triangle in Palestine's territory, although this area was not considered as part of the country in the many centuries that preceded the British occupation."[1]
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In fact, there are two mountain passes through which the road of Aylah has to cross. The western one crosses the mountain ridge to the west of the gulf, and through it passes the main road from Egypt which cuts through the whole width of Sinai, coming from Cairo via Suez. This mountain pass is also called 'Aqabat Aylah, or as it is better known, "Naqb al-'Aqabah" or "Ras an-Naqb."
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