Religion in Singapore
Part of a series on the |
Culture of Singapore |
---|
History |
Topics |
Research |
Symbols |
Religion in Singapore is characterised by a wide variety of religious beliefs and practices due to its diverse ethnic mix of people originating from various parts of the world. A secular state, Singapore is commonly termed as a "melting pot" of various religious practices originating from different religious denominations around the world. Most major religious denominations are present in the country, with the Inter-Religious Organisation, Singapore (IRO) recognising 10 major religions.[4] A 2014 analysis by the Pew Research Center found Singapore to be the world's most religiously diverse nation.[5]
The most followed religion in Singapore is
Tolerance
The government of Singapore is officially tolerant of different religions and encourages religious harmony among the different religions found in Singapore. However, some religions or denominations are officially banned by the government, as they are deemed as
Younger Singaporeans tend to combine traditional philosophies with religious beliefs introduced when the British colonised Singapore. One prominent example is South Bridge Street, which was a major road through the old Chinatown, where it houses the Sri Mariamman Temple (a south Indian Hindu temple that was declared a national historical site in the 1980s), as well as the Masjid Jamae Mosque that served Chulia Muslims from India's Coromandel Coast.
In schools, children are taught in
Another religious landmark in Singapore is the
Statistics and demographics
The Singapore census includes detailed data on religion and ethnicity, and is taken on a ten or five-year basis.
Religion | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2015 | 2020 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Num. | % | Num. | % | Num. | % | Num. | % | Num. | % | Num. | % | ||
Buddhism | 26.7% |
31.1% |
1,060,662 | 42.5% |
1,032,879 | 33.3% |
33.2% |
1,074,159 | 31.1% | ||||
No religion | 13.1% |
14.3% |
370,094 | 14.8% |
527,553 | 17.0% |
18.4% |
692,528 | 20.0% | ||||
Christianity | 9.9% |
12.5% |
364,087 | 14.6% |
569,244 | 18.4% |
18.8% |
654,355 | 18.9% | ||||
└ Catholicism
|
— | — | — | — | 118,980 | 4.8% |
219,133 | 7.1% |
6.8% |
242,681 | 7.0% | ||
└ Other Christian | — | — | — | — | 245,107 | 9.8% |
350,111 | 11.3% |
12.0% |
411,674 | 11.9% | ||
Islam | 16.2% |
15.4% |
371,660 | 14.9% |
457,435 | 14.7% |
14.0% |
539,251 | 15.6% | ||||
Taoism | 30.0% |
22.4% |
212,344 | 8.5% |
339,149 | 10.9% |
10.0% |
303,960 | 8.8% | ||||
Hinduism | 3.6% |
3.7% |
99,904 | 4.0% |
157,854 | 5.1% |
5.0% |
172,963 | 5.0% | ||||
Other religions | 0.5% |
0.6% |
15,879 | 0.6% |
21,635 | 0.7% |
0.6% |
21,878 | 0.6% | ||||
Population | 100% |
100% |
2,494,630 | 100% |
3,105,748 | 100% |
100% |
3,459,093 | 100% |
The figures for the percent of Singaporeans practiced religion by ethnicity for the past four decades are as follows:
Religion | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Census | ||||||
1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | ||
Chinese | ||||||
Buddhism | 34.3% |
39.5% |
53.6% |
43.0% |
40.3% | |
No religion | 16.4% |
17.6% |
18.6% |
21.8% |
25.7% | |
Christianity | 10.9% |
14.1% |
16.5% |
20.1% |
21.6% | |
Taoism | 38.2% |
28.5% |
10.8% |
14.4% |
11.6% | |
Other religions | 0.2% |
0.3% |
0.5% |
0.7% |
0.8% | |
Malays | ||||||
Islam | 99.6% |
99.7% |
99.5% |
98.7% |
98.8% | |
Other religions | 0.3% |
0.2% |
0.4% |
1.1% |
0.8% | |
No religion | 0.1% |
0.1% |
0.1% |
0.2% |
0.4% | |
Indians | ||||||
Hinduism | 56.5% |
53.2% |
55.4% |
59.0% |
57.3% | |
Islam | 21.8% |
26.3% |
25.6% |
21.7% |
23.4% | |
Christianity | 12.5% |
12.8% |
12.1% |
12.8% |
12.6% | |
Other religions | 8.2% |
6.9% |
6.3% |
5.4% |
4.6% | |
No religion | 1.0% |
0.8% |
0.6% |
1.1% |
2.1% |
Below are the Singapore's Resident Population Aged 15 years and over by Religion and Age Group:[1]
Age Group | Buddhist | Irreligious | Muslim | Christian | Taoist | Hindu | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15-24 | 24.9% |
24.2% |
21.4% |
18.6% |
4.9% |
5.4% |
0.6% |
25-34 | 26.0% |
26.2% |
19.4% |
17.7% |
6.1% |
4.0% |
0.6% |
35-44 | 30.2% |
22.3% |
14.2% |
18.5% |
7.2% |
7.0% |
0.6% |
45-54 | 33.3% |
18.3% |
13.8% |
20.6% |
7.1% |
6.2% |
0.7% |
55+ | 35.1% |
15.2% |
13.2% |
19.0% |
13.1% |
3.7% |
0.7% |
The above figures refer to the resident population only, and do not include the non-resident population (Singapore authorities do not release figures for the non-resident population which accounted for 18.33% of Singapore's population in 2005).
Most Singaporeans celebrate the major festivals associated with their respective religions. The variety of religions is a direct reflection of the diversity of races living there. The Chinese are mainly Buddhists, Taoists and Christians, with many irreligious exceptions. Malays are predominantly Muslims (around 99%), while Indians are mostly Hindus, but with significant numbers of Muslims, Christians and Sikhs from the Indian ethnic groups.
Religion is still an integral part of cosmopolitan Singapore. Many of its significant buildings are religious, be it temples, churches or mosques. An understanding of these buildings do play a part in contributing to appreciation of their art.
Taoist and Confucian doctrines and deities, together with ancestral worship, are combined in various ways in the Chinese folk religions and Chinese folk religious sects.
Major religious communities
Buddhism
A plurality of Singaporeans declared themselves as Buddhists, with 31.1% of the Singaporean population being Buddhists in the 2020 census.
Most missionaries hail from China, Tibet, Taiwan, Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Japan.[
Buddhism of every tradition is well represented in Singapore, such as Tibetan Buddhism, Thai Buddhism and Chinese
Below is the ethnic breakdown of Buddhists according to the 2020 Singapore Census of Population as follows:[11][12]
Ethnic Group | Total Resident Population of Ethnic Group | Population of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Buddhists | Percentage of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Buddhists | Percentage of Buddhist Residents by Ethnic Group |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | 2,606,881 | 1,052,114 | 40.36% |
97.95% |
Malays | 447,747 | 447 | 0.10% |
0.04% |
Indians | 299,056 | 2,031 | 0.68% |
0.19% |
Others | 105,410 | 19,566 | 18.56% |
1.82% |
Overall | 3,459,093 | 1,074,159 | 31.05% |
100% |
Christianity
18.9% of Singaporeans identified as Christians in the 2020 census.
Below are the ethnic breakdown of Christians according to the 2020 Singapore Census of Population as follows:[11][12]
Ethnic Group | Total Resident Population of Ethnic Group | Population of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Christians | Percentage of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Christians | Percentage of Christian Residents by Ethnic Group |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | 2,606,881 | 562,861 | 21.59% |
86.02% |
Malays | 447,747 | 2,743 | 0.61% |
0.42% |
Indians | 299,056 | 37,605 | 12.57% |
5.75% |
Others | 105,410 | 51,146 | 48.52% |
7.82% |
Overall | 3,459,093 | 654,355 | 18.90% |
100% |
Islam
According to the 2020 census, 15.6% of the resident population declared themselves Muslims. Most mosques in Singapore cater to
Whilst a majority of Muslims in Singapore are traditionally ethnic Malays, there is also a significantly growing number of Muslims from other ethnic groups; in particular, there is a sizeable number of Muslims amongst ethnic Indians that statistically include Tamil Muslims and ethnic Pakistanis in Singapore as well. For this reason, a number of mosques (mostly Tamil-speaking) specifically cater to the needs of the Indian Muslim community. Additionally, under the direction of the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore (MUIS), English is increasingly being used as the language of administration, religious instruction and sermons for Friday prayers[16] in mosques across Singapore to cater to Muslims who may not necessarily be Malay-speaking.[17]
Below is the ethnic breakdown of Muslims according to the 2020 Singapore Census of Population as follows:[11][12]
Ethnic Group | Total Resident Population of Ethnic Group | Population of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Muslims | Percentage of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Muslims | Percentage of Muslim Residents by Ethnic Group |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | 2,606,881 | 11,953 | 0.46% |
2.22% |
Malays | 447,747 | 442,368 | 98.80% |
82.03% |
Indians | 299,056 | 69,964 | 23.39% |
12.97% |
Others | 105,410 | 14,966 | 14.20% |
2.78% |
Overall | 3,459,093 | 539,251 | 15.59% |
100% |
Taoism
According to the 2020 Census, 8.8% of Singaporeans declared themselves as Taoist.
Followers of
Although Taoist temples and shrines are abundant in Singapore, the official number of followers has dwindled drastically over the years from 22.4% to 8.5% between the years 1990 to 2000. This, however, may be accounted for by the unclear delineation between Taoism and Buddhism in popular perception. For example, the difference between the two religions can be negligible enough that when a Chinese says that they "offer incense sticks" it is usually assumed that they are Buddhist even though they may not actually be Buddhist. The 2010 and 2015 censuses have shown that Taoist identity has declined again to represent about 10% of Singapore's population.
Below are the ethnic breakdown of Taoists according to the 2020 Singapore Census of Population as follows:[11][12]
Ethnic Group | Total Resident Population of Ethnic Group | Population of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Taoists | Percentage of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Taoists | Percentage of Taoist Residents by Ethnic Group |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | 2,606,881 | 303,095 | 11.63% |
99.72% |
Malays | 447,747 | 133 | 0.03% |
0.04% |
Indians | 299,056 | 63 | 0.02% |
0.02% |
Others | 105,410 | 669 | 0.63% |
0.22% |
Overall | 3,459,093 | 303,960 | 8.79% |
100% |
Hinduism
According to the latest 2020 census, 5.0% of Singaporeans declare themselves as Hindus.
The majority of Singapore's present Hindus are descendants of Indians who migrated soon after the founding of Singapore in 1819. The early temples are still the central points of rituals and festivals, which are held throughout the year.
Year | Percent | Increase |
---|---|---|
1849 | 2.8% |
|
1911 | 5.0% |
+2.2% |
1921 | 4.6% |
-0.4% |
1931 | 5.5% |
+0.9% |
1980 | 3.6% |
-1.9% |
1990 | 3.7% |
+0.1% |
2000 | 4.0% |
+0.3% |
2010 | 5.1% |
+1.1% |
2015 | 4.96% |
-0.14% |
2020 | 5.0% |
+0.04% |
Below are the ethnic breakdown of Hindus according to the 2020 Singapore Census of Population as follows:[11][12]
Ethnic Group | Total Resident Population of Ethnic Group | Population of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Hindus | Percentage of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Hindus | Percentage of Hindu Residents by Ethnic Group |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | 2,606,881 | 458 | 0.018% |
0.26% |
Malays | 447,747 | 223 | 0.05% |
0.13% |
Indians | 299,056 | 171,326 | 57.29% |
99.05% |
Others | 105,410 | 956 | 0.91% |
0.55% |
Overall | 3,459,093 | 172,963 | 5.00% |
100% |
Sikhism
The first Sikhs to settle in Singapore came in 1849. As of 2020 Census, there are 12,051 Sikhs (approximately 0.35% of the whole population) was registered in Singapore.[1]
Below are the ethnic breakdown of Sikhs according to the 2020 Singapore Census of Population as follows:[11][12]
Ethnic Group | Total Resident Population of Ethnic Group | Population of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Sikhs | Percentage of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Sikhs | Percentage of Sikh Residents by Ethnic Group |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | 2,606,881 | 11 | 0.0004% |
0.09% |
Malays | 447,747 | 80 | 0.02% |
0.66% |
Indians | 299,056 | 10,265 | 3.43% |
85.18% |
Others | 105,410 | 1,695 | 1.61% |
14.07% |
Overall | 3,459,093 | 12,051 | 0.35% |
100% |
Small religious communities
Jainism
The
As of 2006, there were 1,000 Jains in Singapore.[18]
Zoroastrianism
There is a small community of about 300 Parsi Zoroastrians residing in Singapore.[19] There is no fire temple in Singapore,[19] but Zoroastrian House is home to the Parsi Zoroastrian Association of South East Asia, and contains a prayer hall for the community.[20]
Judaism
The first Jews to settle in Singapore came from India in 1819. As of 2008, there are about 1,000 Jews in Singapore.[21] Their religious activities centre around two synagogues, the Maghain Aboth Synagogue and the Chesed-El Synagogue.
There were over 1,500 Jewish inhabitants in 1939. Many were interned during
Bahá'í Faith
K. M. Fozdar (1898–1958) and Shirin Fozdar (1905–1992), were the first to introduce the Bahá'í Faith to Singapore when they settled here in 1950. Shirin Fozdar was well known throughout Singapore and Asia for her work in the cause of women's emancipation. Her arrival in Singapore had been preceded by an article in The Straits Times on 15 September 1950 under the heading "A Woman with a Message". Through the efforts of Dr and Mrs Fozdar, by 1952 there were enough Bahá'ís in Singapore to form the first Local Spiritual Assembly. The community has since grown to over 2000 members and today there are five Local Spiritual Assemblies in Singapore.
Local Spiritual Assemblies oversee a wide range of activities including the education of children, devotional services, study classes, discussion groups, social functions, observance of holy days, marriages and funeral services. Bahá'í marriage is recognised under the laws of Singapore and the solemniser is appointed by the Registrar of Marriages. The Bahá'ís have been provided with a cemetery in Choa Chu Kang since 1957 and the nine Bahá'í Holy Days have been gazetted since 1972. Members of the first Local Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Singapore, incorporated 28 July 1952. The five Local Spiritual Assemblies come under the jurisdiction of the Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Singapore, the national governing council which was established in 1972.
The national governing council also appoints the executive members of the various offices which plan and carry out social service projects and collaborate with government and non-government organisations. The Bahá'í teachings stress the importance of obedience to civil government and laws. While Bahá'ís may accept non-partisan government appointments, they do not engage in partisan political activity. The members firmly uphold the injunction of Bahá'u'lláh, that 'they must behave towards the government with loyalty, honesty and truthfulness'.[citation needed][22]
There is no
New religious movements
Brahma Kumaris
The
Christian Science
Christian Science is a non-trinitarian Christian new religious movement developed by Mary Baker Eddy who argued in her 1875 book Science and Health that sickness is an illusion that can be corrected by prayer alone. She founded the Church of Christ, Scientist in 1879 with 26 followers. The church is known for its Pulitzer Prize-winning newspaper, the Christian Science Monitor. In Singapore, the church holds weekly Sunday Services at The Regent Hotel on Cuscaden Road.[26]
Eckankar
Eckankar, a new religious movement founded by Paul Twitchell in 1965, is active in Singapore through the Eckankar Satsang Singapore. There is no published data available on the size of the group, which holds meetings at Peace Centre.
Falun Gong
Hare Krishna
The
Mata Amritanandamayi Math
The
Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints first began holding meetings in 1963 with a handful of followers that were living in Singapore in 1963. Church membership grew to about 100 in 1970 when the government began restricting proselytisation and visas for missionaries. In 1974, the church created the Singapore Mission, with G. Carlos Smith as the mission president. By January 1980, Singapore was opened to full-time missionaries. As of 2021, the church claims about 3,400 members in the country and operates three chapels in Bukit Timah, Pasir Panjang, and Sengkang. In August 1992, Jon Huntsman Jr., a Latter-day Saint was appointed as the United States Ambassador to Singapore. He served less than a year and left in June 1993. 21 Latter-day Saint missionaries have reportedly been sent out from Singapore to 15 countries.[32][33] On 4 April 2021 at the 191st Annual General Conference, Church President Russell M. Nelson announced plans to construct a temple in Singapore.[34] The Singapore Temple will be located on Pasir Panjang road.[35]
Nichiren Shōshū
Nichiren Shōshū is a branch of Nichiren Buddhism based on the teachings of the 13th-century Japanese priest Nichiren. The Nichiren Shoshu Buddhist Association (Singapore) is located at Sims Avenue. A schism in Japan in 1991 saw the excommunication of Soka Gakkai out of Nichiren Shōshū, following which the respective branches in Singapore also parted ways.
Quan Yin Famen
The Quan Yin Famen, or the Quan Yin Method, is a transnational cybersect founded in 1988 by the self-styled Taiwanese-Vietnamese Ching Hai, known variously as Suma Ching Hai or Supreme Master Ching Hai. The sect has been denounced in China as a cult and today propagates its teachings through an online TV station called Supreme Master Television. Ching Hai is the progenitor of the Loving Hut vegan restaurant chain which claims some 200 outlets in 35 countries. The Supreme Master Ching Hai Association (Singapore) is based at the Avari Centre on Geylang Road and runs a Loving Hut restaurant on Joo Chiat Road.
Sathya Sai Baba movement
The
Shinnyo-en
Shinnyo-en is a Japanese Buddhist order founded in 1936 by Shinjō Itō and his wife Tomoji in the tradition of the Daigo branch of Shingon Buddhism. The group was formally registered in Singapore in 1994 and claims some 1,800 members who observe rituals and ceremonies at a temple at Jalan Kechot.[37]
Soka Gakkai
Spirit-Medium Cults
"[S]pirit-medium
The dang-ki go against Confucian beliefs on the body and mental health by self-harming "in public performances."[40] "This behavior is accepted...because they are considered instruments of higher powers, cut off from the world of ordinary mortals."[40]
Some dang-ki believe in a spirit who "shakes the Heavens [and] comes from the west riding on a tiger and a dragon, bearing a holy seal".[40] This being's voice is "like thunder" and "makes the shen (spirits)...and devils tremble", it wields a sword that can kill evil spirits, and it can bring salvation.[40]
Transcendental Meditation
The Transcendental Meditation movement was founded by Indian guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in the mid-1950s. Central to the movement is a specific form of silent, mantra meditation that is practised for 15–20 minutes twice per day and is taught by certified teachers through a standard course of instruction, which costs a fee that varies by country. The Singapore TM Centre is run by The Spiritual Regeneration Movement Foundation of Singapore and located at Cendex Centre on Lower Delta Road. It charges S$1,500 per adult and S$2,400 per family for a course that includes personal instruction and follow-up group sessions.[41]
True Jesus Church
Tzu Chi
World Mission Society Church of God
The World Mission Society Church of God is a Korean sabbatarian, restorationist Christian new religious movement established in 1964. The church believes that Ahn Sahng-hong, a former Seventh-Day Adventist preacher who died in 1985, is Christ, and refers to his wife Zahng Gil-jah, who is still living, variously as "God the Mother", "Mother Jerusalem", "New Jerusalem Mother", and "Heavenly Mother". The World Mission Society Church of God Singapore is located at Cheong Chin Nam Road.
No religious affiliation
As of 2020, 20% of Singaporeans had no religious affiliation.
Below are the ethnic breakdown of Irreligious according to the 2020 Singapore Census of Population as follows:[11][12]
Ethnic Group | Total Resident Population of Ethnic Group | Population of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Irreligious | Percentage of Resident Ethnic Group registered as Irreligious | Percentage of Irreligious Residents by Ethnic Group |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | 2,606,881 | 669,097 | 25.67% |
96.62% |
Malays | 447,747 | 1,640 | 0.37% |
0.24% |
Indians | 299,056 | 6,443 | 2.15% |
0.93% |
Others | 105,410 | 15,347 | 14.56% |
2.22% |
Overall | 3,459,093 | 692,528 | 20.02% |
100% |
Restrictions
The constitution provides for religious freedom, subject to restrictions relating to public order, public health, and morality.[49] Publications and public discussions of religious issues are generally censored, along with negative or inflammatory portrayals of religion. The Government does not tolerate speech or actions that it deems could adversely affect racial or religious harmony.
In 2023, the country was scored 3 out of 4 for religious freedom, according to Freedom House based in America.[50]
Jehovah's Witnesses
In 1972, the Singapore government de-registered and banned the activities of
Unification church
In 1982, the
Shincheonji church
In February 2020, Singapore began a probe into the unregistered local chapter of the Korean
In November 2020, 21 members of the group were arrested for being members of an unlawful society. Five South Korean nationals who held key positions were repatriated and the group's front entities were dissolved.[53]
Islam
In 2011, Wikileaks published diplomatic cables which attributed controversial comments regarding Islam to Lee Kuan Yew, the Minister Mentor of Singapore's government. Wikileaks quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee later denied making the comments.[54]
The incident followed Lee's controversial book release Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going. In the book, Lee claimed that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion, and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances"[55] – an assertion that is seemingly contrary to statistics and studies on the levels of social acceptance, tolerance and interracial marriages practised by Singaporean Muslims.[56]
The speakers for broadcasting the Islamic call to prayer were turned inwards to broadcast towards the interior of the mosques as part of a noise abatement campaign in 1974.[57]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g "20% of Singapore residents have no religion, an increase from the last population census". CNA. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ^ a b c "Census of Population 2020: Religion" (PDF). Department of Statistics Singapore. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
- ^ "Singapore". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
- ^ "Introducing Singapore's IRO - Inter-Religious Organisation". Retrieved 14 September 2019.
- ^ "Global Religious Diversity". Pew Research. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 15 April 2014.
- ^ "Just Like Us: Inside the Lives of Singapore's Jehovah's Witnesses". RICE. 24 June 2017. Retrieved 14 September 2019.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report for 2013: Singapore". U.S. State Department. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
- ^ "Demographic Characteristics, Education, Language and Religion" (PDF), Singapore Census 2010, Statistical Release 1, p. 11, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017, retrieved 1 April 2015
- ^ "Census of Population 2010 Statistical Release 1" (PDF). Department of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- ISBN 9814380989. Percentage of religious groups from the censuses of 1980, 1990, 2000 and 2010 at page 42.
- ^ a b c d e f g ""Religion by Ethnic in Singapore 2020"". Archived from the original on 17 June 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Full report of 2021 Census" (PDF). p. 213. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
- ^ "Statistics Singapore - Infographic - General Household Survey 2015" (PDF). Statistics Singapore.
- ^ hermes (21 July 2019). "NUS, NTU and three mega churches are Singapore's largest charities with business units". The Straits Times. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
- ISBN 9780520034037. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
- ^ "Muis: Office of the Mufti". www.muis.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 15 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
- ^ "Some mosques using English more". Archived from the original on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
- ^ "Jainism Joins National Inter-Faith Organization (Singapore)". Retrieved 13 January 2011.
- ^ a b "Behind the Belief: The Zoroastrians of Singapore". 30 August 2017.
- ^ "Zoroastrian House - Parsi Zoroastrian Association of South East Asia (PZAS) Zoroastrian House".
- ^ Runyan, Tamar (6 March 2008). "Singapore's Jews Experience Cultural Rebirth". Chabad.org.
- ^ Bahá`u'lláh: Bishárát, Tablets of Bahá`u'lláh revealed after the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, p. 22-13
- ^ "Baha'i Faith - Inter-Religious Organisation, Singapore".
- ^ "The Brahma Kumaris in a Nutshell « Brahma Kumaris Info - the Truth about the BKWSU". Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Destruction, World Transformation by 2036". Brahma Kumaris. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ Jackson, Selena. "Christian Science Society, Singapore". Christian Science Society, Singapore. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Is Falun Gong a Cult?". www.msn.com. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ Services, Tribune News (3 January 2001). "15 Falun Gong Members Charges in Singapore". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Clearwisdom.net, Friday, July 28, 2006". en.minghui.org. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Once in the shadows, Hare Krishnas now seek to shake off the past". CNA. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ^ "Big Breakthrough For Krishna In Singapore". Krishna.org – Real Krishna Consciousness. 12 April 2001. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ^ "Behind the Belief: Mormons keep the faith in Singapore". sg.news.yahoo.com. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Singapore". Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ Trent Toone (5 April 2021). "President Nelson unveils plans for the church to build 20 new temples". Deseret News. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ Tad Walch (11 October 2022). "Locations announced for first Latter-day Saint temple in Singapore, 10th temple in California". Deseret News. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "Centre History". Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Home". Shinnyo-en Singapore. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Studying Soka: Buddhist Conversion and Religious Change in Singapore" (PDF).
- ^ "Updates on SSA's New Centre at Punggol". Singapore Soka Association. 19 August 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ OCLC 46661540.
- ^ "How do I learn Transcendental Meditation? | Transcendental Meditation". Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Free Clinic". Tzu Chi Singapore. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Day Rehab Centre". Tzu Chi Singapore. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Great Love PreSchool". Tzu Chi Singapore. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Continuing Education Centre". Tzu Chi Singapore. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Assistance for Kidney Patients". Tzu Chi Singapore. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Medicine Subsidies for HIV/AIDS Sufferers". Tzu Chi Singapore. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
- ^ "Humanist Society (Singapore)". humanist.org.sg.
- ^ a b c US State Dept 2022 report
- ^ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
- ^ "Singapore: 3 religious groups banned". UPI. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
- ^ hermes (29 February 2020). "MHA probes local chapter of secretive S. Korea church". The Straits Times. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
- ^ hermesauto (11 November 2020). "21 members of unregistered Singapore chapter of South Korean 'cult' arrested". The Straits Times. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
- ^ "Lee Kuan Yew Denies Branding Islam as ‘Venomous Religion’" Jakarta globe, 5 September 2011.
- ^ "Singapore's Lee backtracks on Muslim comments’" Channel News Asia, 28 January 2011.
- ^ Chin, Yolanda; Vasu, Norman (31 December 2012). The Ties that Bind and Blind: A Report on Inter-Racial and Inter-Religious Relations in Singapore. Centre of Excellence for National Security, Nanyang Technological University. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
- ^ Lysloff, René T. A. Music and technoculture. Middleton, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press (2003), pg. 113.